Table of Contents
Kupotoza Demokrase Mwadala
Gerrymandering ndi kuwongolera dala malire a ndale zadziko kuti apeze phindu loyenera la chisankho kwa chipani china kapena gulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kachitidweko kali kakale monga boma loimira, tekinoloji yamakono ndi ndale zadziko zachiphatikiza zasintha kakhale chipangizo chopangira opaleshoni chimene chingagamule bwino zigamulo za chisankho asanavote mmodzi wa osankha. Pamaziko ake, kuletsa kulinganiza lamulo lakuti kavoti ya nzika iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi kulingana ndi kuti oimira osankhidwa ayenera kusonyeza chifuniro cha anthu. Mmalomwake, imalola mapu madiarowa [1] mobwerezabwereza amatchula kuti akwatiwe, mtsogoleri wawo, mmalo mwa kulola owasankha oimira awo.
Mawu akuti “gerrymander” akhalapo mu 1812, pamene Kazembe Elbridge Gerry wa Massachusetts anasaina mapulani opeputsa olinganizidwa kuyanja Chipani chake cha Democratic-Republican. Chimodzi cha chigawo chatsopano ku Essex County chinanenedwa kukhala chofanana ndi salamander , ndipo mkonzi wa nyuzipepala adapanga ndandanda ya parmenteau “gergergermer." Dzinalo linakhazikika, ndipo kachitidweko kakhala mbali yobwerezabwereza ya ndale zadziko za ku America kuyambira nthaŵi yonseyo. Ngakhale kuti magulu aakulu aŵiri achita nawo m'Gerryman , kufalikira kwake ndi kufalikira kodabwitsa m'zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha kugamula kwamphamvu kwa programu ya programupperring chigamulo cha khoti lalikulu lomwe linachotsa bwino kuyang'anira komiti yachringermering.
Mmene Majeremanijala Amagwirira Ntchito: Makori Anayi a Chikomyunizimu
Pamlingo wake waukulu, kupeka kumagwiritsira ntchito njira ziŵiri zazikulu . Kupasula ndi kudula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zoikidwiratu monga kulanda ndi kuba anthu. Njira iliyonse imachepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota ya magulu ena pamene ikusumika maganizo pa chisonkhezero cha chipani mu ulamuliro.
Kupakirana
Kuika pa malo kumatanthauza kupanikizana kwa anthu ambiri opikisana ndi chipanicho m’zigawo zochepa. Cholinga nchakuti pakhale mipando yochepa kwambiri ya “chisungiko” ya chitsutso pamene akuwononga mavoti awo otsala. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lili ndi 40% ya democratic coption ndi 60% ya Republican yovoteredwa, woika pakiti angaike onse a Democratic chigawo zitatu, ndipo iliyonse yokhala ndi 80% Democratic re. Magawo atatu amenewo adzakopedwa mosavuta ndi Democrates, koma zigawo zisanu ndi ziŵiri zotsalazo zidzakhala ndi modzi. Chotulukapo: Republican angapambane 70% ya mipando 60% ndi mavoti 60% okha, pamene Demotatrat ipambana 30% ya magawo ndi magawo 40% a voti.
Kugwedeza
Kupanga mapepala ndi kusintha kwa kupakidwa. Mmalo mwa kusumika maganizo pa chitsutso, mapu anafalitsa ochirikiza awo mochepa m'madera ambiri kotero kuti sangathe kupanga unyinji wa anthu kulikonse. Njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito makamaka pamene osankha otsutsa afalitsidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ovota a democratic agaŵiridwa m'dziko, kutsimikizira kuti chigawo chirichonse chiri 51% ndi 49 Democratic , kupereka malo oyera a mipando yonse ya gulu la ulamuliro.
Kupinga ndi Kubera Anthu
Izi n’zofala kwambiri komanso n’zofanana ndi njira zinanso zotsogola. Kusintha kwa kagulu kumachitikira pamene kena kake kanakodwa ku chigawo choimira kale ndi kamodzi kochokera ku gulu limodzi, kukakamiza aŵiri a gulu limodzi kuti apikisane. Zimenezi zimafooketsa mbali zonse kapena kuchotsa chiŵalo chovutitsa. Kumenya kusuntha nyumba ya m'gulu limodzi ku chigawo chimene chimawonedwa kwambiri ndi wopikisanayo, kukuchititsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kupambana kwa chipani kuti chipambanenso. Njira ziŵirizo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kuyang'anira kapena kuyang'anirana. Otsutsa andale zadziko akugwiritsa ntchito popanda kuyang'anira.
Chifukwa Chake Kupanga Majeremani Kuli Vuto Lalikulu la Demokrase
Maselo a m’magazi amathandiza kuti anthu a pa chipani chimodzi apeze mipando yambiri.
Kuchotsa Zosankha Zofuna Mpikisano
Pamene zigawo zili “zotetezereka” kaamba ka chipani chimodzi, masankho aunyinji amakhala opanda tanthauzo. M'madera ambiri otchuka, mpikisano weniweni umachitika poyambirira, kumene kunyamuka kumatsika ndi oyembekezera kukwaniritsa mbali zopambanitsa za gulu lawo. Zimenezi zimasonkhezera mbali zonse ziŵirizo kumapeto, kuwonjezera kugawana kwa ndale zadziko. Malinga ndi 2022 zopendedwa ndi Brennan Center for Justice, osakwana 10% ya U.S mipando yapando inalingaliridwa kukhala yopikisana m’madera pambuyo pa 202020 kalembera kaundula wa anthu. Kusoŵa kwa mpikisano kutanthauza kuyang'anizana ndi kuyang’anira pang'ono, ndipo Knonso kulibe ndi chosankha chowona mu November.
Kuimira Kosokoneza
Gerrymandering amalola chipani kupambana mipando yambiri ngakhale pamene chitaya pepala lotchuka. Mu 2018 chisankho cha Nyumba ya United States, Democrates anapambana chivoti cha dzikolo ndi maperesenti 8.6 okha amene anapeza mpando wa 235. Mpata umene unali wochepa kwambiri kuposa umene ukanakhala, makamaka chifukwa cha mapu a ku Republican mu madera onga Ohio, North Carolina, ndi Wisconsin. M’nkhani zowopsa, gulu limene limapeza 45% ya mavoti a dziko lonse la chivoti lingagwire 60 76% ya mipando yalamulo. Zimenezi zimaswa lamulo la democracy ndi kuchotsa chidaliro cha anthu onse m’dongosolo la dzikolo.
Kufalikira kwa Anthu Ochepa
Pamene kuli kwakuti Voing Rights Act ya 1965 imafuna kuti zigawo zisachepetse mphamvu ya kuvota ya mafuko kapena ya zinenero zaing'ono, kuyendetsa dala anthu kukhoza kuvulazanso anthu ochepa. Kupakira chiŵerengero chachikulu cha ovota ochepa m’chigawo chimodzi kungapange “kupanda ulemu kwa chigawo” chigawo, komanso kumachepetsanso mphamvu yawo m’madera ozungulira. M’nkhani zina, mapu amalemba mapu mwadala “ang'onong'onong'ono m’zigawo zosiyanasiyana kuti afooketse mphamvu zawo zandale. Kachitidwekakakakaka, kodziŵika mobwerezabwereza monga gerrymanning , kagwedwe ka makho, koma kotsimikizira cholinga cha fuko (motsutsana ndi zolinga za kuukira) kamodzi kamakhalabe kovuta.
Kuchepetsa Kuŵerengera ndi Kuchepetsa Kuŵerengera
Pamene opanga malamulo adzipangira mizera yawoyawo ya chigawo zaka khumi zirizonse, iwo ali ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu cha kudzitetezera. Okhala m’zigawo zotetezereka amayang’anizana ndi ngozi yochepa ya kugonjetsedwa, imene ingatsogolere ku kunyalanyaza, kuchepetsa chivomerezo, ndi kusumika maganizo pa zonulirapo mmalo mwa zosoŵa. Kupenda 2019 kochitidwa ndi Yunivesite ya California, Irvine anapeza kuti zigawo zosungidwa ndi otetezedwa zimapeza mwaŵi wakuti opanga malamulo adzasankha m’mizere ya zipani ndi kunyalanyaza malingaliro a anthu pankhani zonga zaumoyo, misonkho, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
Zitsanzo Zakale ndi Zamakono
Salamande Yoyambirira: Massachusetts 1812
Gerirmaner woyamba analengedwa ndi Bwanamkubwa Elbridge Gerry kuti athandize chipani chake kupambana mipando ya boma.
Mapu Oopsa Kwambiri a ku North Carolina
Mu 2010, North Carolina Republicas adalemba mapu ena ankhanza kwambiri m'dzikolo. Mu 2012, ngakhale kuti analandira 49% ya ofunsira nyumba a dziko la United States okha, a Republican anapambana mipando 9 mwa mipando 13 ya boma (69%). Pambuyo pa zitsutso zambiri za khoti, khoti la boma linagwetsa mamepu aŵiri ogwirizana monga ngati kuti silinachite mamepu a fuko la anthu mu 2021. Komabe, mapu otsatira ojambulidwa mu 2021 anatsutsidwa, kutsogolera ku chigamulo cha khoti lalikulu la 2022 amene anapeza mapu akuswa chisankho cha ufulu wa boma. Mlandu wa mlanduwo unasonyeza kuti nkhondo ya pakati pa mapu a madrowa ndi makhoti a dzikolo.
Wisconsin: “8 - 6” Trick
Ku Wisconsin, madrowa a Republican mu 2011 anapanga mapu a msonkhano wa boma umene unawalola kupata mipando 60 mwa 99 (61%) ndi 48.6% ya mavoti awiri okha. Khoti la boma linasiya kukonza mapulogalamuwa monga gerryder mu 2016 (Gill v. Whitford), koma Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. pomalizira pake linapeŵa kufunsa mafunso a gulu la anthu ofufuza milandu poweruza kuti atsalira kuima. Chitsanzo cha Wisconsian chidakalibe mlandu wa mmene kupulumulira ndalama zothandizira anthu ovutika.
Maryland: Chitsanzo cha Democratic
Partisan gergermaning si kampani ya dziko la Republican. Ku Maryland, Democrates adalemba mapu a bungwe mu 2011 kuti anthu a ku Republican avote m’chigawo chimodzi pamene akufalitsa Democratants kudutsa zina. Chotulukapo nchakuti: Democrates anapambana mipando 7 mwa 8 U.S. yokhala ndi 60% ya voti, ngakhale kuti Republicans inali ndi 35% ya voti ya dziko lonselo. Mu 2018, khoti la boma linalamulira mapu a Democracy information gerrymander gerryman, koma Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha pa apilo, ndipo linapeŵanso nkhani yaikulu.
Zoyesayesa za Malamulo ndi Kusintha Zinthu
Kufikira kwa Khoti Lalikulu
M'chigamulo cha 2019, Ruuko v. Common Currect [FLT :1], Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. linavomereza kuti kuweruza kwa makhoti sikungalungamitsedwe] — kutanthauza makhoti a boma sangamve chifukwa chakuti palibe “miyezo yoyenerera” yowaletsa. Chigamulo chimenechi chimatseka khomo la milandu ya boma yozikidwa pa phindu la boma, kumasula mtolo wonse ku makhoti, malamulo, ndi kuvotera. Kuyambira [FLT:] [FLT:]
Ntchito Zodziimira Payekha Zobwezeretsa
Maboma angapo asintha mphamvu zochokera kwa opanga malamulo ndi kuipereka kwa odziimira okha kapena ku makhonsati a bipartisan . Zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zodziŵika ndi Arizona ndi California, zimene zimagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito nzika kujambula mapu a bungwe ndi a boma. Mu 2018, Michigan, Colorado, ndi Utah Thupi la kukhazikitsa maodaleshoni. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti mapu a bungwe la oimira a magawo ambiri ampikisano ndipo amaimira bwino kwambiri zopaka za boma. National Conference of Legastitution imasunga ndandanda yatsatanetsatane ya mafomu a redigaliging. ([FLL:]] Maseadi: NCLL[FLF:1])
Kusintha Masamu kwa Malamulo ndi Masamu
Asinthidwe opita patsogolo alinganiza kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta kujambula zigawo zozikidwa pa miyezo yauchete yonga kugwirizanitsa, kusungidwa kwa anthu okondwerera, ndi kusungidwa kwa anthu ogwirizana. Zida zonga “ Bipartisan Gerrymering Aligoric . ofufuza pa Yunivesite ya Duke angapange mapu zikwi zambiri osakhala apartistiki, kulola osankhidwa kuwayerekezera ndi mapu. Mayiko ena, monga Virginia, tsopano amafuna kuti mapu agwiritse ntchito maapu kutsegulira zinthu ndi kulungamitsa poyera mapulinsipulo alionse. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti ngakhale “mauthrallugalamu za Duke" angapange masinthidwe ngati malamulo asankhidwa bwino.
Milandu Yotsutsa Milandu ya Bwalo lamilandu
Zitokoso za lamulo zikupitiriza m'makhoti a boma. Mu 2023, Khoti Lapamwamba la Ohio linagamula mapu anayi otsatizana a Republican monga mapepala osagwirizana ndi malamulo, kuchititsa kuti makhoti a boma asiye kugwiritsira ntchito mapu a khoti olinganizidwa bwino a zisankho 2022. Mofananamo, Khoti Lapamwamba la Pennsylvania linataya mapu a bungwe la Commissiongation mu 2018, kutchula phindu la bungwe la Grounika. Makhoti ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti pamene makhoti a boma angatseke, makhoti angaperekebe mankhwala pansi pa malamulo a boma. ([FLT.0] Brenan] Kufufuza kwa bungwe la United States kuyang'ana kwa bungwe la United States. [FLT.]]
Chiyambukiro Chotakata pa Demokrase ya Amereka
Kupyola ziyambukiro za mwamsanga pa kuimira, gerrymander imalimbikitsa kusuliza kwa ovota, kumasintha, ndi kupangitsa boma kukhala losalabadira. Pamene ovota alingalira kuti mawu awo sali ofunikira chifukwa chakuti chigawo chawo ndicho mathedwe a pulogalamu, kutsika. Kufufuza 2020 m'mapangano a Journal of Politics Journal , [maganizo a] Ogwirizana kwambiri ndi magawo otsutsa boma.
Gerrymander kuchititsanso opanga malamulo otchuka kukhala otsimikiza pa otsutsa oyambirira mmalo mwa ovota onse, kuwalimbikitsa iwo kutenga malo opambanitsa. Zimenezi zikuthandizira ku malo otsendereza amene agwera Nyumba za Malamulo ndi malumbiro a boma. Kulephera kukhazikitsa malamulo otchuka monga mayeso owonjezereka kapena ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu zapambuyo ndizo kaŵirikaŵiri kuli chotulukapo chachindunji cha oimira amene akudera nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi chitokoso chachikulu kuchokera kulamanja kapena kulamanja kusiyana ndi kutaya chisankho cha onse m'chigawo chotetezereka.
Palinso ukulu wa fuko umene sunganyalanyazidwe. Chikalata cha Vong Rights chiletsa kusiyanitsa fuko, koma muyezo pakati pa kuponderezana ndi kukonderana kwa fuko ungasokonezeke. Mu [FL:0] Shelby County v. Horer [1] , Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa njira yapasadakhale imene inafunikira maulamuliro ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze chivomerezo cha boma asanasinthe njira zovota. Chigamulocho chinatse chitse chitsegudutswa chitse khomo kaamba ka fuko latsopano la gegerrydering, makamaka m'malamulo a kumwera. A2222 pa Msonkhano wa Chigawo cha Civini ndi Ufulu wa Anthu anapeza kuti mamepu ambiri otchuka kwambiri a Blackder formed ndi Latinocto.
Ndiponso, kugwiritsa ntchito mamepu kungafooketse lamulo la “munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi” mwa kulenga madera okhala ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti Khoti Lalikulu lafuna kuti zigawo zikhale ngati zolingana ndi anthu, zolakwika zazing'ono zimaloledwa, ndipo madirowa a mapu angagwiritse ntchito kulakwa kumeneko kuchepetsa mphamvu. Nthaŵi zina, madera akopedwa kumene kuli anthu mazana ochepa okha, koma phindu la anthu otsalira.
Tsogolo: Kodi Majeremanijala Angagonjetsedwe?
Nkhondo yolimbana ndi kuyendetsa zinthu ndi yosatha. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu latseka chitseko pa suti za boma za gerrymanidering, kufalikira kwa chigawo ndi kukonzanso zakhala ndi mphamvu. Kuyesayesa kwa Ballot kuli chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri . Makina a Michigan, Colorado, ndi Virginia achita zonse zoyesayesa kupanga madaleshoni odziimira okha. Komabe, madansi ameneŵa si angwiro: iwo angatengedwebe ndi oikidwa ndi a Gloce, ndipo malamulo amene amagwiritsira ntchito angatulutse mapu amene amagwirizanabe ndi gulu limodzi.
Luso la zopangapanga limapereka zonse ziŵiri zothetsera ndi ngozi. Maajensi a kuphunzira angakoke mapu osaloŵererapo, koma angagwiritsiridwenso ntchito kudziŵikitsa oyendetsa bwino kwambiri kuthamanga kuposa ndi kale lonse. Mfungulo iri kutsimikizira kuti kupenyetsa nkwakuwoneka, ndi kumvetsera kwapoyera ndi chidziŵitso chotseguka. Ochirikiza ena aitanira lamulo lotsutsa boma, monga ngati Freedom to Vote Act, limene lingafunikire malamulo kutsatira malamulo akuti atsate, koma malamulo oterowo akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto a m'gulu logawanika.
Chifuno china ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito zigawo zambiri ndi kuimira mbali zosiyanasiyana, zimene zingachotse zisonkhezero zambiri zofuna kugwiritsa ntchito. Pansi pa dongosolo ladongosolo, ngati chipani chalandira 40% ya chivoti, chimapeza 40% ya mipando, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi zigawo zotani zimene zikukokedwa. Maboma onga Maine ndi Nebraska akuyesa kusanthula chisankho chapadera ndi kusintha kwina, koma kusintha kwambiri kuti asonyeze kuti agwirizane ndi masinthidwe a malamulo kungafunikire masinthidwe aakulu a malamulo.
Chiphunzitso cha kukonza zinthu motsatizana kwenikweni chimadalira pa kuzindikira kwa anthu ndi kugwirizana kwa ndale. Pamene nzika zambiri zikumvetsetsa kukonza magawo, chitsenderezo cha kusintha chikukula. Mabungwe onga Common Cause, League of Women Voters, ndi Brennan Center ya Justice zikupitirizabe kuwonjezera pa litigate, kuitanira, ndi kuphunzitsa. M'nyengo ya chisankho, makhoma angapo a boma akulingalira za kudzidalira paokha kukonza mapepala, ndipo pafupifupi maboma khumi ndi aŵiri ali ndi milandu yotopeputsa mapu omwe alipo. ([[FLD:0]] Cemmond Magerman german [magering ])
Kumaliza
Gerrymandering sichiri chotsala cha m'zaka za zana la 19 . Kumasokoneza kuimira kwamakono, mawu ochepa, kuchotsa chidaliro, ndi kupatsa mphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti chizoloŵezicho chakhazikika kwambiri, zida zochilimbana nacho chikukula: ntchito za boma, madesiki, ma algamentic, ndi chiganizo cha anthu osonkhezeredwa. Vuto lili m'kusintha kuzindikira zinthu. Popanda kusintha kwa dongosolo la zinthu, masankhoti a ku America adzapitirizabe kusungidwa ndi anthu omwe akulingaliridwa kutumikira chivoti. Zaka khumi zotsatirapo zidzakhala zosuliza ngati makomiti a boma a kukonza mapulogalamu, mapu a masamu, ndi chipangizo chosonkhezera anthu.