Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma ku United States wafotokozedwa ndi Malamulo a U.S. amene amakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma. Dongosolo limeneli limagawa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma, kutsimikizira kuti palibe mphamvu yoposa. Pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro aŵiri onsewo ali ndi maudindo awoawo, maulamuliro ena amasungidwa ndi boma la boma. Kumvetsetsa maulamuliro ameneŵa n’kofunika kuti amvetse mmene dongosolo landale la U.S. limagwirira ntchito, kuchokera ku ku kutetezera dziko lonse ku malamulo a zachuma. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza madera aakulu kumene boma la boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro umene uli ndi ulamuliro umene sungathe kugwiritsa ntchito, kupereka malamulo, zitsanzo zalamulo, zotsimikizirika, ndi zochitika zalamulo zimene zimasonyeza kugaŵikana kwa mphamvu.

Maulamuliro Okhala ndi Mphamvu a Boma la Federal

Malamulo a U.S. amapereka maulamuliro a boma a boma, odziŵika monga maulamuliro oŵerengedwa, m’Chigawo I, 8. Maulamuliro ameneŵa 18 ondandalitsidwa amapanga maziko a ulamuliro wa boma ndipo amamanidwa mwachindunji ku maboma a boma. Maboma sangagwiritsire ntchito maulamuliro ameneŵa chifukwa kuchita tero kungawoneni ndi kugwirizana kwa mtunduwo ndi makonzedwe a Lamulolo kaamba ka boma lokhala ndi maziko limene limatetezera dziko lonselo.

Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma lokha ndi limene lingalamulire malonda a m'mayiko ena. Mphamvu imeneyi, yopezeka mu Commerce Claus , yagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo onse okhudza ntchito kuyambira pa miyezo ya antchito mpaka ku malo ozungulira. Maboma amaletsedwa kusokoneza malonda a mayiko kapena kukhazikitsa malonda a katundu kuchokera ku mayiko ena. Kuwonjezera apo, boma lokha lili ndi mphamvu zokhoma ndalama ndi kuyendetsa bwino ndalama. Mayiko sangasindikize kapena kufalitsa malamulo ovomerezeka, zimene zimalepheretsa chipwirikiti cha zachuma ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo la ndalama kuzungulira dziko lonselo. Mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo ndi kukweza magulu ankhondo ndi kukhazikitsa boma lokha, popeza maboma sangasunge magulu ankhondo kapena kuchita ntchito zankhondo popanda chilolezo cha boma. Maulamuliro ena akupereka ma maofesi ndi maposi olandila, kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa mapepala ndi kukonza mapepala, ndi kulimbikitsa mapangano aungwe ankhondo.

Chikalata cha Faith ndi Seact Claus, chodziŵikanso monga mawu otamuka, chimafutukula ulamuliro wa boma mwa kulola Nyumba ya Malamulo kupanga malamulo ofunika kuti agwire ntchito yake yolemba mphamvu. Mawu ameneŵa amasuliridwa mokulira ndi Khoti Lapamwamba, monga mu Mcloch v. Maryland [1] (1819), imene inachirikiza kupangidwa kwa banki ya dziko ngakhale kuti silinandandalitsidwa bwino. Maboma sangapereke chiganizo chofananacho kuti afutukule mphamvu zawo, monga Ten Dempleted Reformation yosasurection ku maulamuliro kapena anthu.

Mphamvu ya Msonkho ndi Kuwononga

Boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kukhoma misonkho ndi kugaŵira ndalama za dziko. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukakamiza misonkho ya ndalama za malipiro, misonkho ya kampani, kukhoma misonkho yotsegulira, ndi kutumiza msonkho pa zinthu zina monga petulo ndi zakumwa. Ndalama za boma zimakwaniritsa maprogramu kuchokera ku chitetezo cha dziko ku ku chitaganya, ndi mphamvu ya kuwonongera kakhalidwe ka anthu onse imapereka ufulu wa Tchalitchi ku zofunikira. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zawozawo zokhometsa msonkho koma sangathe kukhometsa msonkho kapena kudodometsa ntchito za boma. Mwachitsanzo, maboma sangakhoze kukhoma msonkho wa makalata kapena zomangira za boma zoperekedwa ndi U.S.

Federal yowononga kaŵirikaŵiri imasonkhezera malamulo a boma kupyolera mwa ndalama zoperekedwa ndi ndalama zoikidwiratu. Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma lagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zapamsewu kulimbikitsa maboma kukweza msinkhu wa kumwa kufikira 21 ndi kuika malire a liŵiro. Mu South Dakota v. Dole (1987]), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kachitidwe kameneka, kugamula kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingagwirizanitse mikhalidwe ya boma pa ndalama malinga ngati zikugwirizana ndi chifuno cha programuyo. Maboma sangapereke mikhalidwe yofananayo pa boma, monga momwe mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma ili yokha m’kulongosola zinthu zofunika za dziko.

Kuwonjezerapo, boma la boma lingachotseretu malamulo a msonkho pamene akutsutsana ndi zikondwerero za dziko. Dongosolo la msonkho la boma lopeza ndalama, lokhazikitsidwa ndi Demetrisement ya 16, limalola boma kusonkhanitsa ndalama kuchokera kwa nzika zonse, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amadalira pa madongosolo awo a msonkho. Malamulo a msonkho aŵiriŵa amaloledwa, koma maboma sangakhome ndalama kuchokera ku zoikizira za boma kapena kulepheretsa kubwereka ndalama. Boma la boma limaperekanso chitukuko cha chuma panthaŵi ya kutsika kwa chuma, ulamuliro wopanda zofunikira zawo za ndalama zoyenerera ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zawo za ndalama.

Kayendetseni Nkhani za Kunja

Limodzi la maulamuliro apadera kwambiri a boma ndilo khalidwe la maunansi a maiko ena. Malamulo amapatsa pulezidenti ulamuliro wa kukambirana mapangano (ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo) ndi kuika akazembe ndi oimira. Maboma amaletsedwa poyera kuloŵa m'mapangano, kugwirizana, kapena mapangano. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti mtunduwo ulankhule ndi liwu limodzi m'nkhani za mitundu yonse, kusunga kusasinthana m'mapangano a maiko ena ndi mayanjano a maiko ena.

Boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zachibadwa m'nkhani zachilendo zimene zimapitirira ndandanda yoŵerengedwa. United States v. Curtiss-Woright Transport Corp . (1936), Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti boma lili ndi ulamuliro wapadera pa mayanjano akunja, otengedwa ku ulamuliro wa dziko. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maboma sangaloŵetse m'ntchito zimene zimayambukira malamulo a maiko ena, monga kuikiza katundu wachilendo kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo awo. Mwachitsanzo, silingathe kuloŵa m'mapangano ndi maiko ena kapena kuzindikira maboma ena akunja. Boma lokha lingalamulitse kusamuka ndi kufalikira kwa dziko, monga mapangano okhazikitsidwa monga [United States]. [FT.[FFT]

Boma la boma ladziko lonse limayang'aniranso mabungwe ndi mapangano, monga United Nations ndi NATO. United States angatenge nawo ntchito zina zapadziko lonse, monga kupititsa patsogolo malonda kapena kusinthana chikhalidwe, koma zimenezi siziyenera kutsutsana ndi malamulo a dziko lachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, maboma sangatenge ziletso pa maiko akunja zimene zimatsutsana ndi dziko la United States zimene zimavomereza kapena kusayina zipangano ndi mayiko ena. Maboma a boma akhazikitsa malamulo oyendera mayiko osiyanasiyana, amalamulira kugulitsa zida, ndipo amapereka chithandizo kwa nzika za dzikolo kumaiko akunja omwe sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito.

Kakhazikitsa Chitetezo cha Dziko

Boma la boma lili ndi thayo lokha la kutetezera dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo kusamalira magulu ankhondo ndi kulengeza nkhondo. Mfundo I imapatsa Congress mphamvu yokhazikitsa ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndi kusungitsa nkhondo za pamadzi, ndi kuitana gulu la asilikali kuti apereke malamulo a boma, kutsendereza zigaŵenga, ndi kuchotsa zigaŵenga. Pulezidentiyu amatumikira monga Mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo, kutsogolera ntchito ndi njira. Maboma sangasunge magulu ankhondo oima popanda chilo cha boma, ndipo sangalengeze nkhondo kapena kumenyana ndi nkhondo. Mabungwe a National Guard of State of State angayambitse nkhondo, koma alinso ogonjera boma panthaŵi ya mavuto a dziko, monga momwe amawonedwa m'ntchito za mayiko akunja la mayiko.

Malamulo a boma otetezera zida amaphatikizapo kuyambitsa zida, kusunga zida za nyukiliya, ndi kutsogolera ntchito za luntha kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga Dipatimenti ya Defense ndi CIA. Maboma sangapange madongosolo awo otetezera zida zankhondo kapena kukhazikitsa zigono zankhondo zachilendo. Posse Comitatus Act (1878) imaletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa asilikali kaamba ka lamulo mkati mwa United States, chiletso chimene maboma alibe ndi a National Guard pamene ali ndi udindo wa boma. Komabe, boma la boma lingagwiritsire ntchito nkhondo kusungitsa malamulo a boma, monga ngati mkati mwa mavuto a ufulu wa anthu kapena masoka achilengedwe.

Zitsanzo za maulamuliro a boma otetezera okha zimaphatikizapo chigamulo cha kutumiza asilikali kumaiko akutali, kukambirana za kuletsa kutentha, ndi kuvomereza nkhondo. Mayiko sangachoke pa mapangano ankhondo kapena kukhazikitsa magulu awo ankhondo. Nkhondo Yolamulira ya 1973 yoyesa kulinganiza ulamuliro wa pulezidenti ndi bungwe lolamulira, koma maboma alibe mbali ya lamulo m'zosankha zimenezi. Kukhazikitsa mphamvu zankhondo kumatsimikizira kuti zigamulo za onse ziwopsezo ndi kuletsa maboma kuchita mogwirizana ndi malamulo awo achilendo.

Malamulo Okakamiza

Boma la boma liri ndi ulamuliro wa kusungitsa malamulo amene amagwira ntchito m’miyambo ya boma ndi malamulo a boma oloŵa mmalo. Mabungwe a lamulo monga Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), ndi Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firmars ndi Exlosives (ATF) amafufuza ndi kuweruza milandu imene imaswa lamulo la boma. Maboma sangaumirize malamulo a boma mwa iwo okha, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizana ndi magulu a ntchito amodzi. Komabe, thayo lalikulu la kutsata malamulo a boma, makamaka m'madera onga ufulu wa boma, kusamukira kudziko, ndi msonkho wa boma.

Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 ndi chitsanzo cha mphamvu ya boma. Ilo linaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko m'nyumba za anthu ndi ntchito. Boma la boma linagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wake kuchotsa malamulo a boma ndi kukakamiza kugwirizanitsa kupyolera mwa Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo. Maboma amene anatsutsa kumanga milandu ndi kutayikiridwa ndi boma. Mofananamo, Voting Rights Act ya mu 1965 inalola kuyang'anira masankhoti a boma kuletsa tsankho. Maboma sangapange malamulo amene amatsutsa zitetezero za boma, ndipo boma lingaloŵetsepo kutsimikizira chivomerezo.

Kusungitsa malamulo kwa boma kumakhudzanso maupandu amene amaphwanya malire a boma, monga kuba anthu, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi upandu wa pa Intaneti. Mphamvu ya malonda a boma imapereka ulamuliro wa boma pa ntchito zimene zimakhudza malonda pakati pa mayiko, monga kuba m'maba kapena kuba ku madera ena. Maboma angaumirize malamulo awoawo, koma sangathe kuweruza milandu ya boma. Supremacy Claus amatsimikizira kuti pamene boma ndi malamulo a boma akutsutsana, lamulo la boma likulamulira. Mwachitsanzo, maboma satha kuchotsa milandu yonse ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga momwe boma limasungira mphamvu zoweruza pansi pa malamulo a Substersta Acts.

Mphamvu Zoposa m’Malonda ndi Ndalama

Mphamvu ya boma pa dziko ndi malonda achilendo nzochuluka ndipo nzokha. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyendetsa zoyendera, kulankhulana, ndi malonda pakati pa maiko ndi mitundu ina. Maboma sangaumirize kutumiza kapena ntchito kumaiko ena kapena kutumiza kunja popanda chilolezo cha boma, ndipo sangalamulire malonda amene Congress wasankha kusiya osalamuliridwa. Commercial Claus wagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa malamulo a boma onse kuyambira pa ntchito ya ana mpaka kutetezera malo okhala, monga mu kumvetsera ku Atlanta Emmal . United States [1964], zimene zinachirikiza Chigamu cha Chigamu cha Chigamu cha Chigamu cha Chigamu cha Chigamulo cha Chigamulo chogwirizana ndi malonda.

Boma la boma lokha ndilo lingakhome ndalama ndi kuyendetsa phindu lake. Maboma amaletsedwa kutulutsa ndalama kapena kupanga ndalama za golidi ndi siliva zovomerezeka mwalamulo pa ngongole. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira dongosolo la ndalama zofanana, zimene zili zofunika pa kukhazikika kwa chuma ndi malonda. Boma la boma lilinso ndi mphamvu pa malamulo a ndalama zowonongedwa, omwe ndi ofanana m'mayiko onse. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma angayang'anize inshuwalansi ndi kusunga ndalama m'malire, sangakhale osokoneza malamulo a boma kapena kupanga banki yawoyawo. Federal Reserve , lokhazikitsidwa ndi Congress, amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi chiwongolala, maboma sangabwezere.

Kutha Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Kuyesedwa

Supremacke mu Article VI imatsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano ali lamulo lalikulu la dziko, lomangitsa oweruza onse a boma. Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma ayamba kukangana, lamulo la boma likhoza kuonekera mwa chiphunzitso cha kuperekedwa. Zimenezi zingafotokoze, ndi lamulo la boma lonena kuti malamulo a boma amachotsedwa, kapena kunenedwa, pamene malamulo a boma ali omveka kwambiri kwakuti sasiya malo oti boma lichitepo kanthu. Maboma sangaumirize malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo, monga momwe amachitira nkhani zokhudza kusamuka, kutayidwa kwa nyukliya, ndi kuimira chakudya.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Gibbons v. Ogden . (1824), Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti boma lokhala ndi ulamuliro woletsa zombo zoyendera mphepo linaswa malamulo a boma a zamalonda a mayiko. Momwemo, mu California v. ARC America Corp. [199], Khoti linakhulupirira kuti malamulo oletsa kudalirana ndi boma atha kukhala pamodzi ndi anthu a boma malinga ngati satsutsana. Komabe, pamene Congress imatenga munda, mofanana ndi kukhazikitsa dziko, malamulo awo. Boma lingakhoma lingakhoze kuletsa malamulo awoawo pansi pa malamulo a ufulu wa boma, maboma sangathe kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.

Mphamvu Zotsala ndi Zomwe Zilipo

Ngakhale kuti boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zokha, maboma alinso ndi mphamvu zogawidwa pansi pa Demendment ya Tenth. Mabomawa amaphatikizapo mphamvu pa maphunziro, boma lakwawo, malonda a boma, ndi malamulo a banja. Komabe, malire pakati pa mphamvu zapadera ndi zapanthaŵi imodzi samveka. Maboma amakono, monga kulipira msonkho, kukongola, ndi kukhazikitsa makhoti, amagawana ndi maboma onse aŵiri. Mwachitsanzo, maboma onse aŵiri a boma ndi maboma angasonkhetse msonkho, koma boma likhozanso kukhazikitsa malamulo a khoti lawoake.

Mayiko sangagwiritse ntchito maulamuliro amene apatsidwa mwalamulo ku boma, monga kulengeza nkhondo kapena kuponya ndalama. Koma angaloŵetse m'ntchito zimene zimakhudza zofuna za boma, ngati salimbana. Mwachitsanzo, maboma angapereke malamulo a malo okhala ovuta kuposa a boma, malinga ngati sadodometsa malonda a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lachita mbali yaikulu polinganiza maulamuliro ameneŵa, pogwiritsa ntchito ziphunzitso zonga za Dorment Commerce Classiale kuswa malamulo a boma amene amasokoneza malonda a boma.

Zitsanzo Za m’Mbiri za Mphamvu Zoposa

M'mbiri yonse ya United States, boma la boma lagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zokha kuthetsa mavuto a dziko. New Deal Eras Centre inaona kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo imagwiritsira ntchito malonda ake ndi mphamvu zosonkhetsa ndalama kukhazikitsa maukonde a zachuma ndi kukhazikitsa ukonde wa anthu, monga Social Security . United States singathe kupanga madongosolo awoawo a Social Security amene amatsutsana ndi programu ya boma. Chivoligini Rights Movement chinasonyeza mphamvu za boma kukakamiza kukonzanso malamulo, monga 145th Amendment, lotsutsana ndi tsankho la boma. Boma la bomalo linatenganso njira yotsogolera yofufuza za mlengalenga, boma silingaloŵere palokha.

Posachedwapa, boma la boma lakhala likuyang'anira zochita za ngozi za dziko lonse, monga ngati 9 / 11 za kuukira kwa boma ndi mliri wa Chovid ndi 19. Mabungwe a Federal onga Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ndi Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security ali ndi ulamuliro umene boma lingathe kuutengera. Maboma ali ndi zoloŵetsedwa mwa kugwirizana kwa boma, koma sangathe kunyalanyaza malangizo a boma m'madera a boma lokha, monga ziletso kapena katemera wofalitsidwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana panthaŵi ya mliri. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene mphamvu za boma zimasungirira umodzi wa dziko lonse ndi kuyankha nkhani zimene zikupitirira malire a boma.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira zimene boma la boma lingachite maboma amene maboma adziko sangathe kukhala mfungulo yomvetsa dongosolo la boma la United States. Malamulo amapatsa boma mphamvu zokha m'madera monga nkhani zachilendo, chitetezo cha dziko, ndalama, malonda a mayiko, ndi kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo a boma. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amatsimikizira umodzi wa dziko, kusasinthana, ndi kukhoza kuthetsa mavuto amene boma lililonse lingathe kuwasamalira lokha. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amasunga ufulu wapadera pa nkhani za dziko lawo, ulamuliro wa boma la boma umagwira ntchito monga maziko a dongosolo la ndale zadziko la America.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Maulamuliro I pa National Constitution Center [[FLT :1] ndi USA. Chisonyezero cha boma la boma [. Zitsanzo zalamulo zonga [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] McCloch. Maryland ndi [[FLT:] Gebbons v. Og [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT]] [FFFFF:]