Kodi Chiphunzitso Chogwirizana Chogawana Mphamvu m’Boma Nchiyani?

Federalism ndi njira ya boma imene ulamuliro wapakati (dziko lonse) umagawidwa pakati pa ulamuliro ndi magulu andale osiyanasiyana . Makonzedwe a lamulo ameneŵa amapanga kulinganizika kwa mphamvu, kuletsa mlingo uliwonse wa kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro. Mayiko onga United States, Canada, Germany, Germany, ndi Australia amagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo a boma, limodzi ndi magawo ake apadera a ulamuliro. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika zoikizira, kumvetsetsa malamulo kuli kofunika chifukwa chakuti amapanga malamulo, mmene zinthu zimagawidwira, ndi mmene ufulu wa munthu aliyense umatetezeredwa kupyola mapulinsipulogalamu osiyanasiyana. Mwa kufufuza mapulinsi ake, mitundu, ndi maprogramunidwe enieni a dziko la boma, chimodzi chimapeza chidziŵitso chachikulu m’kusinthasinthasinthasintha kwa ulamuliro wa dziko la democracy.

Kumvetsetsa Mafuko: Milingaliro Yogwirizana

Pansi pa kuchepa kwake, chigwirizano cha boma chiri chakulekanitsa kwa maulamuliro. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo laudindo, kumene olamulira onse amakhala m'boma limodzi lalikulu, kapena mgwirizano, kumene maboma amasunga mphamvu zambiri ndi boma lalikulu nlofooka, boma limalamulira pakati. Lamulo limasankha mphamvu za mlingo uliwonse, kutsimikizira kuti maboma onse a dziko ndi madera omwe ali ndi ulamuliro m’madera odziŵika. Malamulowa amalola kuti zinthu zina zikhale zonga malamulo achilendo, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi ndalama .

Federalism siimodzi yokha yolinganiza. Kulinganizika kwenikweni kwa ulamuliro kumasiyanasiyana m'dziko ndi dziko lozikidwa pa mbiri, chikhalidwe, ndi nkhani za ndale zadziko. Mwachitsanzo, United States iri ndi mwambo wamphamvu wa ulamuliro wa mbali ziŵiri, pamene kuli kwakuti ulamuliro wa Germany uli wogwirizana kwambiri ndi wogwirizana. Dongosolo la boma la India limapatsa mphamvu zazikulu ku boma lapakati, kaŵirikaŵiri lofotokozedwa kukhala "Aasi derali. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumathandizira kumveketsa chifukwa chake unistism imakhalabe lingaliro loyenerera ndi lamphamvu m'zandale ndi kuyang'anira anthu.

Mfundo za Makhalidwe Abwino za Mafuko

Mfundo zikuluzikulu zimene zingathandize kuti boma lizigwira ntchito bwino komanso lizikhazikika.

Kugaŵanika kwa Maulamuliro

Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lalikulu kwambiri ndilo kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi chigawo. Maboma ameneŵa amandandalitsidwa bwino m'malamulo, akumafotokoza kuti ndi boma liti limene lingapange malamulo pa nkhani ziti. Mwachitsanzo, m'Malamulo a U.S., Congress amapatsidwa mphamvu monga kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko ndi kulengeza nkhondo (maulamuliro olamulidwa ndi boma), pamene maboma amasunga mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku boma (maulamuliro otumikira). Kupatulidwa kwapadera kumeneku kumachepetsa mikangano ya boma ndipo kumathandiza kusunga kulinganizika.

Mphamvu Zogawana (Maulamuliro Anthaŵi Zonse)

Mathayo ena amachitidwa ndi maulamuliro onse aŵiri. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amadziŵika monga a mogwirizana kapena ogawikana. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Pamene milingo yonse iŵiri ichita zinthu m’malo amodzi, njira zonga ngati chiganizo chapamwamba (lamulo la lamulo lolamulira lotsutsana) limathandiza kuthetsa mikangano. Mphamvu zogaŵana zikhozetsa madongosolo ambiri a boma chifukwa chakuti zimalola kugwirizana ndi kusintha.

Chipangizo cha Autonomy

Mlingo uliwonse wa boma umasangalala ndi ufulu wake wa ulamuliro. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti boma kapena maboma a boma angapange zosankha zaumwini pankhani zimene zili m’manja mwawo popanda kusokonezedwa ndi boma lalikulu. Autonomy ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti asunge mbiri ya chigawo ndi kulola kuti ayesedwe. Mwachitsanzo, maboma a ku U.S. ali ndi ufulu waukulu pokhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, kuyang'anira zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi kuyang'anira mabizinesi a m’deralo.

Ntchito Yopanga Malamulo

Bukhu la malamulo lolembedwa limatumikira monga lamulo lapamwamba la dziko, kulongosola mphamvu za mlingo wa boma lirilonse ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kaamba ka maunansi a boma. Lamulolo kaŵirikaŵiri limaphatikizapo njira ya kukonzanso, kumene kumalola dongosolo la boma kusinthika m'kupita kwa nthaŵi. M'maiko ambiri, jadiary (monga ngati Bwalo Lapamwamba) imamasulira malamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma.

Mitundu ya Mafuko

Asayansi andale apeza njira zingapo zosonyezera mmene mphamvu zimagwirira ntchito ndiponso mmene mgwirizano wa maboma a mayiko ndi maboma umasinthikira.

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu Amodzi

Kaŵirikaŵiri amafotokozedwa kukhala "layer keke," mbali ziŵiri za boma zimalingalira za kulekana kwa maulamuliro. Boma ladziko ndi maboma a boma amagwira ntchito m'mabungwe ake osiyana, imodzi ndi imodzi yaikulu m'malo ake. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinali champhamvu ku United States m'zaka za zana la 19, pamene boma la boma linachita ntchito zambiri za maiko akunja, zapositi ofesi, ndi za ndalama, pamene maboma a boma achita nkhani zambiri za m'nyumba.

Kugwirizana

Chigwirizano cha boma, kapena "kusintha keke, "kusokoneza mizera pakati pa mathayo a dziko ndi boma. Miyezo yonse iŵiri imagwirizanika kuthetsa mavuto, kugawana ndalama, ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu pamodzi. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinakhala chotchuka mu New Deal ya ma 1930, pamene boma la boma linayamba kupereka mphatso ku maboma kaamba ka ubwino, malo, ndi kusoŵa ntchito. Chigwirizano cha boma kaŵirikaŵiri chimaphatikizapo kugwirizana kwa boma ndi mphamvu ndi chuma kumene kuli kogwirizana.

Chipani cha Fiscal

Fiscalism imasumika pa unansi wa zandalama pakati pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma. Imafufuza mmene kugulitsa ndalama ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kumagawidwira. Maboma a Central kwenikweni amasonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri kuposa zimene amafunikira pa ntchito zawo, kenaka amatumiza ndalama ku mayiko kudzera mwa ndalama zoperekedwa ndi ndalama, kugawana ndalama, kapena kupatsana zipatala. Zimenezi zingayambitse malamulo a boma ndi kusonkhezera. Mawuwo amaphatikizaponso mikangano ya pampikisano wa misonkho, kutumiza m'dziko, ndi kukhazikitsa chilango cha ndalama.

Chipani Chatsopano

Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, magulu a "New Federalism" anayesa kubwezera mphamvu ndi thayo ku maboma a boma. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti maboma ali ovomereza kwambiri ku zosoŵa za kumalo ndi kuti kuchotsa chisinthiko kumachepetsa dongosolo la boma ndi kutayidwa. Mu U.S., zopereka za Reagan ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe mu 1990 zinali zitsanzo zazikulu. New Federalism imaimira chivomerezo chotsutsana ndi kukhazikika kwa ulamuliro wa boma, kugogomezera boma ndi kusinthika.

Mphamvu Zogawana m’Magulu Olimbana: Kupenda Mosamalitsa

Mphamvu zogaŵana (mphamvu zapanthaŵi imodzi) ndizo mbali yofunika kwambiri ya madongosolo a boma. Izo zimalola maboma a dziko ndi madera omwe kuchita zinthu zofanana, koma kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zigamulo zosiyana kapena zofunika. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi kumathandiza kuvumbula kucholoŵana ndi kusinthika kwa ulamuliro wa boma.

Msonkho

Milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma imakhala ndi ulamuliro wa kukhoma misonkho. Ku United States, boma limasonkhanitsa ndalama zopezedwa ndi misonkho ya makampani, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amakhomanso misonkho ya ndalama, misonkho ya malonda, ndi misonkho ya katundu. Msonkho imeneyi ingachititse kuŵirikiza msonkho komanso imathandiza kuti mlingo uliwonse ukhale ndi ndalama zothandizira kumanga mautumiki ake. Madongosolo ogwirizanitsa zinthu, monga ngongole ndi ndalama zoikiziridwa, amathandiza kuchepetsa mikangano.

Kukakamiza Lamulo

Mabungwe a FBI amapanga dongosolo losungitsa malamulo longa ngati aumboni wokhudza milandu imene imaswa malamulo a boma kapena kuswa malamulo a dziko, pamene boma ndi apolisi akomweko angagwirizanitse pa magulu ankhondo, koma mikangano ya ulamuliro ikhoza kubuka. Lamulo la ulamuliro wa mbali ziŵiri likutanthauza kuti munthu angaikidwe mlandu wa khalidwe limodzimodzilo pansi pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma popanda kuswa zitetezero zoŵirikiza kaŵiri.

Malamulo ndi Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu

Kumanga misewu, milatho, ndi ziwiya zina zapakhomo nthawi zambiri ndi udindo wothandizana. Boma limapereka ndalama kudzera m'makampani ndi mapulogalamu a misewu ya m’madera osiyanasiyana, pamene mayiko ndi madera amamanga, ndi kukonzanso ntchito.

Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndiwo ntchito yaikulu ya boma ndi malo a boma. Komabe, boma la dzikolo kaŵirikaŵiri limachita mbali yaikulu mwa kupereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa miyezo (m’chitsanzo, Palibe Mwana Wosiyidwa Beth in the U.S.), ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Maboma amakhazikitsa sukulu, zofunikira kwa aphunzitsi, ndi njira zoperekera ndalama. Mphamvu imeneyi imayambitsa mphamvu yaikulu kumene dziko limachita zinthu zofunika kwambiri (monga ngati kuyenera kapena kuŵerengera mlandu) ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko.

Kusamalira thanzi

Malamulo a zaumoyo ndi mbali ina ya ulamuliro wogawana. Ku United States, boma la boma limakhazikitsa Medicare ndi kuika malamulo kudzera mu Affordal Care Act, pamene maboma amayendetsa maprogramu a Medicaid (ndi ndalama za boma zoyendera limodzi) ndi kuyang'anira misika ya inshuwalansi. Mliri wa COVID-19 unagogomezera ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi mavuto a kakonzedwe kameneka, monga momwe boma ndi boma linaperekera malamulo otsutsana ndi kuyendetsa zinthu mosiyana.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Malamulo a malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri amagawana, ndi boma likukhazikitsa miyezo ya maziko (m'chingamize, Cease Air Act , Clean Water Act) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa maulamuliro . Nthaŵi zina ndi zofunika zokhwima. Zimenezi zimalola maulamuliro onga California ku miyezo ya kutulutsa mpweya waupainiya imene pambuyo pake imakhudza malamulo a dziko. Komabe, mikangano imabuka pamene maboma atsutsa malamulo a boma kapena pamene mavuto a malo akumalo akuya akudutsa malire.

Kufunika kwa Kulamulira kwa Maboma Amakono

Mafuko a dzikolo ali ndi mapindu ambiri amene amawachititsa kukhala okongola m’maiko aakulu, osiyanasiyana.

Kujambula ndi Kuimira kwa Malo

Federalism imalola anthu a m'dziko kukhala ndi chiganizo chachikulu m’malamulo amene amawayambukira mwachindunji. Maboma angapange malamulo ogwirizana ndi zikonda za m'deralo, zimene zimawonjezera kukhala ndi phande kwa demokrase ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States muli njira zosiyanasiyana zoperekera lamulo la chamba, kulamulira mfuti, ndi malipiro ocheperapo . Kunyalanyaza mapindu ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko.

Mabungwe a Democracy

Jasitisi Louis Brandeis motchuka akulongosola kuti "maluso a demokrase". Federalism imatheketsa kuyesa: boma lingayese lamulo latsopano monga ngati kusamala zaumoyo wa anthu onse, kutsendereza, kapena kukonzanso chiweruzo chaupandu . Kuyesa chipambano kungatsanziridwe ndi maboma ena kapena kutengedwa monga dziko.

Macheke a Mphamvu Yapakati

Mwa kuchotsa ulamuliro, chigwirizano cha boma chimagwira ntchito monga kupima kutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza. Mphamvu sizimaikidwa m'gulu limodzi; mmalo mwake, maboma ambiri amapikisana ndi kugwirizana. Kugawikana kumeneku kumatetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kupangitsa kuti chigaŵenga chimodzi chikhale chovuta kwambiri kugonjetsa. Monga momwe Madison ananenera mu Federation Na. 51, "chisungiko cha chigawo ndi boma kutetezera ufulu wa boma.

Kulabadira Zosoŵa za Madera

Madongosolo a zaumoyo angavomereze bwino kusiyana kwa madera. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a zachuma, maphunziro oyamba, ndi kulabadira tsoka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko. Izi n’zofunika kwambiri makamaka m’mayiko akuluakulu okhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana, chikhalidwe, ndi chuma chosiyanasiyana, monga India kapena Canada.

Mavuto ndi Kusuliza Mafuko

Ngakhale kuti boma limathandiza, limaperekanso mavuto ena amene angalepheretse anthu kuchita zinthu mwanzeru, mosakondera ndiponso momvekera bwino.

Kukangana ndi Kusasintha

Malamulo a boma akasemphana, pangakhale kusatsimikizirika ndi kukangana. Nkhani monga kukhazikitsa lamulo la chamba, kusungitsa anthu kusamuka, ndi ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba zachititsa nkhondo zazikulu za m’khoti ndi ntchito zokonza malamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kungasokoneze nzika ndi mabizinesi, ndipo kungadodometse kusungidwa kwa malamulo a dziko limodzi.

Kusalingana Malo Pakati pa Maboma

Federalism ikhoza kuwonjezera kusiyana kwa chigawo. Maiko a Wisterier ali okhoza kupereka maphunziro abwinopo, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi zigwirizano za zinthu, pamene kuli kwakuti maiko osauka amalimbana. Ngakhale kuti kusamuka kwa boma kungachepetse kusiyanitsa, kaŵirikaŵiri kumadza ndi mipata yogwirizana kwambiri. Kugawidwa kwa chuma kuli nkhani ya ndale zadziko yosatha m'madongosolo a boma.

Kucholoŵana ndi Kucholoŵana

Malamulo ambiri a boma angapangitse kutengera mautumiki, malamulo otsatizana, ndi kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa makampani. Nzika zingavutike kugamula kuti ndi boma liti limene likuchita ntchito inayake . Kuvuta kumeneku kungachepetse kuoneka bwino kwa boma ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito.

"Chingamira ku Kunsi"

M'malo ena alamulo, chigwirizano chingalimbikitse "kuyang'ana kunsi," kumene malamulo otsika (mlongo, miyezo ya malo okhala, chitetezo cha antchito) kukopa mabizinesi ndi kampani. Zimenezi zingafooketse zolinga za kakhalidwe ndi malo okhala ndi kupangitsa chitsenderezo chakutsika pa katundu wa anthu onse.

Mafuko m’Dziko Lamakono: Nkhani za m’Nthaŵi Zamakono

Chipani cha Federal si chinthu chachilendo; chimasintha n’cholinga choti chithetse mavuto atsopano.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Mafuko

Kudalirana kwa mayiko kwawonjezera kufunika kwa ulamuliro wa mayiko (m’njira yachib., European Union) pamene kuli kwakuti mayiko a m’mayiko ena afunikanso kukhazikitsa mphamvu. Madongosolo a boma ayenera kuchepetsa mavuto amene alipo pakati pa mayiko onse ndi ufulu wa boma. Mapangano a malonda, mapangano a zanyengo, ndiponso mapangano a ufulu wachibadwidwe kaŵirikaŵiri amafunika kuchitapo kanthu pa mayiko amene angasokoneze maulamuliro, kuyambitsa mkangano wokhudza ulamuliro.

Kulabadira Kopanda Mantha

Mliri wa Covid . U.S., kusoŵa kwa njira yaunyinji ya dziko kunagawanitsa zigamulo pa mlingo wa boma. Mayiko ena, monga Germany ndi Australia, anathandizana bwino kwambiri mwa kukhazikitsa njira za boma. Mliriwu unagogomezera kufunika kwa kulankhulana komveka ndi kuyang'anira mavuto m'mabungwe a boma.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Zachinsinsi

Luso la zopangapanga lamakono limayambitsa mavuto atsopano. Maboma a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo achinsinsi ofanana, pamene maboma angapereke malamulo okhwima kwambiri (m’chitsanzo, Consumer Ancy Act ya California). Malamulo otsatizana akakhala olemetsa kwa makampani ndipo angafune kuti boma liwachotse kapena kugwirizanitsa.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi vuto la padziko lonse limene limafunika kuchitapo kanthu pamlingo uliwonse. Maboma amalola kuti mpweya ukhale wochepa komanso kuti mphamvu zizioneka bwino. Komabe, kuti boma lizigwira ntchito moyenera komanso kuti dziko lizigwira ntchito moyenera, m’pofunika kuti lisamavutike.

Kumaliza

Federalism ndi njira yosinthasintha ndi yogwirizana ya maulamuliro a anthu osiyanasiyana amene akhalapo opirira m'madera osiyanasiyana. Mwa kugawa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a mayiko ndi madera, imalimbikitsa ufulu, kuyesa, ndi kuyang'ana pa mphamvu zapakati. Imabutsa mavuto okhudzana ndi mikangano, kusalingana, ndi kuvuta kumene kumafuna kukambirana ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo a boma. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira boma sikuli njira yongochitira maphunziro a maphunziro apamwamba chabe kuti munthu aloŵetse mfundo za dziko, kuyambira kukonzanso zaumoyo ndi kukonza malo ake. Pamene dziko likukula ndi kupempha kwa malo, malamulo ndi machitidwe a boma adzapitirizabe kulinganiza ndi kupangidwa kwa mphamvu m’zaka mazana apita.

Kuŵerenga kobwerezabwereza: [[FLT :1] kwa kusanthula kowonjezereka, onani [[FLT :] Encclopedia Britannica pa socialism , [[FLT]] Encyclopedia ya Philosophy , ndi webusaiti ya boma.