Malingaliro a kupima ndi kulinganiza kaŵirikaŵiri amafotokozedwa kukhala maziko a ulamuliro wa lamulo. Ndiwo njira imene imaletsa nthambi iliyonse ya boma [1] kupha, kukhazikitsa malamulo, kapena kuweruza . N’kusunga ulamuliro wosatsutsika. Popanda, maluso onse a kugamula mlandu wa demokrase, kusiya nzika kukhala zosavuta ku ulamuliro wa autocracy, kupondereza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kusakhazikika kwa dongosolo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda zotsatira zazikulu za kuchotsa dongosolo lotero, kujambula pa zochitika za m'mbiri ndi kufufuza kwamakono kuonetsa zimene zimachitika pamene mphamvu ya munthu yasiyidwa yosalamuliridwa.

Kumvetsetsa Kumathandiza

Pamaziko ake, njira yopimira ndi kulinganiza imagaŵira mphamvu ya boma pakati pa nthambi zosiyana, iriyonse yokhala ndi kukhoza kuletsa ntchito zina. Makonzedwe ameneŵa sali chabe lingaliro longoyerekezera; ndi chitetezero chothandiza pa nkhanza. Kulekanitsa maulamuliro ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo a akuluakulu, ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo kuti palibe munthu mmodzi amene angalamulire lamulolo, kulikakamiza, kapena kulimasulira popanda kuŵerengera mlandu.

Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro Kumachititsa

Ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosinthasintha, kusiyanitsa maulamuliro ndi kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza kuli ndi malingaliro osiyana. Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kumapatsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana ku nthambi zosiyanasiyana, pamene macheke ndi zipilala zimapatsa nthambi iliyonse zida zopitirizira. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti wa United States angapereke lamulo, Nyumba za Malamulo zingagonjetse lamulolo, ndipo makhoti angapatule malamulo monga ngati kuti si mahule. Popanda maulamuliro ameneŵa, kupatulidwa kokha kumakhala kopanda tanthauzo .

Kufufuza Kuti Adziimbe Mlandu

Kuŵerengera m'dongosolo lolinganizika kumakhala ndi mitundu yambiri: kupenda kwachiweruzo, kuweruza kwa malamulo, kuweruza kwa akuluakulu a boma, madongosolo a kampani, ndi mabungwe odziimira okha monga ngati ofufuza kapena ofufuza. Njira iliyonse imayambitsa kutsutsana, kuchepetsa zosankha zowawitsa kapena zovulaza. M'dongosolo losayang'anira, kukanganitsika kumeneku kumatha. Malamulo angafulumire popanda kutsutsana, malamulo a akuluakulu angatsetse zigamulo, ndipo makhoti angalo angalongedwe kapena kunyalanyazidwa. Zotsatira zake n’zothandiza kwambiri poyendetsa ufulu, chilungamo, ndi popanga mtendere.

Kabuku Kopanda Mayeso ndi Kulinganizika

Mayiko ambiri aona kuti zinthu zayamba kuyenda bwino kuchokera pa ulamuliro wokhazikika kufika pa mphamvu yolamulira, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri achita zinthu mofulumira kwambiri.

Kuika Maganizo pa Ulamuliro: Kuchokera ku Demokrase Kufikira ku Autocracy

Chotsatirapo chake chachikulu ndicho kuchuluka kwa mphamvu pa nthambi imodzi kapena imodzi. Popanda uyang'aniro, mkulu wa boma angapereke malamulo amene amayendera lamulo popanda kutsutsana. Popanda lamulo lodziimira. Malamulowo sayang'anizana ndi lamulo. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, magulu otsutsa amaikidwa m’malo, masankho amakhala amwambo wosaphula kanthu, ndipo oulutsa nkhani amalamulidwa ndi boma. Kusintha kumeneku kukhoza kuchitika pang'onopang'ono mwa kunyonyotsoka kwa malamulo . Kutsatira kugaluza kapena lamulo lamwamsanga.

Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimagogomezera zimenezi. Mu Nazi Germany, Reichstag Fire Sign ya 1933 yoimika ufulu wa anthu, ndi Act yotsatira inalola Hitler kukhazikitsa malamulo popanda chilolezo cha nyumba ya malamulo. Patangopita miyezi yochepa, bungwe la malamulo linapatsidwa mphamvu. Mofananamo, ku Venezuela, Pulezidenti Hugo Chávez anagwiritsira ntchito msonkhano wogwirizana kuti alembenso malamulo, kuika mphamvu mu bwanamkubwa, ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa Supreme Court ndi Congress. Mayeso ango achotsedwa, njira ya kuyendetsa zinthu njaifupi.

Kusokonekera kwa Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

Popanda mayeso ndi kulinganiza, kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu kwa munthu aliyense kumadalira pa kukomera mtima kwa olamulira. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti ufulu umatha mwamsanga pamene palibe bungwe limene lingatsutse boma. Ufulu wa kulankhula umatsekerezedwa mwa malamulo ofufuza kapena mwachiwawa kuletsa kusagwirizana. Ufulu wa msonkhano umaletsedwa mwa kufuna zilolezo zimene sizimaloledwa. Malamulo a boma amasiyidwa monga mabwalo achinsinsi kapena makhoti a asilikali aloŵa mmalo mwa oweruza wamba opanda tsankho.

Maprogramu a zachinsinsi amene amafuna zilolezo zachiweruzo pansi pa dongosolo lolinganizika angagwire ntchito popanda uyang'aniro. Magulu aang'ono ali osavuta kwambiri: popanda khoti loletsa lamulo laupotuko, malamulo opondereza adakali kugwira ntchito. Kusoŵa kwa anthu odziimira okha popanda mankhwala alamulo pamene ufulu wawo wapotozedwa. Monga momwe Judge Louis Brandeis ananenera motchuka, chiwopsezo chachikulu cha ufulu ndicho boma loletsa kulanda ufulu.

Zotsatirapo za Chuma

Macheke ndi mayeso a zandale ndi malingana sindiwo okha otetezera chuma. Malamulo, kukopana, ndi mabungwe odziimira okha otsutsa ziphuphu amapanga malo amene mabizinesi angasungire modalirana. Pamene zitetezero zimenezi zitha, ziphuphu zikuchuluka. Mapangano a Boma amapatsidwa ku mabizinesi, ufulu wa katundu amadetsedwa, ndipo a judicary sakakamizanso kukhazikitsa zipangano mosakondera.

Popanda uyang'aniro wa malamulo, mabanki apakati angachepetsedwe, kutsogolera ku lamulo la ndalama zokwera mtengo. Chilango cha filimu chimatha pamene akuluakulu a boma akuwononga popanda chilolezo kuchokera ku nyumba ya malamulo. Kutsika kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa chuma kwa maboma ambiri a authoritarianism . Kuchokera ku Zimbabwe kuyambira pansi pa Robert Mugabe ku Syria pansi pa banja la Assad . Zilapuza mmene mphamvu zosalamuliridwa zimawonongera chitukuko. Ngakhale mapindu achidule a zigamulo zaunizo amagonjetsedwa ndi ziphuphu ndi kusasamala.

Ubale Padziko Lonse ndi Kukhazikika

Mayiko opanda mayeso ndiponso malamulo a m’dziko lonse, nthawi zambiri amawononga mtendere wa m’madera ndiponso padziko lonse. Malamulo awo achilendo angasinthe, n’kusokonezeka ndi zimene wolamulira mmodzi amafuna mmalo mochita zinthu mwadongosolo.

Ndiponso, maiko amene amasiya macheke ndi kulinganiza kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala malo otetezereka kaamba ka kuyendetsa chuma chosaloledwa kapena kupondereza ufulu wa anthu, kutsutsa kuchokera ku mabungwe apadziko lonse. Mitundu Yogwirizana, World Bank, ndi mabungwe ena amagwirizanitsa mowonjezereka chithandizo cha kupititsa patsogolo ndi kuzindikira kwa mayanjano ku kumamatira ku miyezo ya ulamuliro. Boma lopanda kuŵerengera kwa mkati lingayang'anizane ndi ziletso, kudzipatula, ndi kuchepa kwa chisonkhezero pa mlingo wa dziko lonse.

Kufufuza Nkhani Zake

Kufufuza nkhani zina kumasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri ayamba kulamulira, kupondereza anthu otsutsa, kulephera kwa malamulo oteteza anthu, ndiponso mavuto.

Germany wa Nazi (1933-1945)

Kuyamba kulamulira kwa Adolf Hitler mwina ndi chitsanzo chochititsa mantha kwambiri cha mmene kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza kungathetsedwere. Reichstag Fire mu February 1933 inapereka chifukwa cha Reichstag Fire Sign, imene inapatula habeas corpus, ufulu wa kulankhula, ndi ufulu wina wa anthu. Pasanapite mwezi umodzi, lamulo la Enanagent Act linalola boma kukhazikitsa malamulo popanda chilolezo cha boma kwa zaka zinayi. Chipani cha Nazi, mmalo mwa kutsutsa mwamsanga, chinalamulira ulamuliro wa Nazi , ndi malamulo alamulo anagonjera zofuna za Führer. Monga chotulukapo, Germany anasintha kuchoka pa boma la democracy kukhala boma la ulamuliro wankhanza m'miyezi. Kusoweruka kwa gulu la Nazi ndi nkhondo ya padziko lonse.

Soviet Union pansi pa Stalin

Joseph Stalin akusonyeza mmene kuchotsedwa kwa zigamulo za chipani ndi juli ya ufulu kungayambitse ulamuliro wauchigaŵenga. Pambuyo pokhazikitsa mphamvu kumapeto kwa ma 1920, Stalin anachotsa Chipani cha Komyunizimu, asilikali, ndi mautumiki a luntha. Kusonyeza milandu yopezeka chifukwa cha kuulula kokakamiza, ndi chigwirizano cha misasa yauchibalo (Gulag) yomwe inasunga anthu mamiliyoni ambiri andende. Popanda kufufuza lamulo kapena chiweruzo pa apolisi yachinsinsi, kumangidwa ndi kuphedwa kusanduka ndandanda ya pulogalamu ya boma.

Kugwa kwa Rome Republic

Mbiri yakale imaperekanso maphunziro. Roman Republic inakhala ndi zaka mazana ambiri chifukwa cha njira yake yocholoŵana: maulamuliro aŵiri oyendera limodzi, Nyumba ya Malamulo yomwe inkayang'anira zachuma, ndi misonkhano yotchuka yomwe ikanakhazikitsa malamulo. Komabe, mkupita kwa nthaŵi, akuluakulu amphamvu monga Julius Caesar anasonkhanitsa magulu ankhondo aumwini ndi kunyalanyaza malamulo. Pamene Kaisara anadutsa Rubicon mu 49 BCE, anayambitsa nkhondo yachiweniweni. Ulamuliro wake wotsatira, kupha, ndi kukwera kwa Augustus kunathetsa ulamuliro wa Republic. Kusoŵa kwa mphamvu ya boma kunalola munthu mmodzi kugonjetsa dongosololo, kutsogolera ku kulanda boma.

Zitsanzo Zamakono: Venezuela ndi Hungary

Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo Venezuela pansi pa Hugo Chávez ndi Nicolás Maduro , ndi Hungary pansi pa Viktor Orbán. Ku Venezuela, Chávez anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo atsopano kukhazikitsa mphamvu, kudzaza Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi okhulupirika, ndi kukhazikitsa asilikali m'malo a anthu wamba. Msonkhano wa National unaloŵedwa mmalo ndi Msonkhano wa Constituententenation wolamulidwa ndi gulu lolamulira. Kugwa kwa chuma, kusefukira kwa chuma, ndi vuto la anthu linatsatiridwa. Ku Hungary, Orbán’sdesz adakhazikitsa malamulo a kufooketsa Khoti la Malamulo, kusintha masankho, ndi kuyang'anira oulutsa makampani. Yuropu yatsutsa Hungary mobwerezabwereza kaamba ka malamulo a democracy, koma osamalitsa.

Kulinganiza Zinthu: Zowopsa Zamakono Zofuna Kudzitetezera ndi Kulinganiza

Ngakhale m’mademokrase amene akhazikitsidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, dongosolo la kupima ndi kulinganizika limayang’anizana ndi chitsenderezo chosalekeza. Kumvetsetsa ziwopsyezo zimenezi nkofunika kuchinjiriza mtundu wa kugwa wolongosoledwa pamwambapa.

Kulamulira Kopambanitsa m’Maulamuliro a Panthaŵi Yake

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, akuluakulu a mademokrase angapo awonjezera mphamvu yawo mwa maofisala a akuluakulu, zilengezo zamwadzidzidzi, ndi kunyalanyaza njira zalamulo zachibadwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti machitidwe otero angalungamitsidwe pamavuto enieni, iwo angakhale chiŵiya chopeŵera mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la U.S., lapereka ulamuliro waukulu kwa audindo pa malonda, kusamutsidwa, ndi chisungiko cha dziko. Pamene ntchito za akuluakuluwo popanda chilolezo chotsimikizirika cha lamulo, kusintha kwa malamulo. Makhoti nthaŵi zina amasinthasintha kuyang'anira, koma mayeso a chiweruzo angakhale ochedwa ndi osakwanira.

Kumanga Mabwalo a Milandu ndi Kudziimira Pawokha pa Chiŵeruzo

Chigamulo cha boma chodziimira chokha ndicho kuyang'anira kwa mayeso ndi kulinganiza. Ngati boma lingaike makhoti ndi okhulupirika, lingatetezere bwino lomwe ntchito zawo ku chitokoso cha lamulo. Kupakirana khoti kwachitika ku Poland ndi Hungary, kumene oweruza anachotsedwa kapena kuikidwa ndi oweruza atsopano ndi andale. Khoti la Ulaya la Chilungamo lagamula motsutsana ndi machitachita otero, koma kuwonongeka kwa ufulu wa chiweruzo kumakhala kwanthaŵi yaitali. Ku United States, malingaliro akukulitsa khoti Lapamwambalo lakhala likusungidwa ndi magulu aŵiri onse aŵiri, kukweza nkhaŵa ponena za kuletsa chigamulo cha . Nthaŵi ina makhoti akuona kuti ndi zida zothandizira, zoyenerera kukhala opatula olanda.

Kulimbitsa Manyuzipepala ndi Malo a Chinayi

Manyuzipepala aulere amatumikira monga kuyang'anira ulamuliro wa boma . Kaŵirikaŵiri kutchedwa gawo lachinayi. Pamene kukhala ndi manyuzipepala kukulamulidwa ndi ogwirizana ndi boma kapena ngati kuli kochitidwa mwachindunji, kufalitsa manyuzipepala kukuvutika. Mabungwe auchigamulo amene ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuikizira angayang'ane njira ina, ndipo atolankhani amayang'anizana ndi chiwopsezo kapena kuvutitsidwa kwa lamulo. M'maboma a a a apolisi, manyuzipepala odziimira paokha amatsekedwa kotheratu. Komabe, mu democracyism, ngakhale mitundu yachinyengo ya kufalitsa nkhani zoulutsa kwa onse kapena kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a libel kuletsa osuliza.

Kuteteza Dongosolo: Chifukwa Chake Pali Nkhani Zokhudza Kusamala

Kusunga machenjezo ndi kulinganiza sikumangofuna malembo alamulo; kumafuna kuvomerezana kwa boma ndi kulimba kwa malamulo.

Maphunziro Abwino ndi Kutengamo Mbali

Osankhidwa odziŵa bwino ndiwo njira yoyamba yodzitetezera. Kumvetsetsa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito . ndi mmene mphamvu zingagwiritsidwire ntchito molakwika . . Masukulu, mayunivesite, ndi mabungwe a anthu ayenera kugogomezera kuŵerengera anthu, kuphatikizapo kugaŵanitsa maulamuliro. Kugawana m'mayankhidwe a anthu, maholo a tauni, ndi masankho kutsimikizira kuti atsogoleri amamva chitsenderezo cha malingaliro a anthu. Pamene nzika zikhala zopanda chidwi kapena zouzidwa molakwa, khomo la kulanda nduna.

Kupangidwa kwa Mabungwe ndi Kusintha

Mapangano angalimbikitsidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsa makomiti odziimira okha otsutsa chiphuphu, kulimbikitsa makomiti oyang’anira za malamulo, ndi kuteteza komiti zachiweruzo kungalimbitse mayeso ndi kulinganiza. Mawu, zigamulo za kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa pa mphamvu zangozi, ndi ziyeneretso zamphamvu za kusintha kwa malamulo amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka. Mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga Internationalpote Institute ya Democracy ndi Electoral Leance ndi [DYK:2] Programme project [FL:3] yothandiza kusanthula ndi kuwongolera malamulo. Kuphunzira kuchokera ku maiko amene abwezeretsa bwino mayeso pambuyo pa nyengo za ku Brazil . Monga ngati pambuyo pa kuyendetsa kwa nkhondo kwa dziko la Brazil

Kumaliza

Kusoŵa macheke ndi malingana sindicho chinthu chongoyerekezera . Ndicho chenicheni chobwerezabwereza chimene chachititsa mavuto ena aakulu koposa m'mbiri. Kuyambira ku Nazi Germany mpaka Venezuela wamakono, njira yake njosasintha: popanda malamulo, mphamvu imakhala yopanda malire, ufulu umakhalabe, ndipo anthu amavutika. Motero kukhazikitsa malire osatha pakati pa nthambi za boma kuli thayo lopitirizabe, osati ntchito ya nthaŵi imodzi. Monga nzika, aphunzitsi, ndi atsogoleri, tiyenera kukhalabe maso, kuteteza mabungwe odziimira okha, ndi kupempha kuti adziyang'anira kwa awo amene akulamulira. Ndi pamenepano tingatsimikizire kuti chitetezo cholingaliridwa ndi oyang’anira malamulo chipangirire kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.