Chiyambi: Ntchito ya Mayeso a Malamulo m’Chilungamo

Mayeso amilandu a m'malamulo [[FLT :1] amatumikira monga maziko a dongosolo lachiweruzo lamakono, kupereka malo opangira kumene mikangano imathetsedwa ndi chilungamo chikuperekedwa poyera. Kaya m'nkhani ya upandu kapena yachiŵeniŵeni, njira yozenga imatsimikizira kuti mbali zonse ziŵirizo zili ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka mlandu wawo pamaso pa wopanga zigamulo zopanda tsankho. Kumvetsetsa mmene milandu imaperekedwera si kofunika kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo okha komanso kwa nzika zimene zingatumikire tsiku lina kuujuli kapena kudziona kuti zikuloŵetsedwa m'nkhani. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene mlandu walamulo, otenga mbali, malamulo owonekera bwino, ndi malamulo apamwamba amene ziyeso zokwaniritsa.

Malamulo a Mlandu

Ngakhale kuti njira zoyesa zimasiyanasiyana m’madera osiyanasiyana ndiponso m’njira zosiyanasiyana, mayeso ambiri amayendera limodzi, ndipo njira zake zimatsimikizira kuti zinthu zonse zikuyenda mwadongosolo, mosakondera, ndiponso kuti malamulo azikhala olondola.

Kupitiriza ndi Zoyenda Zisanachitike

Khoti lisanayambe, limakhala ndi mlandu wogamula milandu isanayambe. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kutsendereza umboni, kutsutsa milandu, kapena kumasulira malamulo. Mlandu, woimbidwa mlanduyo alowa m’khoti , osati wolakwa, kapena popanda mpikisano uliwonse . Misonkhano yapasadakhale imathandizanso oweruza ndi maloya kusamalira mlanduwo ndi mpambo wa mboni.

Kusankha Zochita za Jury (Kukonda Kudya Moŵa)

Pamilandu ya ajuli, njira ya [[FLT: 0] yowopsa [[FLT: 1] imalola maloya ndi woweruza kufunsa othekera kukhala ajuli kuvumbula kukondera kapena mikangano ya chikondwerero. Mbali iliyonse ingatokosa chiŵerengero cha ajuli kaamba ka choyambitsa (m'b., odziŵika kukhala atsankho) kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zitokoso zopikitsira kuchotsa oweruza popanda kunena chifukwa, ngakhale kuti zimenezi sizingayambike pa fuko kapena . Cholinga ndicho kusonkhanitsa ajuli opanda tsankho omwe adzayesa umboni.

Mawu Otsegulira

Mlandu umayamba ndi mawu otsegulira kuchokera kwa ponse paŵiri woweruza ndi wodzitetezera. Mawuwa sali umboni koma mawu otsegulira a zimene mbali iriyonse ikuyembekezera kutsimikizira. mawu otsegulira amapereka mbali yowonekera bwino ya ajuli kulongosola kuti itsatire monga umboni ndi chiwonetsero. Ochirikiza ogwira mtima amagwiritsira ntchito mawu omvekera bwino ndi kupeŵa kulankhulana mopambanitsa kwa malingaliro aumwini.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Limeneli ndi likulu la mlanduwo. Gulu lonyamula umboni [1] Khoti lozenga milandu ya upandu kapena woweruza milandu ya boma . Likuimira mlandu wake choyamba. Umboni umakhala m’magulu aŵiri:

  • [[ML:0] Umboni weniweni kapena weniweni [[MMWIRI: 1] — zinthu, zikalata, zida, kapena marekodi.
  • Umboni wa kuyerekezera — mawu ochokera kwa mboni zimene zalumbira.

Pambuyo pa kutsekeredwa kwa mlanduwo kapena kuikidwa, chidzichinjirizo chingapereke umboni wake, kuphatikizapo kuitana mboni ndi kudziŵikitsa zisonyezero. Chitsanzo cha kusanthula chimatsatira njira yapadera: kufufuza kwachindunji (mwa gulu loitana umboni), kusanthula kowoloka (kupyolera kwa gulu lotsutsanalo), kutumizanso, ndi kumasulira. Kusintha kumeneku kumayesa kudalirika ndi kudalirika kwa mbali iriyonse ya umboni.

Umboni ndi Kuwoneka

Mboni ndizo maziko a ziyeso zambiri. Mboni zokhala ndi malo ochitira umboni za kuwona kwawo, pamene mboni zaluso zimapereka chidziŵitso chapadera kuthandiza ajuli kumvetsa nkhani za umisiri (m’chitsanzo, sayansi ya zamankhwala yosagwira ntchito bwino, injiniya). Woweruza amalamulira pa ziyeneretso za umboni ndi kulephera kwa malingaliro awo. Jurress amatsimikizira kudalirika mwa kulingalira za khalidwe, kusasinthasintha, ndi kuvomereza umboni wina.

"Kusanthula kwa makompyuta ndiko injini ya zamalamulo yaikulu koposa inaimbidwapo kaamba ka kutumba chowonadi. — John Henry Wigmore

Kutseka Malire

Umboni wonse utatha, mbali iliyonse imakamba nkhani yomaliza. Uwu ndi mwayi womaliza kukopa oweruza mwa kufupikitsa umboni, kutchula zolakwa zazikulu pa mlandu wa wotsutsayo, ndi kufotokoza mmene lamulo limagwirira ntchito ku mfundo. Zigomeko zotsegulira sizingayambitse umboni watsopano koma zingapereke malongosoledwe oyenera kuchokera ku zimene zinaperekedwa. Nthaŵi zambiri oweruza kapena oweruzawo amalankhula choyamba, ndipo adzichinjiriza atsatira; m’makhoti ena, gulu lokhala ndi mtolo lingapereke umboni pambuyo pa kutha kwa chitetezero.

Malangizo a Pasukulu

Oweruza asanayambe kukambirana, woweruza amaŵerenga malangizo a chinsinsi . Chikalata cha lamulo loyenerera limene ajuli ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito. Malangizowa amalongosola mbali zalamulo za milandu kapena zinenezo, mtolo wa umboni, ndi kulemera kumene kuyenera kuperekedwa ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya umboni. M’milandu, oweruza amalangizidwa kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo amalingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo ndi kuti liwongo liyenera kutsimikiziridwa mosakayikitsa.

Zolephera ndi Zotsutsa

Oweruza amapuma m'chipinda chaumwini kuti akambirane mlanduwo ndi kuweruza. M'maweruzidwe, chiweruzo chiyenera kukhala chogwirizana (Ngakhale kuti maboma angapo amalola kuti anthu apereke zigamulo zosatsata ufulu wawo m’mikhalidwe ina). Zigamulo za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kuti anthu ambiri kapena akhazikike, malinga ndi ulamuliro. Ngati oweruza sagwirizana ndi lamulo, mlandu ungaperekedwe. Chigamulocho chikaŵerengedwa m’khoti, gawo la kuzenga lileke, ngakhale kuti kuweruza kwapambuyo kapena kuchonderera kungatsatire.

Mitundu ya Ziyeso

Siyense ziyeso zimene zili zofanana. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwambiri ndi pakati pa ziyeso zapachiŵeniŵeni ndi ndi kuyesa . Kusiyana kwina kwakukulu kuli pakati pa milandu ya ajuli ndi milandu ya benchi.

Kulimbana ndi Chigaŵenga. Ziyeso za Chiŵeniŵeni

M'kuzenga mlandu, boma (kuweruza) limaimba mlandu woimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa lamulo. Woimbidwa mlanduyo akuyang'anizana ndi chilango chothekera monga kuikidwa m’ndende, malipoti, kapena kuikidwa m’ndende. Mlanduwo uyenera kutsimikizira kuti ali ndi liwongo mosakaikira koyenera . Pa mlandu wachiŵeniŵeni, chipani (chosafunika) chimasungirira chipani china (kapena mlandu) kaamba ka kubwezera kapena kuchitapo kanthu. Mkhalidwe wa umboni kaŵirikaŵiri ndi umboni wa kulakwa, kapena kulakwa kwa banja.

Mayeso a Benc Mayeso a Jury

Pa mlandu wa pa ben ben, woweruzayo amatumikira monga wopeza mfundo ndi woweruza wa lamulo. Mayeso a Bench ngofala m'nkhani zovuta za anthu (m’chitsanzo, kuvomereza ndi ufulu) kapena kumene onse aŵiri amapatsa ufulu wa ajuli. Amangokhala afupi ndi odziŵa ntchito. M’zengero la ajuli, oweruza amagamula mafunso a zenizeni pamene woweruzayo amayankha mafunso a lamulo ndi njira zolamulira. Malamulo a U.S. amatsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu wa kuweruza milandu ya ajuli m’milandu ya upandu ndi m’nkhani zambiri zachiŵeruzo zophatikizapo ndi nkhani zina zokayikitsa.

Ntchito za Otengamo Mbali Okulira

Kumvetsa bwino mbali zimenezi kumathandiza kuti munthu adziwe mmene mlanduwo umayendera mogwirizana.

Woweruza

Woweruza amachita monga woweruza wauchete, akumatsimikizira kuti mlanduwo utsatiridwe mogwirizana ndi malamulo amwambo ndi owonekera bwino. Woweruza amakhazikitsa malamulo pa zitsutso, amasankha umboni wosatsimikizirika, amalangiza oweruza, ndi kuyang'anira chipinda choyenera. M'maweruziro a benchi, woweruzayo amatumikiranso monga wotola ndi wopereka chiweruzo. Kupanda tsankho kwa Chiweruzire ndi kotsutsana; kuwoneka kulikonse kwa tsankho kungakhale maziko a kulakwa kapena kuchonderera.

Jury

Bungwe la oweruza ndi bungwe la nzika zimene zalumbira kupereka chigamulo chozikidwa pa umboni woperekedwa. Oweruza ayenera kugamula mfundo zotsutsana zogwiritsa ntchito lamulo monga momwe analangizidwira ndi oweruza. Kuchuluka kwa majuli kumasiyana: milandu ya upandu imakhala ndi oweruza 12, ngakhale kuti mayiko ena amalola kuti zigamulo za boma zikhale zochepera. Zigamulo za boma zikhoza kukhala kuyambira pa sikisi mpaka 12 pa khumi ndi aŵiri. Zigamu za boma mwadala, zimene zimawateteza mwachinsinsi ku chitsenderezo cha kunja koma zimawachititsanso kukhala omveka bwino. Kusamvera milandu yokhudzana ndi milandu imasonyeza phindu lalikulu loikidwa poteteza munthu woimbidwayo pa khoti logawanika.

Mlandu (M’milandu ya Apandu)

Mlanduwo umaimira boma , boma, kapena dera lomwe ali nalo . Oweruza amayenera kufunafuna chilungamo, osati zikhululukiro chabe. Ayenera kuvumbula umboni wonena za mlandu (wodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0]] zinthu zolembedwa ) ndi kupeŵa mikangano yolakwika. M’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, ntchito yofanana ndi imeneyi ndi loya wa mtolankhani wa mtolankhani, amene amaimira gululo kubweretsa mlandu.

Kuteteza Nyama

Loya wotetezera amaimira woimbidwa mlandu (kapena woimbidwa mlandu m'nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni). M'nkhani zaupandu, Aprinsime ya Sixth imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuthandiza kogwira mtima kwa uphungu. Ntchito yodzitetezera imaphatikizapo kutsutsa umboni wa woimba mlandu, kupereka ziphunzitso zina, kutetezera ufulu wa woimbidwa mlandu, ndi kutsimikizira boma kuyang'anizana ndi thayo lake. Ngakhale ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi mlandu wake wothekera kukhala wa liwongo, loya waudindo ayenera kuchirikiza mwachangu m’malamulo kuti ayese mlandu wa woimba mlanduyo.

Mboni

Mboni zimapereka umboni wotsimikizira ndi lumbiro. Zingakhale mboni zenizeni (iwo anaona kapena kumva kanthu kena koyenerera) kapena mboni zaluso (zimene zimapereka malingaliro ozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chapadera). Kukhulupirika kwa Mboni kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonyeza zotulukapo za mlandu. Zochititsa kuchititsa kulingaliridwa kumaphatikizapo kakhalidwe, kawonedwe, mawu otsutsana, ndi kulephera kwa umboni. Mambali onse aŵiriwo angalephere kuchitira umboni wotsutsana mwa kusanthula kwa mtanda kapena mwa kuyambitsa umboni wotsutsana.

Khoti Loona za Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti anthu saona bwinobwino, kalalikiyo amayang’anira zikalata za khotilo ndipo amalumbira, pamene wansembeyo amaonetsetsa kuti mlanduwo ukhale wotetezeka ndipo amaonetsetsa kuti ntchito yawo ikuyendera bwino.

Umboni ndi Malamulo Amwambo

Umboni wa zimenezi umaperekedwa ndi malamulo okhwima odalirika ndiponso odalirika.

Kuzindikira: Kumvetsera ndi Kumvetsera

Umboni uyenera kukhala . [[FLT ] ] , ndiko kuti, iyenera kukhala ndi chikhoterero cha kupanga chenicheni cha zinthu zothekera kwambiri kapena zosathekera. Ngakhale umboni woyenerera ungachotsedwe ngati phindu lake lakutulutsa limaposa kwambiri upandu wa tsankho, kusokonezeka, kapena kutayitsa nthaŵi.

Akumva mawu [1] [1] pepala loperekedwa kunja kwa bwalo lotsimikizira kuti nlowonadi, "ndili wosatsimikizirika, kusiyapo zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ndemanga zopangidwa kaamba ka kupima kwa zamankhwala, mawu odzutsa maganizo, ndi zolembedwa za malonda zingaloledwe. Kumvetsetsa makutu amasuliza maloya ndi oweruza mofananamo chifukwa chakuti amaletsa ndemanga zosafufuzidwa kuti zisasonkhetse oweruza.

Mtolo ndi Muyezo Waumboni

Mtolo wa umboni umadalira pa chipani chinenezo. M’lamulo laupandu, woweruza ayenera kutsimikizira mfundo iliyonse yosatsutsika. M’malamulo, woweruza ayenera kutsimikizira mlanduwo mwa kupenda kaye umboni. Nkhani zina za boma (m’chitsanzo, chinyengo, ziwombolo) zimafuna muyezo wapamwamba: umboni womveka ndi wokhutiritsa.

Zimene Anthu Amadana Nazo Ndiponso Malamulo

Ma attorney angatsutse pamene wotsutsayo aswa malamulo owonekera bwino , mwachitsanzo, mwa kufunsa funso lotsogolera pa kufufuza kwachindunji kapena mwa kuyambitsa uthenga. Woweruza amakhazikitsa lamulo mwamsanga; ngati chitsutsocho chachirikizidwa, umboni kapena chiwonetsero sichikuikidwa. Ngati chilolezocho chavomerezedwa. Atterney ayenera kusunga zitsutso za kupenda kwa aumellette mwa kupanga cholembedwa chomvekera bwino. Zimenezi zimanola mafunso ndi kuthandiza kuletsa umboni wosayenera kuipitsa mlanduwo.

Kufunika kwa Milandu ya Malamulo

Ziyeso sizimathetsa mikangano payokha, zimalimbitsa lamulo, zimapatsa anthu mlandu, ndipo zimathandizira kukulitsa malamulo alamulo.

Kuonetsetsa Kuti Zinthu Zikuchitika Bwino

Ziyeso zimapereka nkhani zapoyera zolinganizidwa, mmene mbali zonse ziŵiri zingapereke umboni ndi mikangano pamaso pa wopanga zosankha zauchete. Izi zimatetezera pa kachitidwe kodzifunira ka boma, makamaka m’milandu yaupandu kumene boma lili ndi mphamvu yaikulu. Dongosolo lamilandu limatsimikizira kuti wonenezedwayo angakumane ndi mboni, umboni wotsutsa, ndi kukhala ndi loya kumbali yawo.

Kukhazikitsa Zoyambirira

M’malamulo wamba, zigamulo za khoti zozengedwa (makamaka pamene anapindulidwa) zinakhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zimatsogolera milandu yamtsogolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti ozenga milandu okha samamanga makhoti ena, malingaliro awo amasonkhezera chisinthiko cha lamulo. Mayeso a pa Landmark [1] monga Manda v. Arizona (kuyenetsekera kukhala chete) kapena [FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education (Swebrea devreand] [1] Kuzenga kozenga kochitidwa pambuyo pake kopetedwa ndi bwalo loyang'ana. Ngakhale mayeso angamvedwe otchuka a kamodzi.

Kupereka Nkhokwe ya Chilungamo ndi Kufufuza Kwachisawawa

Mayeso amalola anthu kufuna mankhwala othetsera zivulazo, kukakamiza mapangano, ndi kuŵerengera olakwa. Kwa opalamula, kuzenga mlandu kumapereka njira ya chilango ndi kutsekedwa. Kwa anthu, milandu ya anthu imasonyeza kuti dongosolo la malamulo limagwira ntchito moonekera bwino, kuwonjezera chidaliro. Seventemplete Amendment imasunga ufulu wa kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, kusonyeza chikhulupiriro cha oyambitsa kuti kuchita nawo zinthu kumawonjezera chilungamo.

Ntchito ya Maphunziro ndi Chikhalidwe

Mayeso apamwamba amaphunzitsa anthu ponena za njira zalamulo, zoyenera, ndi umboni wocholoŵana. Zimavumbulanso nkhani zaufuko . monga ngati tsankho la ufuko posankha ajuli kapena maupandu a sayansi yochirikiza kukonzanso malamulo. Mwa kutenga nzika monga oweruza, njira yoyesa imakulitsa thayo la anthu ndi kumvetsetsa lamulo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo amapangidwa ndi zochitika zocholoŵana, za zigawo zambiri zimene zimakhudza mfundo zachilungamo, kuonekera, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Kuyambira pa kutsata malamulo asanayambe kuchitika ndi kusankha kuti atsimikizire ndi kumaliza milandu, mbali iliyonse imakonzedwa kuyesa mphamvu za mlandu uliwonse. Oweruza, majaji, ndi mboni zimachita mbali zosiyanasiyana potsimikizira kuti choonadi chikutuluka ndi kuti chilungamo chachitidwa. Mwa kumvetsa kapangidwe ndi malamulo a milandu, nzika zingamvetsetse bwino mmene dongosolo la malamulo limathetsera mikangano ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu. Kwa amene aitanidwa kutumikira pa khoti, chidziŵitso chimenechi chimakulitsa luso lawo lakulingalira ndi kupereka chigamulo cholungama. Monga maziko a dongosolo la milandu, kuzenga mlandu wa lamulo limakhala lofunikira kwambiri kaamba ka lamulo la lamulo lalamulo lamakhalidwe a anthu.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information's short of project ndi [[FLT ] . . . ziŵiya zina zokhala ndi malamulo zingapezeke pa webusaiti ya Umboni [[FLT:] Facedal Resclation of Exception .