Chiyambi: Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Malamulo cha Chikalata Cholengeza Ufulu wa Ufulu Wake

Chikalata cha Declaration of Independent si cholembedwa cha mbiri yakale chosungidwa mu National Archives . Chikalata chamoyo chimene chimanena za ufulu wa anthu ndi kuyenera kwa boma chapitirizabe kukhazikitsa dongosolo la malamulo a United States. Chikalatachi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa July 4, 1776, Chikalatachi chinakhala chopatulira ulamuliro wa Britain, koma cholinga chake chachiŵiri ndi chokhalitsa chinali kukonza maziko a nzeru za dziko latsopano. Maziko amenewo . Maziko ake . . . Omangidwa pa mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe, ulamuliro wotchuka, ndi ufulu wa anthu wosintha boma lopondereza, malamulo, ndi ochirikiza malamulo kwa zaka mazana aŵiri. Kuzindikira mmene chikalatacho chimafunirira mfundo zake za lamulo, mfundo zake za malamulo, ndi udindo wake wotsatira m'malamulo.

Maziko a Ufulu Wachilengedwe

Chilengezocho nchotchuka kwambiri . " Timaona kuti choonadi chimenechi n’chodziwikiratu, kuti anthu onse analengedwa olingana, kuti Mlengi wawo anawapatsa ufulu wosati wowapatula, kuti pakati pa zimenezi pali Moyo, Ufulu ndi kufunafuna Chimwemwe, ndipo si kungokhala chabe kusoŵa yankho. Ndi mawu achindunji a nzeru zapamwamba za anthu zachiwonekere, makamaka ntchito za John Locke. Locle anatsutsa kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa umene ulipo asanabwere ndi kusakhala ndi boma lililonse. Chilengezocho chinasintha ufilowu kukhala wandale ndipo, pomalizira pake, muyezo walamulo. Mwa kunena kuti ufulu umenewu ndi "osamveka," chikalatacho chimasonyeza kuti palibe boma limene lingawachotse popanda chifukwa ndi choyenerera.

Moyo, Ufulu, ndi Kufunafuna Chimwemwe Monga Malaya Okhudzana ndi Malamulo

Pamene kuli kwakuti Chilengezocho sichimamasulira "kulondola Chimwemwe" m'mawu alamulo, mawuwo amasuliridwa ndi makhoti kukhala ophatikiza ufulu wa zachuma, kudzilamulira, ndi kuyenera kwa kufuna kukwaniritsidwa popanda kusokonezedwa ndi boma. Lingaliro limeneli limafanana kwambiri ndi Lachisanu ndi la 14th Amendments kuti adziŵe za malo otetezera a "moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu" koma limawonjezera ukulu wa mbali zosadziŵika za ubwino wa munthu. M’nkhani zokhudza ufulu wa kubala, kulingana, ndi ufulu wa ntchito, oweruza nthaŵi zina ayang'ana ku chinenero cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Oyambitsa ufulu. Mwachitsanzo, Supreme Courts in [FL:] . Ogbergefell. v [FT.]

Kuvomereza kwa Olamulira: Maziko a Lamulo Loyenera

Chikalatacho chimanena kuti "maboma amakhazikitsidwa pakati pa Amuna, kutuluka mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku kuvomereza olamulidwa . Mfundo imeneyi ndi yogwirizana ndi malamulo a demokrase ya America. Chimatanthauza kuti malamulo awo amapatsidwa ulamuliro osati ndi lamulo la monarchy kapena kuyenera kwaumulungu, koma kuchokera ku kugwirizana kwa anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa amakhazikitsa dongosolo lonse la malamulo a U.S.: Malamulo anavomerezedwa ndi misonkhano ya boma yoimira anthu; malamulo amaikidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi oimira; ndipo ngakhale zigamu za chiweruzo zimadalira pa malamulo operekedwa ndi demokrase. Pamene makhoti aswa aswa malamulo monga kuti sagwirizana ndi lamulo, iwo amasunga mogwira ntchito mwalamulo kuti anthu, kupyolera malamulo, aika mphamvu ya boma pa boma, kutsogolera kwa ogwirizana ndi mfundo ya chikalata cha Declacy.

Chilengezocho ndi Lamulo: Nlogwirizana Koma Nlosiyana

Anthu ambiri amavomereza Chikalata cha Kudziimira paokha ndi Malamulo a U.S., koma amatumikira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zalamulo. Chikalatachi ndi chilungamitso cha malamulo a makhalidwe abwino ndi andale. Lamulo ndi chikalata chogwirizana chalamulo chimene chimakhazikitsa kapangidwe ka boma ndi kutchula maulamuliro ndi ziletso. M’malo mwake, Chikalata cha ufulu (zoyamba khumi zolimbana ndi ufulu) chinayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1791, zaka khumi pambuyo pa chikalatacho. Cholengezacho sichimatchula mwachindunji "Life, Liberty, ndi "Ufulu, ndi kulondola kwa Chimwemwe" kapena "Ufulu Wosayenetseka" m'malemba lake.

Kusoŵeka kwa "Kuyenerera Chimwemwe" m’Malamulo a M’dziko

Chimodzi cha kusiyana kwakukulu nchakuti, Malamulo amateteza "kulondola Chimwemwe" mmalo mwa "Kufunafuna Chimwemwe". Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza cholinga chothandiza cha otsalira pa kusungitsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi kuchepetsa boma. Komabe, Chikalatacho chathandiza makhoti kumvetsa bwino cholinga cha ufulu wa katundu. Mwachitsanzo, Court Campletetion's Tomestives Clause(") ndi malo ake enieni kuti atengedwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kwa anthu onse, popanda kulipira chabe kuti boma likhale lolamulira.

Chilengezo cha Kumasulira Nkhani: Kuchokera ku Republic Yoyambirira Kufikira ku Chilango Chamakono

Makhoti a ku America atchula Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha m’milandu mazana ambiri, kuyambira pa mikangano ya unzika mpaka ufulu wa anthu. Chikalatacho chilibe mphamvu yalamulo ya lamulo kapena kakonzedwe kalamulo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri oweruza amachitchula monga ulamuliro wosonkhezera kufotokoza tanthauzo la malemba alamulo kapena kutchula mapindu ofunika amene dongosolo lalamulo lalinganizidwira kutetezera.

Kuyamba kwa Buku la Malamulo: Corfield v. Coryell ndi Mathayo ndi Magulu Oyenera

Imodzi ya ntchito zotchuka kwambiri za Chikalatacho inapezeka pa mlandu wa 1823 Corfield v. Coryell , kumene Chilungamo cha Supreme Court Bushrod Washington (kutsata) inamasulira Malo ndi Immunonie of Article IV. Anandandandalika zoyenera zazikulu zimene nzika za United States ziyenera kusangalala nazo, kuphatikizapo " ukulu wa nzika ya boma limodzi kuti idutse, kapena kukhala m’dziko lina lililonse," ndipo analozera mwachindunji malamulo a Chikalatacho a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Ngakhale kuti mlanduwo sunadalire mwachindunji pa Declaration IV monga chitsanzo, chinakhazikitsa mwambo woyang'ana ku zikalata zodziŵira ufulu wa "zathreath" ndi kutetezera.

Chikalata Chotchedwa Chikalata ndi Kulimbana ndi Ukapolo: Chiwonekedwe Chakuda cha Dred Scott

Chipangano chachiweruzo choipitsitsa chinachitidwa ndi chikalatachi Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857]. Woweruza Wamkulu Roger Taney, kulembera anthu ambiri, analengeza mochititsa mbiri yoipa kuti anthu a Black America sanaphatikizepo m'mawu akuti "amuna onse alengedwa olingana" ndipo chifukwa chake sangakhale nzika. Taney anatsutsa kuti oyambitsawo sanawamvetsetse anthu ukapolo. Chigamulochi chinakwiyitsa, makamaka pakati pa otsutsa kuti chinenero cha padziko lonse chinkatsutsa ukapolo. Abrahamu Lincoln anaimba chikalata m'nkhani yake ndi Stephen Douglas, akukakamiza kuti malamulo a chikalatacho agwiritsiridwe ntchito kwa anthu onse mosasamala kanthu za fuko. Nkhondo yachiweni ndi yotsatirapo, 15 KGeneppetenst [5] ndi chilengezo cha lamulo la Scoptop]

Zaka za Zana la 20: Chikalata Cholembedwa Monga Chikalata Chamoyo

M'zaka za zana la 20, Bwalo Lapamwamba linayamba kudalira kwambiri pa malamulo a Chilengezo m'nkhani zophatikizapo ufulu wa munthu. M'kaundula wotchuka [[FLT] [1886], Khoti linapempha chikalata cha Chikalata cha chilolezo cha kulingana m'kulimbana ndi San Francisco lamulo loletsa eni ake a ku China. Woweruza John Marshall Harlan's kusemphana ndi [[FLT:] [12]] Valks v. [122] [I] [186] analoza lamulo lachigamu lachilo lachikulu lachikulu " [186] lokhudza ufulu wachibadwa] kutsutsa kuti " malamulo akwanireko. [FFF]. Foactive, posachedwapa, [F] kuteteza kwake kwachimonse, monga momwe Chikalata chotetezera cha anthu. Chopereka chikalata choyambirira cha ku . Chopereka chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Learthonsinsi cha Learns (chikulu chaku

Kusintha Magulu a Anthu ndi Magulu Otsatira Malamulo

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pa Okha chakhala chilengezo chosonkhezera pafupifupi gulu lililonse lalikulu la kakhalidwe ka anthu m’mbiri ya America.

Anthu Ofuna Kusiya Kulambira ndi Olemba Mabuku

M’zaka za zana la 19, oletsa anagaŵira makope a Chikalatacho ndi kunena kuti ukapolo unaswa mfundo zake zazikulu. Frederick Douglas, m'mawu ake 1852 "Kodi Kapolo ndi chiyani? Anavumbula mwamphamvu chinyengo cha kukondwerera ufulu pamene ankakana anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Mofananamo, gulu la akazi lopanga malamulo linatsanzira chikalata chake cha Sentiments (11848) choyambirira, kuchotsa "amuna ndi akazi onse amalengedwa ofanana" kupempha ufulu walamulo kwa akazi. Magulu ameneŵa sanangogwira mawu a Chikalatacho kutsutsa malamulo osalungama ndi kutsutsa malamulo a boma.

Nyengo ya Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Chikalata Chovomereza Malamulo

Chikalata cha Covil Rights Act cha 1964 ndi Voting Rights Act ya 1965 chinali chigamulo cha pangano la Chikalatacho. M'chaka chake cha 1963 "Ndili ndi Maloto" mawu, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. adakonza nkhondo ya ufulu wa anthu monga "kufufuza chimene chakhala cholembedwa kuti ‘ ndalama zosakwanira'" . Ndi chikalata cholembedwa m'Chikalata cha ufulu wa kudziimira. Congress, mwapang'ono ndi malamulo a Chikalatacho, kukhazikitsa malamulo amene analetsa tsankho, ntchito, ndi kuvota. Dongo lalamulo linayankha mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa ndi kuswa malamulo oletsa kulingana kwa lamulo, ndi makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri ndi makhoti olengeza chikalata cha kulingana monga malamulo a lamulo.

Kuyamikira ndi Kulephera kwamakono

Masiku ano, Chikalatachi chikupitirizabe kulimbikitsa mikangano yalamulo m’madera monga ufulu womenya mfuti, kubisa zinthu, ndi mphamvu za akuluakulu. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wa Second Amendment wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida nthaŵi zina umagwirizana ndi mawu a Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu wosintha kapena kuchotsa boma. Ngakhale kuti kumasulira kumeneku kukutsutsana. Chikalatachi chimaonekeranso m’makambitsirano a "lamulo lachibadwa" m’mafotokozedwe a malamulo, makamaka olemba ndi oweruza olemba mabuku amene amadalira pa kumvetsetsa ufulu wa Oyambitsawo.

Chilengezo Cholembedwa Kukhala Chouziridwa, Osati Lamulo Lokakamiza

Nkofunika kwambiri kumvetsa kuti Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Kudziimira Kulibe mphamvu yalamulo yokha m’khoti. Palibe amene angapereke chikalata chovomerezeka; si lamulo kapena makonzedwe alamulo. Mmalomwake, chisonkhezero chake nchosachita kuonekeratu ndi chokopa. Pamene woweruza atchula Chilengezo, iwo akugwiritsa ntchito Chikalatachi kuunikira makhalidwe amene amagwiritsira ntchito Konsichurako, osati monga chitsanzo. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti chinenero chosadziŵika bwino cha Chikalatacho (m.g., "Kulondola Chimwemwe") kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuchirikiza pafupifupi malo alionse a ndale, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ake amakhazikitsa kampasi woyenerera wa makhalidwe abwino kaamba ka dongosolo lalamulo. Motero Chikalatacho chimapereka udindo walamulo ndi wouziridwa ndi wosatsogolera.

Chikalatacho ndi Chilamulo cha Padziko Lonse

Chilengezochi chimasintha kupitirira malire a U.S. Chinenero chake chaphatikizidwa m'ziŵiya zambiri za ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo Chilengezo cha Universal of Human Rights (1948). Chikalata chotsegulira cha UN . Anthu onse amabadwa aufulu ndi olingana ndi ufulu wa munthu". Makhoti a America nthaŵi zina amatchula malamulo a anthu a mitundu yonse, ndi malamulo a Chikalatacho asonya ku jurisprudence yachilendo, makamaka ku maiko amene amachokera kutsata atsamunda watsata. Chikalata chalamulo chimenechi chimasonyeza kuti chikalata cha padziko lonse cha democracy ndi ufulu wa anthu chamakono.

Kumaliza: Kupitiriza Kugwira Malamulo

Chilengezo cha ufulu chidakali chofunika kwambiri, ngati osagwirizanitsa, mphamvu ya malamulo a ku America. Kugwirizanitsa kwake ufulu wachibadwa, kufanana, ndi boma mwa chivomerezo kwaumba Malamulo, Bill of Rights , ndi kusintha zotsatira. Makhoti apempha kuti athetse tsankho la fuko, kuteteza ufulu wa munthu payekha, ndi kutsimikizira ufulu wake. Mabungwe a zamakhalidwe agwiritsira ntchito chinenero chake pofuna kusintha zinthu mwalamulo zimene zawonjezera kayendetsedwe ka anthu okhala ndi ufulu wa "Life, Liberty, ndi kulondolabe la Chimwemwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chikalatacho si gwero la lamulo lotsimikizirika lotsogolera kumasulira ndi kuchirikiza mfundo zazikulu za ufulu wa dziko la Amereka. Pamene kuliko, malamulo akupitiriza kusonkhezera, ndi kutsutsa malamulo athu.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa chisonkhezero chalamulo cha Chikalatacho, fufuzani Deractal Archives , [[FLT :] Cornell Information Institute's pa lamulo lachilengedwe [, ndi projekiti ya [[FLT] YY] Y ya milandu ya Khoti lalikulu imene imalozera Chikalata. Local Constitution Center [[FL:7]] imaperekanso kupenda kwakukulu kwa unansi pakati pa Declaration ndi Konsiti.