Kuzindikira ulamuliro wa boma nkofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse mmene dongosolo la ndale zadziko limagwira ntchito, kuyambira pa bungwe laling’ono kwambiri la kampasi kufikira ku ulamuliro wa boma wapamwamba koposa. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza chisinthiko kuchokera kumizinda kufikira ku malikulu, ikumasonyeza mbali ndi kufunika kwa madongosolo osiyanasiyana a boma ndi mmene amagwirizanirana kuumba moyo wa dziko ndi wa kumaloko.

Kufunika kwa Kuloŵerera m’Boma

Akuluakulu a boma amaimira gulu la ulamuliro ndi mphamvu m'dongosolo landale. Ilo limakhazikitsa mmene zosankha zimapangidwira, amene amazipanga, ndi maunansi pakati pa maulamuliro osiyanasiyana a boma. Popanda atsogoleri apamwamba, maulamuliro otsatizana ndi mikangano ya ulamuliro angaletse uyang'aniro. Mwachitsanzo, m'madongosolo a boma monga United States, malamulo a boma amachotsa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma, pamene maboma akupeza ulamuliro wawo ku malamulo a boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti nkhani za m’dziko monga kumanga ndi kuyeretsa zikuyendetsedwa ndi mizinda, pamene ulamuliro wa dziko ndi malamulo a maiko akunja umakhalabe ndi boma lalikulu. Akuluakulu akupereka njira zoyendera ndi zoyenerera, monga momwe nthaŵi zina zingakwanire kapena kuchepetsa zigamu za anthu onse.

Kuchoka ku Mizinda Kupita ku Malikulu

Kusintha kuchoka ku mizinda kupita ku malikulu kumatanthauza kusintha kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro. Kaŵirikaŵiri malikulu ndiwo maziko a ndale zadziko a dziko, pamene mizinda ingathe kutumikira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chuma ndi mizinda ina yaikulu. Komabe, si mamalikulu onse amene ali mizinda yaikulu kapena yofunika kwambiri pazachuma. Washington, D.C., mwachitsanzo, adalengedwa monga likulu lopangidwa ndi cholinga losiyana ndi malo a zamalonda monga New York kapena Chicago. Kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa likulu ndi mizinda ina yaikulu kumafuna kupenda ntchito zawo, chiyambi chawo cha mbiri yakale, ndi kufunika kwake kophiphiritsira.

Mizinda Monga Malo Olamulira Akomweko

Mizinda imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kulamulira kwa dziko. Imene imayang'aniridwa ndi mameya ndi mabungwe a mzinda, amene amayang'anira nkhani za kumaloko monga mautumiki a boma, kumanga malo, kutukuka kwa anthu, ndi kutetezeka kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, mizinda yambiri yapanga malamulo apamwamba a nyumba, pamene kuli kwakuti ina imalamulira mwamphamvu mwa boma kapena uyang'aniro wa dziko. Malo a Metropolitan kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi mavuto apadera monga kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, nyumba zotchire, ndi kusungika kwa malo okhalako. Monga chotulukapo, mizinda yambiri yakulitsa zisonyezero zatsopano zolamulira, kuphatikizapo colc .

Ntchito ya Malikulu

Malikulu adziko kapena chigawo amaikidwa kukhala likulu la boma. Amamanga mabungwe akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a boma, malamulo, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo. Kaŵirikaŵiri malikulu amasumika maganizo pa zandale, ntchito za makampani, ndi ntchito zauyang'aniro. Kuposa ulamuliro weniweni, malikulu ali ndi mphamvu zophiphiritsira. Nthaŵi zambiri amakhala malo a nyumba zachifumu za dziko, nyumba za malamulo, ndi nyumba za boma. Malikulu ambiri anasankhidwa mwadala kapena kumangidwa kugwirizanitsa dziko lonse lapansi mwachitsanzo, Brasília anamangidwa m'ma 1950 kuti apange chitukuko cha dziko lonse ndi kuimira tsogolo la Brazil.

  • Kaŵirikaŵiri malikulu amaimira mtundu ndi kunyada.
  • Kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala malo a zochitika zofunika za m’mbiri ndi mapwando.
  • Malikulu a dziko ali ndi chuma chochuluka ndi zigwirizano zambiri poyerekezera ndi mizinda ina, kuphatikizapo mabwalo a ndege a mayiko osiyanasiyana, makampani a zachitetezo, ndi zoyendera za anthu onse zazikulu.
  • Maiko ena ali ndi malikulu ambiri a nthambi zosiyanasiyana za boma, monga ngati South Africa (za mkulu wa boma, Cape Town kaamba ka malamulo, Bloemfontein kaamba ka chiweruzo).

Mmene Malikulu Amasiyanirana ndi Malo Azachuma

Pamene kuli kwakuti malikulu ali malo a ndale zadziko, mphamvu ya zachuma kaŵirikaŵiri imasumika maganizo kwina. Malo a zachuma onga Shanghai, Mumbai, kapena Frankfurt angachepetse malikulu awo m'mikhalidwe ya anthu ndi kutuluka kwa chuma. Kupatukana kumeneku kungapange kulinganizika kwabwino: zosankha zandale zopangidwa m'likulu kukhoza kutetezedwa ku zitsenderezo za mwamsanga za malonda, pamene kuli kwakuti malo a zachuma amakhalabe osasokonezeka ndi ndale zadziko. Komabe, kutsutsana pakati pa New York City ndi Albany ku New York State kumasonyeza mmene likulu la boma lingaphirikire ndi mzinda wa . Kuzindikira zimenezi kuli mfungulo yamphamvu ya kupenda maulamuliro a dziko.

Mitundu ya Boma

Maboma angaikidwe m’magulu osiyanasiyana, limodzi ndi limodzi ndi ulamuliro wake ndi ntchito. Kumvetsetsa mitundu imeneyi nkofunika pomvetsa mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito. Kugawiridwa kofala kwambiri kwazikidwa pamlingo wa kukhala ndi phande kwa nzika ndi kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro.

Maboma Olamulira ndi Demokalase

M’madongosolo a democracy, mphamvu imachokera kwa anthu. Nzika zimachita nawo zosankha mwa kuvota ndi kuimira.

  • Kuimira Democracy: [1] Nzika zosankhidwa kukhala oimira awo kupanga zosankha. Umu ndi mtundu wofala koposa, wogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga United States, Germany, ndi India.
  • Nzika za Democracy: Zimatengamo mbali mwachindunji m'zochitika zopanga zosankha, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera m'matola ndi njira zoyendera. Switzerland ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika, kumene nzika zimavotera pa nkhani zambiri za dziko ndi za kumaloko mwachindunji.
  • Constitunical Monarchy: Mtsogoleri wa boma amatumikira monga mutu wa boma mkati mwa malire a malamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti amalamulo osankhidwa akulamulira. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo United Kingdom, Japan, ndi Sweden.

Madongosolo a democracy amafunikira mabungwe amphamvu, oweruza odziimira paokha, ndi osindikiza omasuka kuti agwire ntchito bwino ntchito.

Maboma Olamulira

Anthu a m’mayikowa sachita nawo zinthu zambiri zokhudza ulamuliro wawo.

  • [[FLT :0] Unyinji wa sitima: Mphamvu imachitidwa ndi mtsogoleri mmodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri mochirikizidwa ndi asilikali. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo North Korea ndi Belarus.
  • Mphamvu zimakhala ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu apamwamba, kaŵirikaŵiri kozikidwa pa chuma, zomangira za banja, kapena ulamuliro wankhondo. Russia pansi pa Putin kaŵirikaŵiri amafotokozedwa kukhala oligarchy, ngakhale kuti mizera yachinsinsi ndi ulamuliro wa authorizimu.
  • Madziko amodzi: Chipani chimodzi cha ndale zadziko chimalamulira boma, kutsendereza chitsutso. China ndi chitsanzo chachikulu koposa padziko lonse.

M'madongosolo otero, atsogoleri achipembedzo ngolimba ndi otsika, ndi mipata yochepera ya boma yotumikira monga ziŵiya zauyang'aniro mmalo mwa opanga zosankha a kudziimira okha. Malo aakulu m'maboma a a authoritarianism kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala zizindikiro za mphamvu ya boma, ndi mapulaneti aakulu a boma ndi malo otetezeka.

Hybrid Kapena Semi-Democratic System

Maboma ambiri amagwa pakati pa demokrase yeniyeni ndi ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. Madongosolo a zigaŵenga ameneŵa amaphatikiza mbali za demokrase (zopanga, zipani zambiri) ndi machitachita a authoritarian (zolankhula mwaufulu, njira zosankhira zosalungama). Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Hungary pansi pa Viktor Orbán ndi Venezuela pansi pa Nicolás Maduro. M’madongosolo ameneŵa, atsogoleri a chipembedzo angaonekere kukhala a democracy papepala, koma m’zochitika, mphamvu imaperekedwa pamwamba, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi likulu likuchita mbali yaikulu ya kulamulira chigawo ndi maboma akumaloko.

Ntchito ya Boma pa Ntchito Zosiyana

Kumvetsetsa milingo imeneyi kumathandiza kumvetsetsa mmene ulamuliro umayambukirira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira pa kukonza zinthu mokhotakhota mpaka pa mapangano a mitundu yonse.

Boma Lakumaloko

Maboma a m’derali amasamalira zinthu zimene anthu a m’dera lawo amafunikira ndiponso ntchito zimene amachitira anthu a m’deralo.

  • Maphunziro (masukulu a pulatifomu ndi a sekondale)
  • Kutetezeka kwa anthu (maboma, madipatimenti ozimitsa moto, ndi mautumiki a zamwadzidzidzi)
  • Kukonza zinthu (m’misewu, mlatho, madzi, kuyendetsa zinthu zotayidwa)
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito kulinganiza ndi kumanga malo
  • Mapaki ndi zosangalatsa

M’mayiko ena, maboma a anthu ali ndi ulamuliro wochuluka wokhometsa msonkho ndi kuwonongera ndalama; m’mayiko ena, amadalira ndalama zoperekedwa ndi anthu apamwamba.

Boma Kapena Boma la M’deralo

Maboma amayang’anira madera akuluakulu ndipo ali ndi maudindo ambiri monga:

  • Kusamalira thanzi (Medicaid mu a zaumoyo a m’chigawo cha United States)
  • Zoyendera (njira zapamwamba, zoyendera anthu onse, madoko)
  • Kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma (zolimbikitsa za mabizinesi, kuphunzitsa antchito)
  • Maphunziro apamwamba (mayunivesite apamwamba)
  • Kuteteza malo okhala (zachilengedwe, kuletsa kuipitsa)

M’madongosolo a boma onga United States, Germany, kapena Australia, maboma ali ndi ufulu waukulu ndipo angapereke malamulo pa nkhani zambiri zosasungidwa ndi boma la dziko. M’madongosolo aumodzi onga Falansa kapena Japan, maboma a m’zigawo amapeza ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku boma lalikulu ndipo angalinganizidwe kapena kuthetsedwa ndi lamulo la dziko.

Boma la Dzikolo

Maboma a mayiko amasamalira nkhani zimene zikukhudza dziko lonselo, ndipo ntchito zake zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Malamulo a maiko akunja (kugulitsana, mapangano, malonda a mitundu yonse)
  • Chitetezo cha dziko (zotetezera zankhondo, zankhondo)
  • Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma (kuyenera kwa boma, kuvomereza kulembedwa, kuletsa unduna)
  • Malamulo a ndalama
  • Ubwino wa kakhalidwe (Chisungiko, Chithandizo cha U.S., m’Nkhani za Zaumoyo zapadziko lonse m’maiko ambiri)

Maboma adziko ali ndi chuma chochuluka ndi ziŵiya zambiri. zosankha zawo zingapose boma kapena madongosolo a dziko pansi pa mikhalidwe ina, makamaka m’nkhani za chisungiko cha dziko kapena malonda a maiko akutali.

Ulamuliro wa Mayiko

M'dziko logwirizana mowonjezereka, mabungwe adziko monga European Union, United Nations, ndi African Union amawonjezera mbali ina pa ulamuliro wapamwamba. Ngakhale kuti si boma lamwambo, EU, mwachitsanzo, ili ndi malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, ndi mabungwe a zachilungamo amene angapange malamulo ogwirizanitsa mayiko a m'mayiko. Zimenezi zimasokoneza ulamuliro wa mizinda yakumaloko poyambitsa mlingo wapamwamba kuposa boma la dzikolo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a EU pa zamalonda ndi za chilengedwe ayenera kutsatiridwa ndi maboma a m'mayiko ndi a m'madera ena ku Ulaya. Kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti aoneretu maulamuliro amakono.

Kusinthika kwa Malikulu

Malikulu ambiri asintha chifukwa cha mmene zinthu zinalili m’mbiri, ndale, ndiponso chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Mbiri Yakale

M'mbiri yonse, malikulu asintha chifukwa cha nkhondo, kumangidwa kwa maufumu, ndi zinthu zachuma. Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma, malikulu ambiri ku Ulaya anasintha pamene maulamuliro atsopano anabuka [1] Mwachitsanzo, Constantinople (tsopano Istanbul) adatumikira monga likulu la Ufumu wa Byzantine kwa zaka mazana ambiri ufumu wa Ottoman, umene unaisunga kukhala mpando wa ufumu. Ku America, maulamuliro a a atsamunda anakhazikitsa malikulu onga Mexico City (pamwamba kwa Tenochtitlan) ndi Lima, kaŵirikaŵiri kusankha malo pafupi ndi chuma kapena ndi mapindu otetezera. Kukwera kwa maiko a maiko m'zaka za zana la 19 kaŵirikaŵiri kunaloŵetsamo kusankha likulu limene linakhoza kugwirizanitsa madera osiyanasiyana, monga Bern chifukwa cha Switzerland kapena Ottawaniwa ku Canada.

Malikulu Amakono

Masiku ano, malikulu amasankhidwa kuti azitha kupezeka, kukhala otetezeka, ndi kutha kwa chuma.

  • Brasília, Brazil: imamangidwa mu 1960 monga mzinda wolinganizidwa kusamutsira likulu ku Rio de Janeiro, kupititsa patsogolo kuyambika kwa mizinda ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa mizinda.
  • Camberra, Australia: [[FLT :1] Kulolera pakati pa Sydney ndi Melbourne, kukhazikitsidwa monga likulu lomangidwa ndi chifuno mu 1913.
  • Astana (tsopano Nur-Sultan), Kazakhstan: likululo linachoka ku Almaty mu 1997 kupita ku malo apakati a dongosolo lowonjezereka, kuphiphiritsira umodzi wa mtundu ndi makono.
  • , Germany: inakhala likulu la Jeremani wokhazikitsidwanso mu 1990 pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kugaŵanika, kubwezeretsa mbali yake ya m'mbiri.

Maiko ena ali ndi malikulu ambiri kaamba ka ntchito zosiyanasiyana kapena nthambi za boma. Mwachitsanzo, South Africa iri ndi zitatu: Pretoria (kupha), Cape Town (legistive), ndi Bloemfontein (Chiyuda). Bolivia alinso ndi malikulu ambiri: Sucre (constiganion) ndi La Paz (Administration).

Kukonza Zinthu ku Likulu la Mzinda

Mizinda yaikulu lerolino imayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zapadera. Iyenera kukhala ndi maulamuliro aakulu a boma, kupereka nyumba kwa oimira boma ndi antchito a boma, ndi kusamalira maupandu a chisungiko amene amabwera ndi kugawiridwa ndi ndale zadziko. Kulinganiza kwa malikulu kwamakono kumagogomezera kutha mphamvu, kuchuluka kwanzeru, ndi kulimba mtima . Mwachitsanzo, malikulu ambiri amamanga tsopano nyumba zatsopano za boma ndi malo a anthu kuti apange chithunzi cha dzikolo. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wandale m'dziko limodzi kungayambitsenso kudandaula m'madera amodzi, kutsogolera ku zipani zoyeretsa zotchedwa kuti zipangirire kapena ngakhale malikulu atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, Indonesia imamanga tsopano likulu lotchedwa Nusara pa chisumbu cha Brea kulowa mmalo mwa Janbosbournea, zimene zikulowa mmalo mwa .

Kumaliza

Kumvetsa atsogoleri a boma kuchokera kumizinda ndi malikulu nkofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene madongosolo andale amagwirira ntchito. Mlingo uliwonse wa boma umachita mbali yosiyana, kuthandizira ulamuliro wa mtundu. Mizinda imachita ntchito ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi ntchito za kumaloko, maboma kapena madera osiyanasiyana, maboma amathandizana ndi ulamuliro ndi nkhani za padziko lonse, ndiponso mabungwe a mayiko awonjezera kugwirizana kwa mayiko. Nyumba za dziko zimagwira ntchito monga mtima wophiphiritsa ndi ulamuliro wa madongosolo ameneŵa, koma ntchito yawo siisintha ndi mbiri, ndale, ndi ntchito za anthu. Mwa kuzindikira kugwirizana pakati pa milingo imeneyi, nzika zingamvetse bwino kumene zosankha zawo zimakhudza moyo wawo ndi mmene angachitire. Kaya mumakhala m’tauni yaing'ka kapena m'mudzi, m'maungwe za boma, ndi maudindo anu, ndi udindo wanu wosaoneka.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za madongosolo a boma oyerekezera, onani [[FLT: 0] tsamba la Wekipedia pa madeti a boma ndi Britannica's chidule [1]. Kumvetsetsa malingaliro ameneŵa kumapatsa mphamvu unzika wodziŵa ndi kuthandiza kumasulira dziko locholoŵana la ndale zadziko.