Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Maboma a m’deralo, amene amatchulidwa kuti maboma a mzinda kapena a m'maboma, amapanga malo a demokrase ya America. Ndiwo mlingo wa boma limene nzika zimagwirizana ndi nthaŵi zambiri, kuchita ntchito zimene zimaumba moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuyambira m’mikhalidwe ya makwalala ndi m’misewu kufikira kulimba kwa masukulu a boma ndi kufulumira kwa kulabadira zinthu zamwadzidzidzi, zosankha za boma za kumaloko zili ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu ndi chotsimikizirika pa chitaganya. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu ndi malire a nyumba ya mzinda kuli kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuyendetsa bwino moyo wa anthu.

Nyumba Yomangidwa ndi Malo a Mzinda

Ngakhale kuti udindo umene maboma a boma ali nawo umasiyana malinga ndi boma ndi matauni, ntchito zina za m’mizinda ndi m’matauni onse a ku America ndizo zili ponseponse.

  • Public Safety : Madipatimenti a apolisi, mautumiki ozimitsa moto, ndi mautumiki a zachipatala ndizo ntchito zapamalo. Maboma a mizinda amakhazikitsa bajeti, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuyang'anira mabungwe ofufuza zinthu. Matauni ambiri amayang'aniranso maofesi oyang'anira ngozi amene amayang'anira kukonzekera ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa chitaganya.
  • Primary ndi Secondary Education : [[FLT :1] M'maiko ambiri, magawo a sukulu akumaloko amagwira ntchito monga mabungwe a boma kapena monga madipatimenti m'boma. Amayang'anira sukulu za boma, amalemba aphunzitsi, amayambitsa maphunziro a kusukulu, ndi makampani a ziwiya kuti apereke ndalama za maphunziro. Makomiti a sukulu, osankhidwa kumaloko, amapanga zosankha zazikulu zimene zimakhudza mamiliyoni a ophunzira m'dziko lonselo.
  • Maboma akuno amasunga misewu ndi misewu, amayendetsa madongosolo oyendera anthu monga mabasi ndi njanji, ndi kuyendetsa zizindikiro za magalimoto ndi zikwangwani. Amayang'aniranso zinthu zofunika monga mafakitale osamalira madzi, zimbudzi, kuyendetsa madzi a mkuntho, ndi kutaya zinyalala. Mkhalidwe wa nyumba za anthu umakhudza mwachindunji chuma, kutukuka kwa chuma, ndi mtundu wa moyo.
  • Kumanga, Kugwiritsira Ntchito, ndi Nyumba: chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu koposa za boma la kumaloko ndicho kumanga . Maboma amalamulira mmene malo angagwiritsidwire ntchito, kumene makampani angapeze, kuchuluka kwa nyumba, kukwera kwa nyumba, ndi miyezo ya mapulani. Malamulo opanga malamulo amaumba malo okhala ndipo angapeputse kapena kulepheretsa kumanga nyumba zokhoza kupezeka. Mabungwe a kumaloko ndi mabungwe amapanga zosankha zimene zingagamule ngati nyumba yatsopano, fakitale, kapena paki imamangidwa m'dera lina.
  • Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko amayang'anira matenda, malesitilanti, maseŵero a katemera, ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo. Mizinda yambiri imagwiranso zipatala za anthu onse ndi zipatala, imapereka mautumiki a zamaganizo, ndi kuyang'anira maprogramu opimira popanda nyumba. Maboma a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo njira yoyamba ya kuyankha pa ngozi zaumoyo wa anthu onse, monga momwe zimasonyezera mliri wa CHOVID pamene mizinda ndi zigawo zaungwe za ntchito yobisa, ziletso zamalonda, ndi za a katemera.
  • Maboma a mizinda amasunga mapaki, malo a anthu, maiwe, masitepe, mabwalo a maseŵera, ndi zikhalidwe. Makhalidwe ameneŵa amathandiza ku thanzi la anthu, kugwirizana kwa anthu, ndi kulimba kwa chuma chakuno. Zosankha zokhudza ndalama zoperekedwa paki, maprogramu, ndi kusamala zimakhudza kwambiri anthu.
  • Makhoti a Kumalo a madera ndi Lamulo: makhoti a Mpaapa ayang'anira kuswa malamulo, milandu ya upandu, kusungitsa malamulo, ndi mikangano yachiŵeniŵeni yofikira pa zitseko zina zadola. Madipatimenti apolisi a mzinda asungitsa malamulo a boma a m'malowo ndi malamulo a boma mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wawo.

Zitsanzo za Maulamuliro m’Maboma

Makonzedwe a boma la mzinda amasiyanasiyana kwambiri ku United States, kusonyeza miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya mbiri ndi zikhalidwe za anthu. Zitsanzo zitatu zofala kwambiri ndizo dongosolo la meya wa khofi, bungwe la kampani, ndi dongosolo la bungwe, ngakhale kuti mitundu ya zidutswa ziliponso.

M'kapangidwe ka kolimba kolinganiza ndalama za mzinda. Imeneyi imayang'anira ntchito ya meya wa mzinda ndipo imasankhidwa pa bungwelo ndipo ili ndi ulamuliro waukulu, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira malamulo a bungwe, kukhoza kuika ndi kuchotsa mabwana a makampani, ndi udindo wolinganiza ndalama za mzinda. Imeneyi imasumika mphamvu zauyang'anira mu ofesi ya meya ndipo njofala m’mizinda yaikulu monga New York, Chicago, ndi Los Angeles. Mosiyana ndi, mawonekedwe ofooka-ochepa a makampani, ndi udindo wa kuchepetsa mizinda, ndi maulamuliro a boma okhala ndi malamulo ambiri. Chitsanzo chimenechi n’chofala kwambiri m’mizinda ina ya ku Northern Adoma.

Komiti ya Madokotala ya mzinda ndi yofala kwambiri ya boma la boma la boma ku United States , yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi oposa theka la mizinda yonse yokhala ndi anthu oposa 10,000. M’chitsanzo chimenechi, ovota amasankha bungwe la mzinda limene limakhazikitsa malamulo ndi kutsatira malamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti mkulu wa ntchito ya mzinda, wolembedwa ntchito ndi bungwe, woyang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku. Manijala wa mzinda amatumikira pachisangalalo cha bungwelo ndi kubweretsa ukatswiri waukatswiri wa makampani. Dongolili limalinganizidwira kuchotsa malamulo ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ndalama Zopezedwa ndi Manda a Malowo

Maboma akupanga ndalama kudzera m'kuphatikizana kwa magwero, ndi msanganizo weniweni wosiyana ndi malamulo a boma. misonkho yokwanira ndi yokhayoyo yopereka msonkho wakwanuko, kuthandizira masukulu, misewu, chitetezo cha anthu, ndi ntchito zina zofunika. Matauni ambiri amakhoma misonkho [ monga mlingo wa ndalama zowonjezera pa msonkho wa boma kapena monga msonkho wa dzikolo. Makampani ena amakhomakhoma [[FLT:] kupatsa msonkho [FL:] anthu] kapena anthu ogwira ntchito m’mizinda. Mautumiki a m’dziko, monga ngati ndalama zomangira, magalimoto, ndi magalimoto, ndiponso mapulogalamu a , amathandizanso kutumiza msonkho. [F.F.GUT.:]

Mavuto Amene Maboma Akulimbana Nawo Lerolino

Matauni ndi matauni a ku America amayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zosalekeza zimene zimayesa mphamvu yawo ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Kuwonongeka kwa kuwonongeka kwa nyumba kuli vuto la dziko lonse, ndi American Society of Civil Enginers , ndi kugawiridwa kwa magiredi otsalira misewu ya dziko, mabulosha, madongosolo a madzi, ndi zinthu zina zofunika. [FLT:] [FFF:5]] kupereŵeransi kwa mphamvu ya nyumba [malamulo] kuyankha ku zitseko, makamaka pamene kuli chiwongola cha msonkho, ndi kusintha kwa zopereka ndalama zomangira. [FFF:]

Mmene Nzika Zimagwirizanirana ndi Boma Lakumene Zimakhala

Boma la kumaloko ndilo mlingo wofikirika kwambiri wa kulamulira kwa nzika zambiri. Nzika zingapezeke pa misonkhano ya m'mizinda, kutumikira pa mabungwe a ofufuza ndi maoda, kugawana m'malamulo a boma pa masinthidwe ndi ma bajeti, ndi kukumana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa mwachindunji. mizinda yambiri tsopano imasonkhana pa Intaneti ndi kupereka mapulatifomu a manambala operekera ndemanga ndi ntchito za boma. Savota yapamwamba kwambiri pa chivoti chilichonse cha boma, komabe iwo nthaŵi zonse amakumana ndi mavoti apamwamba othandizira opanga mavoti. Kudziŵa nkhani za kumaloko ndi kugamula masankhoti a masankho a boma ndi njira zina zothandiza kwambiri kuti anthu asinthe zosankha zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku.

Boma: Wolamulira wa Pakati pa Nkhondo

Maboma ali ndi malo apadera m'dongosolo la boma la America. Ndi maulamuliro odziimira okha m'mabungwe awo, okhala ndi maulamuliro amene saperekedwa ku boma ndi Konsichushoni ndipo saletsedwa ndi maboma. Maboma amatumikira monga malabola opezerapo demokrase, kuyesa malamulo amene angatengedwe ndi maboma ena kapena ndi boma lolamulidwa ndi boma. Iwo amachitanso monga mamembala a boma lakwawo ndi boma, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa malamulo amene maboma a m’dzikolo amagwira ntchito.

Mphamvu Zotsala ku United States

[[FLT: 0] Mpambo wa , kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa thanzi, chisungiko, ndi makhalidwe a anthu ku maboma onse omwe sanapatsidwe ku boma la boma. Maboma ameneŵa osungidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa maulamuliro a boma , kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa thanzi, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Boma limagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro waukulu pa maphunziro, malamulo a zaumoyo, malamulo a banja, lamulo lachiŵembu, chitetezo cha malo okhala, zoyendera, ndi chitukuko cha chuma. Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa ufulu wa boma, ndi mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi malo ake. Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo a ukwati ndi malamulo a boma kuchokera ku chisudzulo, malamulo a zaungwe, ndi kuletsa zigawa, ndi kulanda malamulo auchiŵenga, ndi kuletsa malamulo aupandu.

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma

Boma lililonse la boma lalinganizidwa kukhala nthambi zitatu, kuonetsa dongosolo la boma koma mosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Nthambi yopatulira ili ndi kazembe wosankhidwa, yemwe amatumikira monga mkulu wamkulu wa boma. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu pa malamulo, ulamuliro woika akulu a boma ndi oweruza (nthaŵi zambiri ovomerezeka ndi boma), ndi kulamulira pa bajeti ya boma. Akuluakulu a boma, nduna za boma, majaji, ndi mabwana a mabwana ena amasankhidwanso m’maiko ambiri.

nthambi yotchuka [imene ili ndi zipinda ziŵiri] m'maiko ambiri iri ndi zipinda ziŵiri: nyumba yaing'ono (kaŵirikaŵiri yotchedwa Nyumba ya Oimira kapena Msonkhano) ndi nyumba yapamwamba (Nyumba). Nyumba yotchuka ndi Nebraska, imene ili ndi uncameral (m'kampando wa kalonda mmodzi). Maboma amasankhidwa kuchokera ku zigawo ndi kutumikira malamulo amene amasiyana ndi boma. Magawo a malamulo m'mayiko ambiri ali mbali imodzi, ndi opanga malamulo kwa masiku angapo chaka chilichonse. Malamulo amalingalira zikwi zambiri za makhoti a ntchito iliyonse, maphunziro, kupereka ndalama zothandizira, kupereka msonkho, msonkho, ndi kukonzanso milandu yaupandu.

nthambi ya boma imamasulira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo. Boma lililonse lili ndi dongosolo lake la khoti, makamaka makhoti, makhoti a milandu, ndi khoti lalikulu. Makhoti aakulu amasamalira milandu yambiri yalamulo ku United States, kuphatikizapo pangano la kuvulazana, nkhani za banja, ndi milandu yaupandu. Makhoti aakulu ndiwo omalizira a malamulo a boma, ndipo zosankha zawo zikhoza kukhala ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pambali za malamulo monga kuthandizira sukulu, kugamula, kusanthula, ndi kuyenera kwa katundu. Njira ya kusankha oweruza a boma imasiyana kwambiri, ndi maboma ena, pogwiritsa ntchito masankhoti otchuka, ndi kuvomereza kolinganiza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano ena.

Ulamuliro wa Boma wa Zachuma

Boma lili ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Maboma ambiri amakhazikitsa msonkho wa malipiro a munthu mwini . , ngakhale kuti mayiko asanu ndi anayi tsopano alibe msonkho wa ndalama zochulukira (Alahka, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tessenea, Texas, Washington, ndi Wyoming ). [FLT:] misonkho [[FLT]] ndi msonkhoma yaikulu ya makampani ambiri, ndi ndalama zochokera ku 2% mpaka 7%. Mayiko amatenganso ndalama za msonkho [[FLT:], ndipo amathandizanso kuti apeze ndalama zambiri. MFFFFFF:clatec.

Maunansi a Boma: Chigwirizano ndi Kukangana

Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma ndi wovuta ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri umatsutsidwa. Cofederationism imalongosola njira ya magawo a mautumiki ndi maprogramu a boma omwe amasonyeza mbali zambiri za malamulo. Mdicaid, programu ya ndawala ya zaumoyo ya boma ya anthu ochepera, ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha mgwirizano wa boma, ndi kuika malamulo a boma aunyinji ndi maboma akuyendetsa programuyo mosinthika. pulogalamu ya za za za zaumoyo imagaŵira mabiliyoni a madola ku maiko a zifuno zotero, maphunziro, thanzika, ndi chithandizo, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mikhalidwe yapatulapo.

Komabe, maunansi a boma amaphatikizaponso mkangano waukulu. Kulephera kukhazikitsa chandamale cha Malamulo kukhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko, ndipo makhoti nthaŵi zonse amachotseratu malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo alamulo. Kulimbana kwabuka m’zaka makumi angapo posachedwapa pa zoyesayesa za boma za kukhazikitsa chamba mosasamala kanthu za chiletso cha boma, boma limayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma osungitsa kusamuka, kutsutsa malamulo a boma a maphunziro, ndi mikangano ya malamulo a malo. Maboma asinthanso kutsutsa malamulo a boma monga chipangizo chotsutsa malamulo a boma, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba la Supreme limakhala ndi mphamvu ya boma m'malo ochepa m'malo ngati a malonda ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Kuyesedwa kwa Ulamuliro Wakumaloko

Maboma ambiri akutsatira, maboma akukhala ndi maulamuliro amene apatsidwa ndi boma. Mayiko angachotseretu malamulo a boma akwawo pa nkhani za malipiro ochepa ndi malipiro operekedwa kuti apeze ulamuliro, malamulo a mfuti, ndi chitetezo cha malo. Maboma ambiri ayamba kuchuluka m’zaka zaposachedwapa, kuyambitsa mkangano wokhudza ufulu ndi kulinganiza kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko.

Boma: Boma la Boma ku Washington, D.C.

Boma la boma, lokhala ndi likulu ku Washington, D.C., likulu la madongosolo amene aŵerengedwa mu Lamulo la U.S. ndi kugwirizanitsidwa ndi maulamuliro oyenerera. Ukulu wake walinganizidwira kuthetsa mavuto a mtundu, kutetezera zikondwerero za anthu onse, ndi kutsimikizira kufanana pa nkhani zimene zikupyola malire a boma. Boma la boma limagwira ntchito pamlingo waukulu, kuyang'anira maprogramu ndi madongosolo amene amakhudza Aamereka onse ndi kukulitsa kufikira kwake ku maluso a maiko, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi malamulo a malonda a maiko onse.

Opatsidwa Mphamvu ndi Ogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Maulamuliro otchuka a boma la boma andandandalikidwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo. Izi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kukhoma ndalama, kuyang'anira chigawo ndi malonda akunja, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo ndi ndege, kukhazikitsa mamaofesi a positi, kukhazikitsa malo oloza ndi zolembetsa, ndi misonkhoma. Naciastes ndi Saint Classiare (odziŵikanso monga chilo choyang'a) imapatsa ulamuliro kupanga malamulo onse ofunikira ndi oyenera kunyamula mphamvu zake zoŵerengedwa, kupereka maziko a malamulo oyenerera kaamba ka ulamuliro woikidwa ndi ulamuliro wa boma. [FLT] [FM]

Nthambi Zitatu Zikutsatira

Nthambi yodula ya boma imatsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, amene amatumikira monga mutu wa boma ndi mutu wa boma. Pulezidenti ali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo a boma, kuyendetsa malamulo achilendo, kukhazikitsa akuluakulu a boma, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a akuluakulu a boma. Pulezidenti alinso ndi mphamvu pa malamulo operekedwa ndi bungwe la Congress. nthambi yapamwamba imaphatikizapo madipatimenti a kabungwe (monga ngati chitetezo, Boma, Chilungamo, Chilungamo, ndi Mautumiki a Anthu), mabungwe a ufulu (monga ngati chitetezo cha Environmental Agement, NASA, ndi Surcentiant), ndi bungwe lolamulira (monga ngati bungwe la Foundation Commoneral Councialssionsion).

[[FLT: 0] Nthambi ya boma yokhala ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, Congress, ndi bungwe la bidamaral lopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 4,35, ogawidwa ndi anthu, kutumikira matanthauzo a zaka ziŵiri) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100, aŵiri pa dziko, kutumikira malamulo a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi). Konparten akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya chikwama, ulamuliro wakulengeza nkhondo, mphamvu ya kuyang'anira malonda, ndi udindo woyang'anira nthambi ya boma. Njira ya geoclegion imaphatikizapo kuyang'anira komiti, kukambirana, chipinda, kukonzanso, ndi kuyanjanitsana pakati pa Nyumba ndi mapangano a mapangano asanatumidwe kwa pulezidenti kaamba ka kusayina kapena kuto. [FFForgiontiontion , NW]

[[FLT:] Nthambi ya judicial , yokhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la United States, imamasulira malamulo a boma ndi Konsichushoni. Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi mphamvu ya judicial ['altivity] [, yokhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yodziŵika [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [[4] Marbury v. [FLT] [1803]], zimene zimalola Khoti kuchotsa malamulo a boma kapena boma amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo. Khoti limamvanso milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo a boma, ndi milandu pakati pa maiko osiyanasiyana. Kupanga malamulo a bungwe la bungwe la judicary kuli ndi mfundo zazikulu za malamulo, monga mmene malamulo a boma, malamulo a ufulu wa boma, ndi malamulo a boma, kuzungulira malire.

Mphamvu ya Federal Fiscal ndi Bajeti

Boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zapadera, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, phindu la makampani, ndi malo, komanso kubwereka ndalama ku misika ya ngongole. [[FLT: 0]] Ndalama zapakhomo zikupitirira $6,000,000 pachaka, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuphatikizapo Social Security , Medicare ndi Medicaid, chiwongola dzanja cha dziko, ndi maprogramu opereka maphunziro, sayansi, ndi chithandizo chachilendo. Boma liyang'aniranso ntchito [[FLT:] Service , Inteal Conftion , [FLT:] , zimene zimasonkhanitsa ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama, ndi kulipira msonkho, ndi [FFF:] Systeactive , ndi kuyendetsa ntchito za boma la za boma ladziko, ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zambiri.

Ntchito Zoyendera Maboma ndi Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Mabungwe a boma akhazikitsa ulamuliro wa malamulo woperekedwa mwa njira yopanga malamulo [[FLT:]. Pansi pa . Pansi pa [FLT] Procedure Act , mabungwe ayenera kufalitsa malamulo olingaliridwa Register [[FLT]] Register [[FLT], vomerezani ndemanga zapoyera, ndi kufalitsa malamulo omalizira ndi mafotokozedwe. Zimenezi zimalamulira mmene malamulo a boma amapangidwira pa nkhani monga miyezo ya malo okhalako, chitetezo cha ntchito, zilolezo za chakudya, za telmetation, ndi malonda a za ndalama. [FL:] Office Office ya Chidziŵitso ndi Reatho (ORA) mkati mwa mabanki a malamulo apamwamba ndi malamulo a zapamwamba a za kutsimikizira ndi kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a boma. Zifunyamu za lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lokhudza malamulo. [FL:]

Ntchito ya Mafuko: Kugaŵana ndi Kuomba Manja Mopambanitsa

Maulamuliro ambiri amagwiritsiridwa ntchito pamodzi ndi maboma a boma ndi boma. [FLT: 0] Amagawana, ndi milingo yonse iŵiri ya ndalama, ikyutsa, ndi misonkho ina. [[FL:2]] Chisungiro cha boma chimaphatikiza mabungwe a boma monga FBI ndi DEA pambali pa dziko ndi magulu a apolisi akwawo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FOLT:] [[5] pa miyezosankha zonse ziŵirizo, ndi mabwalo a boma loyankhula ndi ufulu wa boma likuphatikizapo ndi kugawa ndi: [FFFFUT]. [FUFUP] ndi kuwonjezera ndi kuyendetsa kwa maboma. [malamulo akwanidwa ndi:]

Mphamvu Zoyerekezera ndi Zomwe Boma Limachita

Kumene Maboma, ndi Maulamuliro Aakulu Akuwonjezereka

Malamulo a boma amachititsa kuti boma liziyendera limodzi, lizipereka ndalama zofanana kapena kuti lizigwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, kuteteza malo kumaphatikizapo malamulo a boma, kugwiritsa ntchito dziko, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malo. Kuyang'anira zinthu zapamsewu kumaphatikiza masitepe atatu onse, kuchokera kwa anthu oyamba ku mabungwe a boma oyang'anira zangozi ku bungwe la Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Maprojekiti a zoyendera angalandire ndalama za boma, uyang'aniro wa boma, ndi kukonza ndi kukonza malo. Kumvetsa malamulo amenewa n’kofunika kwambiri kuti ayendetse njira zoyendera zinthu zamakono ndi kupanga njira zothandiza zothandiza.

Kuphunzitsa Claus Wotchuka

Kulamulira kwa boma. Lamulo limeneli lagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zochitika zosaŵerengeka, (Magazini VI, Claus 2) kukhazikitsa kuti Konsichushoni, malamulo a boma oikidwa pulogalamu ya dziko, ndi mapangano ali lamulo lalikulu la dziko, lokhazikitsa oweruza ndi malamulo a boma otsutsana. Lamulo limeneli lagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zochitika zosaŵerengeka, kuchokera ku Gibbons v. Og [184]), limene linakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma pa malonda adziko, ku mikangano yamakono yokhudza kusamukira dziko, ku malamulo a chachiŵembu, ndi malamulo a malo. Pamene boma ndi malamulo a boma, amagamula kaya ngati lamulo la boma la boma lithetsa lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri kupenda kutsutsana kwa malamulo ndi kutsutsana kwa chitaganya. Malamulo amakono asintha za mbiri a zandale zadziko.

Fiscal Federalism: Grants, Manday, ndi Incentives

Federal ndi boma zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi dongosolo la zachuma. Boma la boma limapereka chithandizo chandalama ku maboma ndi malo kudzera mwa ndalama zoperekedwa mwa , zimene zaikidwa pazifuno zakutizakuti (monga kumanga m’misewu yaikulu kapena K-12 maphunziro), ndi zopereka zofunika pa boma ndi maboma akwanu, zimene zimapatsa nzeru zambiri pa mmene ndalama zimawonongedwera m'malo ena alamulo. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimabwera ndi mikhalidwe imene imafunikira kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma. Kuwonjezerapo, [FLT:] malamulo ovomerezeka [FL:] pa boma ndi maboma akwanu popanda kupereka ndalama, zimene zakhala zokambirana ndi kusagwirizana kwa ndale ndi kukambirana kwa ndale zadziko. Zilizo zakhala ndi malamulo aungwe za ndale pakati pa malamulo a Chigwirizano cha mayiko onse a ku America. Malamulo a Chilungamo.

Kusintha kwa Lamulo ndi Kuphunzira

Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amasintha kumlingo wa boma m'njira ya kutembenuza kokhalako. Maboma angayese njira zatsopano za kusamalira thanzi, maphunziro, malamulo a malo okhala, kapena chiweruzo chaupandu, ndi malamulo achipambano kapena otchuka a ndale zadziko angayambitsidwe ndi boma la boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, malamulo a boma angagwirizanitse kapena kuvomereza ndi lamulo la boma la njira zinazake. Maboma a kumaloko amatumikiranso monga malamulo ochirikiza njira za kuyambitsa zipata, ndi kuyandikira kwa mautumiki a boma, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi thanzi la anthu amene pambuyo pake amafalikira ku mizinda ina kapena milingo yapamwamba ya boma. Kusintha kumeneku kukhoza kwapadera kwa dongosolo la American ndi kuthandiza kusiyanasiyana ndi kukwaniritsa njira zonse ziŵiri za kachitidwe ka kachitidwe ka zinthu.

Kumvetsa Mfundo za Boma N’kofunika Kwambiri

Kuzindikira kuti ndi nkhani ziti zimene boma liyenera kuchititsa, kulimbikitsa anthu kuti asinthe malamulo, ndiponso kuchititsa oimira kuti adziyankhire mlandu pa zosankha zawo. Kudziwa zimenezi si kongophunzira chabe; kuli ndi zotsatirapo zothandiza pa pangano la boma, kusintha kwa chitaganya, ndi kulimbikitsa ufulu wa munthu.

Kusankha Uphunzitsi Wanu

Chipwirikiti chofala m'moyo wa anthu ndicho kutumiza ku mlingo woipa wa boma pankhani inayake. Chiboo cha m'khwalala lakwawoko ndicho thayo la dipatimenti ya mzinda kapena ya boma, osati bungwe la boma kapena Dipatimenti ya za Transportation . Kudandaula za maphunziro a sukulu kuyenera kupita ku bungwe la sukulu, osati ku bungwe la boma la zamaphunziro kapena ku United States la Education. Nkhani zokhudza malamulo a boma, pamene nkhani zokhudzana ndi mikangano ya eni nyumba kapena a boma zikulamulidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Kudziŵa kuti mlingo wa maphunziro a boma uli ndi mphamvu yothandiza kupulumutsa nthaŵi ndi kuwonjezera kuthekera kwa kuyankha kopindulitsa.

Kudziŵa Ntchito m’Zosankha Zonse

Ovota ambiri amasumika maganizo awo pa masankho apamwamba a boma pamene akusamalira pang'ono mipikisano ya boma ndi ya kumaloko. Komabe masankho a boma ndi a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji kwambiri pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kugamula mkhalidwe wa masukulu, mkhalidwe wa misewu, kupezeka kwa nyumba zokhoza kugulitsidwa, ndi kupambana kwa mautumiki a anthu onse. Kutumiza ntchito m'masankhoti a boma, mpikisano wa malamulo, ndi masankhoti a khoti n’ngofunika monga kusanthula m'masankho a boma. Kumvetsa mphamvu za mlingo uliwonse kumathandiza otembenuza ntchito ndi kuchititsa mavoti awo kukhala odziŵa bwino ndi otsatira.

Kugawa Uyang’aniro wa U.S. ndi Mautumiki Opanga Zinthu

Nzika zimene zimazindikira bwino lomwe kayendetsedwe ka boma ndi mautumiki a boma. Kudziŵa kaya programu yakutiyakuti imayendetsedwa ndi boma la boma, bungwe la boma, kapena dipatimenti ya kumaloko kungayambukire mokulira mmene vutolo limakhalitsidwira mofulumira ndi mokhutiritsa. Kufunsira kaamba ka mapindu a Social Security kupeza chilolezo cha kulembetsa mwana m'sukulu ya onse, kuzindikira za malire oloŵera m’manja ndi boma ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa mwala.

Udindo wa Mwamuna ndi Woŵerengera Mlandu

Kuŵerengera kumadalira pa kukhoza kuvomereza zotulukapo za akuluakulu a boma ndi mabungwe ena. Pamene nzika zizindikira kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa boma umene uli ndi thayo, zingaone bwino lomwe mmene amachitira ntchito ya oimira awo ndi kuwongolera zinthu. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimathandizanso nzika kupenda malamulo ndi kuzindikira zotsatirapo za zosankha zosiyanasiyana. M'nyengo ya kusankha malamulo osiyanasiyana, ulamuliro wocholoŵana, kukhoza kuyendetsa mipambo ya malamulo a America ndi luso lofunika kwambiri kwa anthu onse.

Kumaliza: Kugwirizana kwa Ulamuliro wa America

Dongosolo la boma la America si linzake lapadera koma ndi mapulaneti amodzi a boma, boma, ndi boma. Mlingo uliwonse umapanga maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, komabe, kugwirizana, ndipo nthaŵi zina kulimbana m’njira zimene zimaumba chidziŵitso cha nzika za nzika. Maboma a m’dzikolo amapereka mautumiki amene amakhudza kwambiri moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, maboma amatumikira monga malaboratola amphamvu kwambiri a malamulo ndi madongosolo ofunika kwambiri a boma, ndipo boma limasamalira bwino kwambiri mavuto a dzikolo ndipo limalongosola malamulo amene ena onse akukhalamo. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za maulamuliro ameneŵa sikuli kumangofunikira chabe maphunziro a boma; kuli kofunika kwa nzika zachitukuko. Anthu amene amamvetsa bwino mautumiki ameneŵa, oimira, ogwirizana nawo moyenerera, ndi ntchito yodzichitira. [FF1] ndi kuwonjezera kwa boma: