Wovota atenga foni. Woimbayo amatchula kuti akufufuza maganizo a anthu. Mafunso oyamba ochepa ndi okhazikika. Ndiyeno mawu ozungulira: "Kodi mungakhale ndi kuthekera kovotera kwa Candidate Smith ngati mukudziŵa kuti anasankha kudula ndalama za akatswiri pamene akulandira mphatso zambiri kwa otsata. Cholinga si kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso. Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chiphaso cha kufufuza kuti asinthe malingaliro.

Kusiyanitsa Kufufuza ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito

Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi lamulo kuli pa maziko a kusaloŵerera m’zandale. Ofufuza otchuka, monga aja omamatira ku miyezo yokhazikitsidwa ndi American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR), ofunitsitsa mawu opanda chisokonezo [[ kuonetsa malingaliro enieni a anthu. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumatsogolera kutsutsana ndi mfundo imeneyi. Cholinga chake chachikulu sichingapimire, koma kuchititsa malingaliro. Kumakwaniritsa zimenezi mwa kuipitsa chidziŵitso kapena chinenero chotsutsira mwachindunji. Mosiyana ndi kufufuza koyenera kumene kungafunse "ndikiritse motani kwa chuma?, kukakamiza "Kuvomerezani kuti mukhoza kuvulaza banja lanu?" Funso kulephera kufunsa funso lolakwika?

Mbiri ya Kuchuluka kwa Malonda: Kuchokera ku Madzi Kufika ku Nyengo ya Intaneti

Mbewu zamakono zopitirizira kusanthula zinabzalidwa m'ma 1960 ndi 1970. Mkupiti wa Richard Nixon , kupyolera mwa "November Group" yake yofufuza, kaŵirikaŵiri inayesa mafaniziro osagwirizana ndi otsutsa. Iwo anafunsa ovota ngati angachirikize George McGovern ngati anadziŵa kuti anali "aam, kuchotsa mimba, ndi asidi". Kusintha kumeneku kotchedwa triferctaframe McGovern monga wotsutsa pa malo otsutsa kwambiri amwambo a nyengoyo. Funsolo silinali lofufuza; linali mfundo yolankhula yobisika monga kufufuza.

Njirayi inakonzedwa kukhala yojambula kwambiri ndi Lee Atwater, katswiri wa "Southern Strategy". Atwater anamvetsetsa kuti kukopa kwa mtundu wa anthu kosasankha sikunachitikenso, koma zosonkhezera za zinenero zina zinagwira ntchito. Kufufuza kwake koyesedwa monga "pellire," ndi "kuyenera kwa lamulo"" mawu ameneŵa adakonzedwa kusonkhezera kuipidwa kwa fuko popanda kutchula mtundu umodzi wotchuka. Malamulo a chinenero ameneŵa analola ndawala za mlingo wochepera pa mlingo wa kuzindikira kwa munthu.

Ma 1990 adawona kutchuka kwa machenjera. Mkupiti wa Bill Clinton wa 1992 unayang'anizana ndi kufufuza kotsutsana ndi mbiri yake yolembedwa ndi kukhulupirika kwa ukwati. Pofika m'chaka cha 1996, kachitidweko kanafalikira kwambiri kwakuti Komiti ya Democratic National Committee inasonkhanitsa "malonda a polisi" kuchenjeza ochirikiza. Nthaŵi ya mbiri yoipa "Sster Souljah" inali kuyesayesa kutsutsa mwadala kukakamiza chofalitsa. Chinenero cha kukakamiza kusanthulako chinali chita kukhala muyezo, ngati kupoto, mutu wa projectivebook.

Chitsanzo choipitsitsa cha kukakamiza anthu onse kuphatikizidwa kunachitika mu 2000 Republican coyambirira ku South Carolina. Woimba foni wina anafunsa ovota kuti: "Kodi mungakhale ndi kuthekera kovotera John McCaine ngati mudziŵa kuti ali ndi mwana wakuda wa magehe?? McCain ndi mkazi wake adatengadi mwana wamkazi wakuda wa Bangladesh. Funso inapanga nkhani yabwino kwambiri yolimbana nawo. Chivonso chokayikitsa kutsutsa foni imodzi. Chochitikachi chinasonyeza mphamvu yosagwira ntchito ya wailesi ya kanema.

Kusintha kwa Makina a Makina

Malamulo a kukakamiza anthu achoka pa foni kupita ku wailesi yakanema ndi ku wailesi yakanema. "Chigirital chofufuzira" kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala ngati kugaŵira mafunso a pa Intaneti opeputsa kapena "austus". Facebook ad angafunse kuti: "Kodi mumachirikiza makonzedwe a Candidate A'kuwononga ntchito za ku America? Chinenerochi n’chotupa kwambiri. Kulemba ndi kufunkha kwa mapepala kwachititsa kugaŵira mafunso ovuta kwambiri ndi ovuta kuwapeza. Pamene kuli kwakuti mawuwo asintha, ziŵiya za zinenero zapamwamba , mapresplaming, ndi mafunso odzala katundu.

Kuletsa Chinenero: Mmene Mawu Angakhalire Zida

Kumvetsa zimene anthu amafufuza pa Intaneti kumafuna kuti mufufuze zinthu zimene zingakuthandizeni kuti musamaganize bwino.

Kujambula ndi Kulemba

Mwinamwake chida champhamvu koposa m'zida za ofunkha ndizo kusankha mawu osavuta. Mapepala ogwiritsidwa ntchito ku lamulo amatsimikizira kuchirikiza kwake. Msonkho wa cholowa unakhala "msonkho wa imfa," umene unasintha msonkho wa olemera kukhala chiwopsezo kwa banja lililonse lolira. "Kuwononga ndalama" kunakhala "kutaya ndalama zoperekedwa ndi opangidwa. Kufufuza kopotoza kumagwiritsira ntchito mafaniziro asanafike. Funso lofunsa ponena za "malamulo a malo okhala" maferemu ovomerezeka ku lamulolo asanapange chigamulo. Mawu onyamula amathandiza kutsutsa chiganizo cha ndale.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mabuku ndi Mafuno

Kusiyapo kusankha mawu, kapangidwe ka chiganizo kangakakamize kukondera. Mafunso osalimbikitsa a kufunsa. ("Simuganiza kuti...", si zoona kuti mupange kukakamizana kuti mugwirizane. M’nkhani yapadera, "inde" yankho kwa "Simuganiza kuti nyengo ndi yabwino? N’kupanda pake. Kufufuza kochititsa manyazi, malamulo ameneŵa amapotozedwa kuti mugwirizane ndi mfundo zolakwika. Mafunso amene amayamba ndi "Chifukwa chake" ndi kachitidwe kake. "N’chifukwa chiyani anatolapo ndalama kuti abwezere msonkho? Mayeso amene anavota X adavotera kaamba ka msonkho, kukakamiza kuteteza zimene sizingakhale zolondola.

Kuyamba Kudziika Patsogolo ndi Funso Lolemera

Kuyankha kochitidwa ndi kutsimikizira kotsimikizirika koikidwa m'funso limene liyenera kuvomerezedwa kaamba ka funsolo kukhala lomveka. "Kodi nchifukwa ninji mwaleka kuvulaza X wofooka kwambiri pa upandu? Zifuno zimene za Tsitsi la X n’zofooka, zopanda pake pa upandu. Mawuwo, ngati sapereka chisamaliro chapafupi, amavomereza mfundoyo kukhala yoperekedwa pamene akuyankha. Mawu akuti "Kodi munaleka kukwapula mkazi wanu? Ndi chitsanzo cha buku lophunziridwa. M’mkulimbana, kuwonekera monga "Simukuvomereza kuti kunyalanyaza kwa Bwana kwawononga sukulu yathu?" liwu lakuti "opanda pake" liri lotsutsa. Kapangidwe " Simuvomereza... kagani kaganitsa, kuvomereza, kuvomereza kuvomereza m’kuvomereza iwo.

Kuyambukira Upandu ndi Kuwachitira Chilango Kwamaganizo

Kufufuza kokakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kugwirizanitsa malingaliro osayenera kwa wofunsira. Mafunso amalinganizidwa kuchititsa mantha, mkwiyo, kapena kuipidwa. "Kodi mumadera nkhaŵa kuti Canditest Y amavotera kuchirikiza ndalama kwa oyankha oyambirira? Mawu akuti "as "akulu" ndi wothandiza wofatsa, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amakula kufika "amtima," "agwedezedwa," kapena "agwedezedwa. Mwa kugwirizana mobwerezabwereza ndi malingaliro oipa ameneŵa, kuipitsa kupotototototo kena kamodzi kopotoka m'maganizo a wovota. Kuyambukira kumeneku kumasintha mayanjano abwino ndi nkhaŵa yaikulu.

"Kungofunsa Mafunso" Kulakwa

Uwu ndi mtundu wa kukondera zinenero konyenga. Wofufuzayo amafalitsa mphekesera kapena chiphunzitso chachiwembu mwa kuitsutsa ngati ndi funso. Samatchula bodza ngati adawafunsa wovotayo ngati * adamva za * bodza, kapena ngati bodza * likanakhudza mavoti awo. "Kodi munamvapo zonena za moyo wa munthu mwini wa Z? kapena "Kodi zikasintha kuvota kwanu ngati mukudziŵa kuti Adadati Z adanena zimenezi? Zimenezi zimalola mkuyendetsa malondawo kuipitsa zinthu pamene kuli kwakuti akusungabe kulakwa kwake. Iwo sakuchita chinenezocho. Iwo amangopanga chinenezocho. Iwo angonena kuti "afunsa za moyo wa munthu mwiniyo?"

Kufufuza za Maselo Omwe Amachititsa Kuti Anthu Azilankhula Bwino: Kuchokera ku Mabotolo Okhala ndi Mapale Osiyanasiyana Kupita ku Mapazi Osiyanasiyana

Chinenero choyesedwa m’kufufuza kokakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala chinenero chalamulo cha chipani kapena ndawala. chimagwira ntchito monga mgodi wachinenero m’migodi ya malasha, kuyesa mawu amene amamveketsa bwino lomwe kwa omvetsera oimbidwa.

Kusamalira za Umoyo: "Imfa Zigawo za Anthu" ndi "Kuchiritsa Kochitidwa ndi Anthu Omwe Amafunikira"

Mkati mwa mkangano wa 2009 wa Affordble Care Act , adani anayesa mafaelo osiyanasiyana. Mawu akuti "Boma linayamba kulowa" anali ofala, koma anali amphamvu kwambiri kuti atulukepo anali "mabungwe a imfa". Mawuwa, obadwa ndi kuwerenga molakwika za makonzedwe ophera anthu, anasokonezeka kwambiri. Funso linali lakuti: "Kodi mumagwirizana ndi lamulo limene limapanga malamulo a boma kuti asankhe ngati akulu alandira chithandizo chopulumutsa moyo? Zimenezi zinali zabodza, koma kugwiritsa ntchito zinenero kunali kopindulitsa.

M’chaka cha 2008, anthu anasankhidwa kuti akhale a fuko lina komanso kuti akhale ndi mtima wosankha ndendende

Chisankho cha Barack Obama sichinathetse kufunsira; chinawakhutiritsa kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti tsankho la fuko linakulakula kukhala losavomerezeka mwa anthu, kukakamiza kufufuza kunali njira yobisa yogwirira ntchito. Zotero kumbali zonse zinapereka lipoti la mafunso amene anaphatikizapo kudandaula kwa anthu ndi nkhaŵa za boma. "Kodi mungakhale ndi mwaŵi wowonjezereka wosankha Back Obama ngati mukudziŵa kuti anali Msilamu? (Iye ndi Mkristu). Kodi muganiza kuti Back Obama ndi unansi wa Mpangi ndi Mpangi Yeremiya Wright amawonetsa makhalidwe ake enieni? Mafunsowa anali kufalitsa zofufuza zofufuza ndi zipembedzo zachipembedzo pansi pa kujambula. Chinenero chakuya chamwambo, chosonyeza chida chakuya, m’malo mwa chida chachindunji.

Zachuma: "Mlengi wa Yobu" vs. Woyang'anira Msonkho wa Pakhoti"

Chinenero cha zachuma chimatsutsidwa kwambiri. Mawu akuti "job opanga zinthu" ndi ndandanda yaluso ya kujambula. Imatanthauza kuti anthu olemera ndi makampani ali majenereta oyenera kupuma pa ntchito, oyenera kuchepetsa msonkho. Kufufuza kokakamiza kwa wochita malonda angafunse: "Kodi mumachirikiza makonzedwe a Bwanamkubwa kukweza misonkho kwa opanga ntchito athu akwathu? Komanso, kufufuza kotsatira kungachititse: "Mumafuna kuti Bwanamkungo alole othaŵa msonkho asunge gawo lawo loyenera? ” Ndiponso kusafunsa mafotokozedwe osaloŵererapo a malamulo a msonkho. Onse aŵiri anapangidwa kuyambitsa yankho la malingaliro ozikidwa pa kalembedwe ka zinenero zapasadakhale.

Zitsanzo za Mayiko: "Yesani Kuopa" ndi EU Referendendum

United Kingdom’s Bretetrum inali pulogalamu ya zinenero zopingasa zinenero m’dzikolo. Malo "Kuopa" adapangidwa ndi Brexiteers kukhazikitsa mawu alionse a Sace monga kuopseza. Mkupiti wachiŵiriwo unagwiritsiranso ntchito kukakamiza anthu kujambula mpangidwe wa kalembedwe ka ka kakombo. "Mungakhale mwamwaŵi wosankha kuti musiye EU ngati mukudziŵa kuti Turkey inali kulowa EU ndi mamiliyoni a nzika za Turkey akasamukira ku UK? Funsolilo limeneli linawonjezera projekiti yonama (Thiyo siinayandikira kugawana) ndi xephob inzake m’kauni imodzi. Chinenero cha funsolo chinachita ntchito yaudindo ya ndale popanda kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana.

Zotsatirapo Zoyelekezela za Mafunso Oipitsa

Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyankha mwachindunji nkovuta kutsimikizira, ziyambukiro zamaganizo za chinenero chokopa zinalembedwa bwino. Zotsatirapo zopotoza, zofufuzidwa kwambiri ndi Daniel Kahneman ndi Amos Tversky, zimasonyeza kuti vuto kapena funso likufunsidwa modabwitsa kusintha kwambiri. [[FLT:] Zofufuza zapadera "Asian Disease Desease" zimasonyeza kuti anthu amachita mosiyana ndi "maseŵera" vs. "asses," ngakhale pamene zotsatira zake zafanana mwa masamu. Kufufuza kochititsa kukopa kumawononga "kukondera"" kwamaganizo akupereka chisamaliro chachikulu ndi kutayikiridwa kwa mikhalidwe yabwino. Mtumiki angawongowongowongokedwa ndi kufunsa funso limodzi lolembedwapo kuti chithunzi choyenera kuwonjezera. Chomwe chikalata chofufuzirapo. Chomwe chikhoza kuwonjezera kuyankha "ku

Kuwonjezeka kwa Kukhulupirirana m’Kufufuza

Chimodzi cha ziyambukiro zapadera kwambiri, zonyalanyazidwa, ndicho kusakaza kotsimikizirika kumene kumachitidwa kufufuzidwa koyenera. Nthaŵi iriyonse pamene wovota aikidwa ku chiitano chachiphamaso, chidaliro chake mu "kufufuza kwamphamvu" chikuchepa. Kuchepetsa kumeneku kwa ofufuza alamulo, kukumayambitsa kayendedwe kowopsa kumene kumavuta kwambiri kupima molondola malingaliro a anthu. Chinenero chokakamiza kusanthula chimachititsa kuipitsa munthu aliyense.

Malamulo ndi Kusiyana kwa Malamulo

Malamulo a makhalidwe oyenera ofufuzira ngomveka. AAPOR imatsutsa poyera kukakamiza kufufuza, kulongosola kuti "chiwopsezo choopsa cha kufufuza" kuti "sikuyesa lingaliro la anthu koma kuyesa kulisintha. Kukondera kwa zinenero ndiko chizindikiro choonekera bwino. Komabe, ndawala zandale zimagwira ntchito m'dera la matunja. Mzera wa First Reformation imateteza kulankhula kwa ndale, ngakhale kulankhula kochenjera. Kumeneku kumapangitsa malamulo kukhala ovuta kwambiri. Maboma ena amafuna kuvumbula munthu amene akufufuza, pamene kuli kwakuti ena ali ndi malamulo otsutsana ndi "kufufuza volation" kapena "kufalitsa chidziŵitso chonyenga, koma si kwachilendo. Mzera pakati pa "kufufuza kolimba kwamphamvu" ndi kufufuza konyenga n’kovuta. Chinenero chachinyengo chachinyengo n’chovuta kwambiri. Chinenero cha zinenero chachinyengo chamwano chitsutsa kwambiri.

Kumaliza: Kuletsa Kulankhula Chinenero kwa Anthu Onse

Chikhoterero cha zinenero m'kukakamiza kufufuza ndi mbali yaikulu ya nkhondo ya chidziŵitso imene imalongosola masankho amakono. Mwakumvetsetsa njira zotsimikizirika, ovota angadziwonere okha motsutsana ndi ziyambukiro zolinganizidwa. Kupeza kusanthula kothekera, londani mbendera zofiira izi:

  • Utali wa [1] N’ngwaufupi kwambiri ndipo siimapereka chidziŵitso choyenera.
  • Kudziwitsa: Funsolo liri ndi dzina loipa kapena chinenezo chimene sichikutsimikizira (m’chitsanzo, "kuwononga ndalama," "maprogramu").
  • [[MLT:0] Umboni: Funsolo limatsimikizira mfundo yakuti simungatsimikizire (m' lekuatiso, "Kodi mukuvomereza kuti Kansideti X ndi yopanda chilungamo?").
  • Gwero la [1] Woimba foni sangadziŵe bwino amene akulipira kaamba ka kufufuzako.
  • Kulibe Kuzama: Kufufuza sikufunsa kaamba ka mfundo zenizeni kapena ukulu wa malingaliro; kumangotaya chabe mfundo.

Atolankhani ndi ofufuza mfundo ali ndi mbali ya kuchita ntchito yovumbula magwero ndi zolembedwa za kufufuza kodzalaku. Mwakuunikira kuunika pa mawu ndi mawu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonkhezera malingaliro, tingachepetse mphamvu yawo. M'nyengo ya kuchepa kwa nthaŵi ya kumvetsera ndi kuwonjezereka kwa nthaka, chinenero choŵerengedwa cha kukakamiza kusanthulako chimakhala chimodzi cha ziŵiya zochenjera koposa m'buku la mpikisano. Kuzindikira phale ndilo sitepe loyamba la kuswa.