Chiyambi

Madongosolo a boma kuzungulira dziko amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu kwa filosofi ponena za kugaŵira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zandale. Pakati pa zitsanzo zosiyana kwambiri pali Democratic Centralism ndi Pluralist Democracy . Democratic Centralism, yozikidwa pa nthanthi ya Lenininist, imaika pamodzi ndi chilango pakati pa gulu la atcher, pamene Plulist Democracy , yotengedwa ku malingaliro a democracy, imagogomezera mpikisano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu ofuna kudziŵa zinthu. Kufufuza kumeneku kowonjezereka kukufufuza chiyambi cha malo, njira zenizeni zapadziko, mphamvu, ndi zofooka za chitsanzo chilichonse, kupereka kuyerekezera kokwanira kwa ophunzira ndi ochita za sayansi yandale.

Kodi Kukonda Democratic Central N’kutani?

Democratic Centralism ndilo lamulo la gulu la mkati la chipani chotchulidwa choyamba ndi Vladimir Lenin m'kapepala kake ka 1902 Kodi Nchiyani Chiyenera Kuchitidwa? Ilo linapanga maziko a Chipani cha Bolshevik ndipo pambuyo pake linakhala lamulo lolinganiza kaamba ka zipani za chikomyunizimu padziko lonse. Lingalirolo liri pa mbali zazikulu zinayi: ufulu wa kukambitsirana asanagamule, umodzi wa kachitidwe pambuyo pa chosankha, kusankhidwa kwa matupingo onse otsogolera kuchokera pansi, ndi kuŵerengera matupingo ameneŵa. Komabe, “Democracratic chigawo chakhala chogonjera ku kulamulira kwapakati, makamaka pansi pa maulamuliro a Stalin.

Mkhalidwe wake woyenerera, Democratic Centralism imalola ziŵalo kukambitsirana lamulo poyera mkati mwa mbali yopanga zosankha. Komabe, pamene voti itengedwa, ochepa amakakamizika kuvomereza chosankha cha ambiri ndi kuchigwiritsira ntchito popanda kutsutsana kwina. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kachitidwe kofulumira, kogwirizana . Kuthandiza kwa magulu oukira boma oyang'anizana ndi kuponderezedwa. Chitsanzocho chimafunanso kuti ziŵalo zonse za ziwalo, kuyambira ku maselo a kumaloko kufikira ku komiti yapakati, zisankhidwe ndi ziŵalo, zikumapereka mlandu kwa mamembala a udzu.

M'mbiri, Democratic Centralism inayambitsidwa mu Soviet Union, People’s Republic of China, Cuba, ndi maboma ena a mbali imodzi. M'nkhanizi, lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino kaŵirikaŵiri linasintha kukhala dongosolo lapamwamba la kulamulira, ndipo otsutsa analetsedwa mwa kuyeretsa, kusanthula, kapena kutsekera. Otsutsa amanena kuti “democratic" imasintha pamene atsogoleri a gululo alamulira njira ndi kutsendereza malingaliro ena.

Mbali Zazikulu m’Kuzigwira Ntchito

  • Kupanga Kosankha: malamulo aakulu amagamulidwa ndi komiti yapakati kapena polituro, yokhala ndi milingo yotsika yoyembekezeredwa kutsata.
  • Chilango chochokera ku [1] Ziŵalo ziyenera kuchirikiza poyera zosankha zimene zinachitidwa; kupembedza kwa chivomezi kumaletsedwa.
  • Lamulo la Oligarchy: mosasamala kanthu za masankho, mphamvu imasumika maganizo pa kagulu ka utsogoleri, monga momwe analongosoledwera ndi Robert Michels.
  • Chiphunzitso chovomerezedwa: Chipani cholamulira chokha ndicho chimaloledwa, ndipo mawu otsutsa amachepetsedwa.

Kodi Demokrase ya Anthu Okonda Ulamuliro Wachibadwidwe Nchiyani?

Chigwirizano cha Democracy cha Pulogalamu ya progalamu ndi chitsanzo cha ulamuliro umene ulamuliro wandale umabalalikira pakati pa magulu ambiri opikisana. Kuphatikizapo magulu achiwongola dzanja, zipani za ndale zadziko, mabungwe a antchito, ndi mabungwe a anthu. Maziko anthano anakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu anzeru monga James Madison (Feralist No. 10), amene anatsutsa kuti lipabuliki yaikulu yokhala ndi timagulu tambirimbiri ikanaletsa gulu limodzi la anthu kulamulira. Chiphunzitso chamakono cha chita kuyambitsidwa ndi Robert Dahl , amene ntchito yake ya mu 1961 ndi ndani a Magesanja? anasonyeza kuti mphamvu m’mizinda yambiri ya ku America inafalikira m’magulu ambiri m’malo mwa kutchuka.

M’dongosolo la kuchuluka kwa anthu, nzika zimatengamo mbali mwa kuvota, kugwirizana ndi magulu achifuniro, kutsutsa, ndi kugawana m’nkhani yapoyera. Ziyambukiro za lamulo zimachokera m’kukambirana ndi kulolerana pakati pa magulu, ndipo boma likuchita monga wopereka. Chitsanzocho chimalingalira kuti zikondwerero zonse zazikulu ziri ndi mwaŵi wa kulinganiza ndi kusonkhezera zosankha, kuletsa zigamulo zachikhalire kapena nduna zozika mitu kuti zisalamulire.

Mademokrase a anthu osunga malamulo amadziŵika ndi mayeso ndi kulinganiza kwa lamulo, makomiti achiweruzo odziimira paokha, masankho aulere, ndi zitetezero za ufulu wa anthu. United States, United Kingdom, Germany, ndi India kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa monga zitsanzo, ngakhale kuti chisonyezero chirichonse chimasonyeza kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa ufulu wa anthu.

Makompyuta

  • Mpikisano wa Group: Magulu amapangidwa kuzungulira chuma, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, kapena chipembedzo ndi kukopa boma kaamba ka malamulo abwino.
  • Kuŵerengera kwa Umboni: zisankho zanthaŵi zonse zimalola nzika kulowa mmalo a nthumwi, kutsimikizira kulabadira.
  • Kusiyanitsa Maulamuliro: [[FL:1] Olamulira, alamulo, ndi achiweruzo amayang'anana, kuletsa mphamvu ya magetsi.
  • Civil Society: Mabungwe okangalika, zoulutsira mawu, ndi magulu a chitaganya amatheketsa kutengamo mbali.

Kufufuza Mosiyanasiyana kwa Mafano a Olamulira

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa Democratic Centralism ndi Pulaist Democracy kumafuna kupenda mbali zingapo: njira zopanga zosankha, kutengamo mbali, kugaŵira mphamvu, kuŵerengera, ndi kulolera. Tsamba lili m’munsili likulongosola mwachidule kusiyana kwakukulu, koma kufufuza kozama.

Kupanga chosankha: Kumwamba- Wansi v. Decentralited

Mu Democratic Centralism, kupanga zigamulo kuli kolamulira. Malamulo aakulu amaikidwa ndi utsogoleri wapakati, kaŵirikaŵiri pambuyo pa kutsutsana kochepa kwa mkati. Chigawo ndi faelo zimayembekezeredwa kugwiritsira ntchito malangizo popanda kufunsa. Chitsanzo chimenechi nchogwira ntchito ya mwamsanga ikufunika . Mwachitsanzo, panthaŵi ya kusintha kapena nkhondo. Komabe, chimapondereza vuto la kulenga ndipo chingatsogolere ku zolakwa zakupha pamene atsogoleri asunthidwa ku kutsutsana kwake. Chivomerezo cha Soviet ku tsoka la Chernobyl mu 1986, monga momwe maulamuliro akumalo anasoŵa mphamvu ya kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira.

Democracy ya ofufuza za boma, yosiyana ndi imeneyi, imafalitsa zigamulo ku ma nodenal ambiri. Apolisi amatuluka m'kukambirana pakati pa magulu achiwongola dzanja, makomiti a malamulo, makampani akuluakulu, ndipo nthaŵi zina amavota nzika. Njira imeneyi yoyenerera imachedwa koma imalola kusintha kwakukulu ndi kuwonjezera. Njira ya kukonzanso za umoyo wa anthu. Kusintha kwa zachipatala, kuphatikiza zaka makumi ambiri pakati pa opereka chilolezo, opereka chithandizo, magulu oleza mtima, ndi andale, kutsatsata kuvuta kwa kupanga zosankha kwa anthu ambiri.

Kutengapo Mbali Pagulu: Kuletsa Kulankhulana.

Democratic Centralism imaletsa kutenga nawo mbali m'chipani, ndipo ngakhale mkati mwa chipani, chisonkhezero chopindulitsa chimalekezedwa kwa anthu apamwamba. Nzika wamba zimayembekezeredwa kuchirikiza malamulo a chipani kupyolera mwa mabungwe aunyinji koma sizili zopatsidwa mphamvu zowatsutsa. Mu Soviet Union, masankho sanakhale ogwirizana, ndi woloŵa m'gulu limodzi yekha. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anachepetsa kutsutsa koma analekanitsanso nzika ndi ulamuliro, kuwonjezera ku kuchepetsa unduna.

Democracy ya ogwirizana ndi demokrase imalimbikitsa kutengamo mbali kofala kudzera m'njira zambiri. Nzika zingavote, kugwirizana ndi zipani za ndale zadziko, kulinganiza magulu achiwongola dzanja, kupezeka m'maholo a tauni, kusaina zikalata, kapena kuthamangira ku ofesi. Chigamulo nchakuti nzika zoikizidwa zikhale ndi mlandu wa boma. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri kutengamo mbali nkosalingana; anthu olemera ndi ophunzira bwino lomwe amagawana nawo kwambiri, kutsogolera ku ku kutsalira kwa malamulo kwa anthu olemera . Chochitika cholembedwa ndi . .

Mphamvu Yogaŵira: Kuika maganizo pa zinthu.

Democratic Centralism imasumika mphamvu m'gulu limodzi kapena gulu la atsogoleri. Chigwirizanochi chimalamulira boma, asilikali, chuma, ndi zoulutsira nkhani. Kulingalira kumeneku kungachititse maindasitale achangu kapena kutumiza dziko lapansi [1] monga momwe kuwonedwa m'makonzedwe a Mao kapena Stalin a zaka zisanu . Koma kusoŵa kwa mabungwe odziimira paokha kumatanthauza machenjera ochepa a nkhanza.

Democracy ya odzisunga imabalalika mphamvu pakati pa magulu ambiri ndi mabungwe. Boma limagawidwa kukhala nthambi, ndipo oseŵera aumwini (makampani, maukwati, NGOS) amasunga zinthu zodziimira. Kufalikira kumeneku kumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kuti gulu lina lililonse lilamulire, komanso kungatsogolerenso kukhazikitsa kapena kulanda ndi anthu ochepa olinganizidwa bwino. Mancur Olson a kalingaliridwe ka ntchito yaunyinji [[[FL:1] kulongosola mmene zikondwerero zazikulu, zosumika kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhalira zopambana pa zinthu zazikulu.

Kusinthasintha

Democratic Centralism imaumirira kulinganiza. Chilango cha gulu chimafunikira kukhulupirika ku zosankha ngakhale pamene zitsimikizira kukhala zolakwika. Kuumirira kumeneku kungaletse kusintha kwa malamulo; mwachitsanzo, kumamatirabe ku ku pulani yake kwa Soviet Union pambuyo poti inakhala yowonekera bwino chifukwa cha kusungitsa malingaliro. Mosiyana, madongosolo a anthu ambiri amalola kusintha pang’onopang’ono mwa kulolera. Komabe, kulolera kusinthika kwa anthu ambiri kungayambitsenso malamulo a kulinganiza zinthu pamene zikondwerero zambiri zigwirizana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.

Kufufuza Nkhani Zake

Democratic Centralism mu Soviet Union

Soviet Union inatsata Democratic Centralism kuyambira 1917 mpaka 1991. Pansi pa Lenin, dongosololo linalola kutsutsana kochepa m’zaka zoyambirira, koma Stalin anachotsa kusagwirizana konse ndi ma 1930. Chipani cha Komyunizimu cha Soviet Union (CPSU) chinalamulira mbali iliyonse ya moyo, ndi Polituro kupanga zosankha zimene panthaŵiyo zinali zopangidwa ndi mphini ya raba ndi gulu lochepera la echelon. “Stalin Constitution” yotsimikizira zoyenera zaufulu, koma m’zochitika, gululo linalamulira kotheratu kupyolera mwa dongosolo la Nomenkula, apolisi achinsinsi, ndi kutsendereza chitsutso. Chitsanzocho chinathandizira kupambana kwa kupambana kwa nkhondo ndi chilakiko m'nkhondo yadziko II.

Democracy Yauchikumbe mu United States

United States kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala chitsanzo chachikulu cha demokrase. James Madison’s Federalist No. 10 adatsutsa kuti lipabuliki yaikulu yokhala ndi magulu ambiri idzaletsa upo wa anthu. Kulekanitsa kwa Malamulo a maulamuliro, boma lolamulidwa ndi boma, ndi Bill of Rights kukupanga mfundo zambiri zopezera zikondwerero. Pazaka mazana ambiri, magulu oimira ntchito, ufulu wa anthu, malo, ndi zochititsa zina zasintha malamulo. Komabe akatswiri onga Gilens ndi Tsamba ndi pepala la zachuma ndi malonda atsutsa kuti anthu apamwamba ndi zikondwerero, zotsutsa zabwino za kulingana kwa anthu ambiri. Komabe, dongosolo lasonyeza kukonza ndi kukonzanso, monga Chikalata cha Chigwirizano cha Chibalvilinity, chomwe chinatuluka mu 1964, chikalata chogwirizana cha Ufulumo.

Democracy Yauchigaŵenga ku India

India, demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko lonse, imagwira ntchito pansi pa zipani zosiyanasiyana za ndale zadziko, magulu odalira pa kusankhana kwa anthu, magulu achipembedzo, ndi zikondwerero za chigawo. Mabungwe a boma, maboma ogwirizana, ndi anthu amphamvu amathandiza kukambirana pakati pa magulu opikisana. Komabe, mavuto amaphatikizapo kusalingana kwakukulu, ziphuphu, ndi chiwawa chapanthaŵi ndi nthaŵi zimene zimayesa mfundo zachikhalidwe. Zokumana nazo za India zimasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu kukhoza kugwira ntchito ngakhale m’zitaganya zogaŵanika kwambiri, koma mphamvu yake imadalira pa chitetezo cha mabungwe.

Mapindu ndi Zopinga Zibweranso

Mapindu a Democratic Centralism

  • Kusintha: Kutsatira kwamphamvu kwa malamulo popanda kukambitsirana kwanthaŵi yaitali.
  • Usagwirizana: Njira imodzi ya ndale zadziko imachepetsa kugaŵanika ndi kusokonezeka kwa anthu.
  • Kusintha: luso la kusonkhanitsa chuma cha dziko kaamba ka ntchito zazikulu (m'ch., maprogramu a m'mlengalenga, ziwiya zapamwamba).
  • Kutha: Kutha kwa kugawa, makamaka m’mikhalidwe yamavuto.

Zopinga za Democratic Centralism

  • Kutsenderezedwa kwa Kusavomereza: Osuliza amayang'anizana ndi chizunzo, kuchititsa kutayikiridwa kwa zinthu zatsopano ndi kuŵerengeredwa mlandu.
  • Lack of modification: Nzika wamba zili ndi mawu ochepera; lamulo linganyalanyaze zosoŵa za kumaloko.
  • Kusintha: mphamvu yopatsidwa popanda uyang'aniro waumwini imabala kudalirana ndi kusasamala.
  • Legitacy Deficit: Anthu angachoke ku dongosolo la ndale zadziko, kutsogolera ku kupatuka.

Mapindu a Demokrase ya Anthu Ofuna Kulamulira

  • Kusintha: Magulu ambiri angachirikize zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kulimbikitsa kuimira.
  • University: Chisankho ndi makina osindikizira oyendera mphamvu ya boma.
  • Kulolera : Apolisi angasinthidwe mwa kulolera ndi kusintha kwa mgwirizano.
  • Kukonzanso: Mpikisano wa malingaliro umalimbikitsa kukonza njira zothetsera mavuto a anthu.

Zopinga za Demokrase ya Anthu Ofuna Kulamulira

  • Gridbock : Malo oletsedwa a chiwindi angaletse lamulo lofunikira.
  • Magulu achuma amalamulira ziyambukiro, kufooketsa kutengamo mbali kofanana.
  • Throught- shong Group: Kusinthasintha kwa dongosolo limene limatulutsa mapindu a mwamsanga pa kuikizira kwanthaŵi yaitali.
  • Kusintha: Zokonda zambiri zopikisana zingayambitse malamulo osagwirizana ndi kufooka kwa mtundu.

Maziko: Lenin vs. Madison

Democratic Centralism imachokera kwambiri ku nthanthi ya Lenin ya gulu la ander. Mu Kodi Chitani? , Lenin adatsutsa kuti antchito, ochepetsedwa ndi “kugwirizana, anafunikira gulu lofuna kusintha kowongoleredwa kuti awatsogolere ku socialism. Ulamuliro wovomerezeka ndi chilango chokhwima. Chitsanzocho chinavomerezedwa ndi Stalin mu “The Foundations of Lenician" ndi kutengedwa ndi magulu a chikomyunizimu padziko lonse.

Pluralist Democracy, ndi yosiyana ndi mwambo wokhazikapo. Madison anachenjeza za kuopsa kwa dziko koma anaona kuti lipabuliki lalikulu ndilo mankhwala abwino koposa a ngozi zake. Ofufuza amakono onga Robert Dahl ( ] A Preface of Democratic Theory ) amagogomezera kuti democracy ikufuna polysy [1] [bulgull ndi ambiri (ndizo zonga zonga ngati ufulu wa kulankhula, magwero ena, ndi unziko , ndi kuphatikizapo. Onse aŵiri Lenice ndi Mavine anali odera otetezedwa ndi ulamuliro, koma anatulukira magwero osiyanasiyana: Lenin woopa chikapito chachi; Madevides woopa kwambiri ndi chiwawa.

Mikhalidwe ya Masiku Ano ndi Majini a Majini

M’zaka za zana la 21, mitundu yoŵerengeka ya mtundu wa mtundu uliwonse yatsala. Maboma ambiri a mbali imodzi (Chiina, Vietnam, Laos) amamamatirabe mwalamulo ku Democratic Centralism koma ayambitsa kuchuluka kwa chuma (mabungwe a zandale) pamene akusunga ulamuliro wandale. Democracy ya anthu ya ku China imafotokozedwa monga kuwongolera, koma pochita, kupanga zosankha kumalamulidwa ndi Chipani cha Komyunizimu.

Mademokrase okhazikitsidwa ndi ochirikiza maufumu ambiri amakumana ndi mavuto a populism, kusalingana, ndi kusalingana kwa makompyuta zimene zimasokoneza mpikisano wa anthu aunyinji. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti mademokrase a ku Western akutembenukira ku “demokrase". kapena “kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wa authoritarianism,” kumene mapangidwe a mitundu yambiri akupitirizabe koma kupikisana kochepa. Pakali pano, kufufuza kokhudza demokrase (m’jere, misonkhano ya nzika) kukonza njira zopitira anthu wamba kuwonjezera mphamvu, kutsutsa mphamvu zapamwamba.

Mafanizo otchuka nthaŵi zina amaphatikiza zinthu: mwachitsanzo, Singapore amaphatikiza masankho opikisana ndi ulamuliro wa boma wokulira ndi ufulu wa anthu wochepa, wolongosoledwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala “demokrase yosadziŵika.” Kulimbana pakati pa kutchuka ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kukupitirizabe kuchirikiza chitukuko cha ndale zadziko padziko lonse.

Kumaliza

Democratic Centralism ndi Pluralist imaimira mbali zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro. Zoyambirirazo zimaika patsogolo umodzi, chilango, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu, kaŵirikaŵiri kusoŵa ufulu wa munthu ndi kutengamo mbali kokulira. Makhalidwe omalizirawo, kuŵerengera, ndi mpikisano, koma angavutike ndi ziyambukiro zosalimba ndi zosalingana. Zonse ziŵiri zapanga zipambano ndi kulephera kwakukulu. Asayansi andale akupitirizabe kukangana kaya ngati synthesis iri yothekera synthesis imene imagwirizanitsa kachitidwe kotsimikizirika ndi kugawana kwenikweni ndi kuyang'anira ndi mphamvu. Kwa ophunzira a ulamuliro, kuzindikira zithunzi zimenezi kumapereka kawonetseketsa kupenda mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa madongosolo osiyanasiyana andale osiyanasiyana.