Kutsutsa kwachiŵeniŵeni kaŵirikaŵiri kumakwera mtengo, kugwiritsa ntchito nthaŵi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Zoona zimenezi zachititsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopezera Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) monga njira yothandiza ndi yothandiza kuthetsera mikangano kunja kwa khoti. ADR imapatsa chipangizo chosavuta kwa anthu ofuna kukwaniritsa, chinsinsi, ndi kusungirana bwino zinthu m’nkhani za boma. Buku limeneli limafufuza bwino mitundu ya ADR, mapindu ake enieni, mapulogalamu ake enieni a dziko, ndi kuyang'anira mosuliza pa aliyense amene akuyendetsa milandu yachiŵerengo.

Kumvetsa Zosankha Zomwe Zingathetsedwe

Dispute Resolution yosiyana ndi ina ndi mawu a ambulera a njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira maphwandowo kuthetsa mikangano popanda kuzenga mlandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti malo ochitirako zigamulo m’manja mwa woweruza kapena woweruza, ADR amapatsa mphamvu anthu otsutsana kuti ayambe kulamulira chigamulo. Mfundo ya maziko ndi yogwirizana m’malo mwa kulimbana. Njira za ADR zimagwirizanitsidwa mowonjezereka m'makhoti, mapangano a pangano, ndi mapulogalamu a malamulo. Amachoka ku kukambirana kwamwambo kwachinsinsi ndi zotsatira zachinsinsi zogwirizana. Kumvetsa mapulogalamu a mtundu uliwonse n’kofunika kuti athandize kuthekera kwawo.

Malamulo a ADR amasiyana mwa kugawa, koma maiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene amalimbikitsa kapena kulamula ADR m'nkhani zina zachiŵeniŵeni. Mwachitsanzo, United States Congress inapereka Alternimate Decrect Act ya 1998 , kufuna kuti khoti lililonse la boma livomereze ndi kupititsa patsogolo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ADR. Mofananamo, [FLT:] Eupane Directive on Mediation (2008/52/EC]) ikhazikitsa maziko a bungwe la ADR lofalitsa nkhani zofalitsa nkhani. Malamulo ameneŵa amagogomezera kuwonjezereka kwa kudziŵika kwa ADR monga kutchuka kwa chilungamo.

Mitundu Yokulira ya Kulimbana Kosagwirizana ndi Njira Zina

Njira zosiyanasiyana za ADR zimaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana, njira iliyonse yochitira zinthu, mwambo wochita mwambo, ndi zotulukapo zake.

Kusintha

Pankhani zaumboni, mbali yachitatu yauchete, [1] nkhoswe imagwirizanitsa kulankhulana pakati pa anthu otsutsana kuti awathandize kukambirana mfundo zovomerezeka. M’malo mwake, nkhoswe sakakamiza anthu kuti asankhe zochita. M’malo mwake, amatsogolera makambitsirano, kufotokoza nkhani, ndi kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto. Ntchito ya nkhosweyo ndi kulimbikitsa kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira mfundo zimene akugwirizana.

  • Benefit : Maziko apamwamba a kugonjera modzifunira, kusungidwa kwa maunansi opitirizabe, kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo, ndi kubisa kotheratu.
  • Kmmota: kaŵirikaŵiri ikuyamba ndi chigawo cha mfundo, kutsatiridwa ndi malo achinsinsi kumene chigamulo cha nkhoswe pakati pa zipani. Njira yonse ndi yodzifunira, ndipo gulu lililonse lingachoke panthaŵi iliyonse. Mapangano amafikiridwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndipo angasungidwe mwalamulo ngati afuna.
  • Malungano a m'banja oyenerera: (kusudzulana, kusunga ana), mikangano yakuntchito, mikangano ya m'chitaganya, ndi kusamvana kwa zamalonda kumene kusungitsa nkhani zaunansi.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Kusintha ndiko njira yamwambo kwambiri imene anthu otsutsanawo amapereka umboni ndi mikangano kwa woyang'anira wopanda tsankho (kapena gulu) amene amapanga chosankha chomangira kapena chosamangirira. Mosiyana ndi mediator, woyang'anira amalamulira ntchito ndi kupereka mphotho. Mapangano ambiri amalonda amaphatikizapo mawu oletsa njira imeneyi yopangira mkangano.

  • Mitundu: [FLT:] Ad hoc arbitation imachitidwa popanda kuyang'anira bungwe; mamembalawo amavomerezana pa malamulo a proded medial. Instigationtiontion [ imayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe onga American Arbitation Association (AA) kapena Komiti yapadziko lonse ya Commercial (IC), imene imapereka malamulo ndi chichirikizo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malo oonera: Mofala kwambiri kuposa kutchula, zochitika ndi zachinsinsi, ndipo mapwando angasankhe wotsogolera wodziŵa nkhani ya mkangano. Farbitation Act [FLT :3] Act kuti madipoti aperekedwe m'khoti la boma.
  • Kulingalira: Kachitidweko kangakhale kokwera mtengo, ndipo chifukwa chochepa chopimira chimatanthauza kuti opanga mapangano ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa ngozi ya kutsekeredwa. Kujambula kaŵirikaŵiri kumaletsedwa, kumene kungakhale ponse paŵiri phindu ndi kubwezera.

Kulankhulana

Kulankhulana ndi munthu wina ndiko njira yofunika kwambiri ya ADR. Kumaphatikizapo kulankhulana mwachindunji pakati pa anthu (kapena oimira awo) kuti apeze malo ogona popanda kuloŵetsedwamo ndi mbali yachitatu yosaloŵerera.

  • Kroffai: kaŵirikaŵiri "''amwayi, okhoza, ndipo angachitike pasanabuke kapena pambuyo pa mkangano. Olankhula ndiluso amagwiritsira ntchito maluso onga kukambitsirana kozikidwa pa chikondwerero, kumene kumasumika pa zosoŵa zazikulu mmalo mwa malo ovuta.
  • Mapangano apafupi: Otsika mtengo ndi kutha kwa mwamsanga, achinsinsi, ndi maphwando atha kulamulira zonse ziŵirizo ndi zotsatira. Mapangano okhazikitsa amakambirana mwachindunji, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsogolera ku zothetsera zogwirizana, zogwirizana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha: Kumafuna kufunitsitsa kulolera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maluso a kulankhulana. Ngati pali kusalinganizika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu, kukambitsirana kungatsogolere ku zotulukapo zosayenera. Sikoyenera pa mikhalidwe yapamwamba kapena yovutitsa maganizo.

Njira Zopangira Maluŵa

Pamene ADR isintha, njira zophatikiza mphamvu kuchokera ku njira zambiri. Med-Arb] inayamba ndi kutulutsa mawu; ngati palibe kugwirizana, njira yosinthira ndi kusaloŵerera (kapena chimodzi) kupanga chosankha chogwirizana. [FLT:] N’zosagwirizana ndi kupenda [[FLT: 3] kwa katswiri wofufuza ubwino wa mbali iliyonse, kupereka chitsogozo chimene chingapereke ku kusaloŵerera. [Mayeso a Chiyeso ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana.]

Mapindu a Kutsutsa Kosiyana pa Chiphunzitso Chamwambo

Kupindula kwa ADR kwalembedwa bwino lomwe ndi kufufuza kwa mankhwala. Kuzindikira mapindu ameneŵa kumathandiza kufotokoza kuwonjezereka kwa kukonda ADR m’nkhani za malamulo a boma.

  • Kusungira : Kuwononga kwa Lit: 1] Malipiro a Litigney , odziŵa kuwona mtengo, zowonongedwa za kutulukira . Nthano za ADR nzachidule ndi zocheperapo, zimene zimachepetsa mtengo. Kufufuza kuchokera ku American Bar Association’s Comment rate of Disaption kumasonyeza kuti kuyendetsa zinthu kokha kungachepetse ndalama zalamulo poyerekezera ndi 40-60% poyerekezera ndi kuzenga mlandu.
  • Liŵiro: Kuzengedwa mlandu kwa boma kungatenge miyezi kapena zaka kuti muweruzidwe. Milandu ya ADR kaŵirikaŵiri imatha m'milungu kapena miyezi ingapo. Makhoti ambiri amalamula kuti apereke chilolezo pasanathe masiku 90, kupereka njira yachidule yothetsera mlandu.
  • Kuulula: milandu ndizo zolembedwa za anthu onse; nkhani za ADR ndi zachinsinsi. Zimenezi zimatetezera chidziŵitso cha malonda, zinsinsi za malonda, ndi nkhani zaumwini. Kuulula, kuululidwa kwa zochitika kumaletsedwa mwa kugwirizana.
  • Control ndi Kusintha: M'kudziwitsa, woweruza kapena juli amakhazikitsa yankho. Mu ADR, zipani, amapanga njira, amasankha uchete, amakhazikitsa nthaŵi, ndi ntchito. Kudzilamulira kumeneku kumatsogolera ku ziŵerengero zapamwamba.
  • Kusungidwa kwa kampani: Mkhalidwe wogwirizana wa ADR [1] Makamaka kutsutsa . Zimenezi nzamtengo wapatali m'nkhani za banja, mabizinesi, kapena maunansi a ntchito amene ayenera kupitiriza pambuyo pa mkanganowo.
  • Imodzi ya Mabungwe Otchuka: Chifukwa chakuti anthu akuvomereza modzifunira ku chigamulo, ziŵerengero za anthu omvera nzapamwamba. M'manyuzipepala, kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti anthu achita modzifunira kuposa 80%, poyerekezera ndi kugonjera kochepa kwambiri kwa modzifunira ndi malamulo a khoti.

Ndiponso, ADR imachepetsa mtolo pa madoko a bwalo lamilandu lodzaza ndi anthu, kulola oweruza kusumika maganizo pa milandu imene imafunikiradi kuloŵerera m’chiweruzo.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito ADR m’Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni

ADR si njira imodzi yokha yothetsera vutoli, koma yathandiza kwambiri m'mbali zambiri za malamulo a boma. Kumvetsa nkhani zenizeni kumathandiza madokotala ndi zipani kutumiza ADR m'njira yoyenerera.

Lamulo la Banja

Mikangano yabanja, kuphatikizapo chisudzulo, kusunga ana, ndi kugaŵana katundu, ndi zina mwa nkhani zovutitsa maganizo kwambiri za anthu. Kulimbana ndi ufulu kumachitidwa makamaka chifukwa chakuti kumakhazikitsa kulankhulana ndi kugwirizana. Makhoti ambiri tsopano amafuna makolo kuyesa kukhazikitsa makonzedwe a kusunga ana asanaperekedwe. Cornell Legin Information Institute [1] imagogomezera kwambiri kuti zolinga zaukholo zimakhala zatsatanetsatane ndi zokhalitsa kuposa zimene zinaikidwa ndi woweruza. Chisudzulo cha Atlantication , mtundu wina wapadera wa mapangano ophatikiza ndi malungo ndi akatswiri ena, ndi Wild Directive tration tration mu lamulo la banja.

Mikangano Yotsutsana

Mapangano a malonda kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo mawu oletsa kusatsimikizirika kwa kukhazikitsa. Kusintha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapangano omanga, mapangano ogwirizana, ndi malonda a mitundu yonse. C [1] ndi AA[FLT]] AA [FLT] [3] kumapereka njira zoyendera zoyendera zogwirizana zogwirizana pa mikangano yovuta ya mabizinesi. Mapangano aang'ono, angathetse nkhani zamwayi, kusungitsa maunansi a malonda. Kusungidwa kwa maadireshoni kumalamulidwa ndi [FLT:] New York pa Rectivation ndi Enternation of Arbitard AFD [FD5], zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ena otchuka, popanga mikangano yokhudzana ndi njira yoyendera nkhani za m'malo a m'malo otsatawo.

Nkhani za Ntchito

Kuthetsa ntchito kolakwika . Kuchotsa ntchito, tsankho, kuvutitsa, malipiro ndi ola kungathetsedwe mwa kutumiza kapena kuchotsa ntchito. Olemba ntchito ambiri amaphatikizapo mapangano okakamiza okhazikitsa ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti kachitidwe kameneka kayambitsa mkangano pa chilungamo, [[FLT: 0] Khoti la Supreme lachirikizabe kudalirika kwa mapangano oterowo pansi pa Federal Arbitration Act . Mediation imakhalabe chosankha cha ntchito, kupereka chigamu cha ntchito yochepera pa [[FLT] khoti la masinthidwe a ntchito ndi olemba ntchito kumene antchito ndi olemba ntchito angafikireko masinthidwe monga m'kachitidwe, kuphunzitsidwa, kapena kumanga nyumba za za za zachuma.

Majeremusi ndi Kudzivulaza

Nkhani za munthu mwini, kuphatikizapo ngozi za galimoto, kusagwira bwino ntchito, ndi kulephera kwa mankhwala, zimathetsedwa kwambiri kudzera ku ADR, makamaka kuvomereza. Nkhani zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhudza makampani a inshuwalansi okhala ndi zinthu zambiri. Kulengeza kumalola magulu kupenda maupandu ndi malo olankhulirana asanaweruzidwe. M'mayiko ena, makhoti amalamula kuti kusavulaza munthu aliyense payekha kukhale kopanda mphamvu. ADR amapeŵanso kufalitsa molakwika kwa oimbidwa mlanduwo.

Kusweka kwa Malo ndi Malo Enieni

Mikangano yosagwirizana, mikangano ya malo okhala, ndi kusamvana kwa malo ndi malo amalo, zimavomerezedwa ndi ADR . Kuvomereza kapena kupenda nkhani zauchete msanga kungathetse mwamsanga popanda kuwononga chuma kapena maunansi. M'mayiko ambiri, mikangano ya eninyumba imayambitsidwa kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo Komanso Kuwaganizira Pothetsa Mavuto

Ngakhale kuti ADR ndi wamphamvu, ilo lili ndi ngozi, mapwando ayenera kupenda zovuta zimenezi asanachite chinthu chinachake.

  • Mphamvu: Pokambirana, chipani chimodzi chingakhale ndi zinthu zambiri kapena maluso olankhulana. Izi zingatsogolere ku chimvano chosalungama. Akhalapakati aluso amaphunzitsidwa kuzindikira ndi kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu, koma kulingana kotheratu sikumatsimikiziridwa. M'kulinganiza, gulu lamphamvu lingapange chigamulo cha kuyanja lokha (m’jere, mwa kuchepetsa kapena kusankha woimira wokondedwa).
  • Kutha mphamvu: Mapangano a kuvomerezana amagwirizanitsidwa kokha ngati achepetsedwa kulemba ndi kusainidwa; ayenera kugwirizana ndi lamulo la pangano. Madiponsi, kumbali ina, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala omaliza ndi okakamiza, koma maziko ochepa a apilo alipo (m., chinyengo, kukondera, ulamuliro wapamwamba kwambiri).
  • Lack of Frame Discovery: M'ADR, kupezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kumachepetsedwa kapena kulamulidwa ndi zipani. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zimachepetsa mtengo, kungaletse mbali imodzi kutulukira umboni wofunika kwambiri. M’zochitika zovuta, kupezedwa kochepa kungakuchititse kukhala kovuta kupenda mokwanira ubwino wa nkhaniyo isanakambirane.
  • Chikondwerero cha Malo ndi Precedenti: ADR ndi yachinsinsi, chotero siimapereka zitsanzo zalamulo. Ena amatsutsa kuti mitundu ina ya mikangano [1] makamaka yokhudza ufulu wa anthu kapena nkhani za dongosolo la zinthu, iyenera kutchulidwa kuti itulutse zotulukapo zooneka bwino ndi kuyambitsa lamulo.
  • Barriers psychological : Magulu ena safuna kulolera kapena kukayikira njira yochitira zinthu. Pamikangano yaikulu, munthu angakane kutengamo mbali m’chikhulupiriro chabwino, kupangitsa ADR kukhala yosagwira ntchito. Munthu wosaloŵerera sakakamiza kugwirizana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kulingalira kwa : [[FLT :1] Attorney ayenera kutsimikizira kuti ogula amvetsetse bwino malamulo a ADR, kuphatikizapo kumaliza kwa kutumiza ndi mtundu wa kudzifunira kwa kuvomereza. Kuvomereza kodziŵidwa kumasuliza.

Mtsogolo mwa Kugamulapo Kosiyana m’Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Chikalata cha ADR n’chokwera. Makhoti akuphatikiza maprogramu ADR, makampani akukonza mapangano a ADR aubwenzi, ndipo luso la zopangapanga likufutukuka. Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mabungwe tsopano akulola makampani kulowa m'mapangano a ADR, kukambirana, ndipo ngakhale kutsatsa malonda onse a pa Intaneti. Chikhotererochi chikufalikira kwambiri pa Intaneti, kutsimikizira kuti chigamulo chothandiza kutsutsa sichimafuna kukhalako mwakuthupi. ODR, kutheketsa anthu a ADR kulowa m'makampani ndi a mabizinesi aang'ono.

Mabungwe ambiri alamulo akuwonjezeranso ADR. Maboma ambiri tsopano ali ndi maprogramu oyenerera a nkhani za kulera ana. Uniform Mediation Act , yovomerezedwa ndi maboma angapo a U.S., imapereka maziko a malamulo a kusungitsa chinsinsi ndi kusungidwa. Pa siteji ya mitundu yonse, SAPRO Convention on Mediation [ (20.9)) ikhazikitsa maziko a kusungitsa kwa malamulo a kukwaniritsa mapangano okambirana kudutsa malire, kukhazikitsa msonkhano wa New York wa Convention for a a a trabitation.

Ndiponso, nzeru zopeka zayamba kuchita mbali yake mwa kupenda zopereka, kupenda zotsatira zake, ndipo ngakhale kukonza njira zothetsera mavuto.

Pamene ADR ikupitiriza kusintha, kufunika kwake m’malamulo a boma kudzangokula. Otsatira amene amamvetsetsa ndi kulandira ADR amapeza mapindu abwino: mtengo wotsika, kugamulapo kofulumira, ndi kulamulira kokulirapo. Kwa odziŵa za malamulo, luso la mu ADR silirinso lodzisankhira; ndilo liŵiro lalikulu la kupikisana.

Kumaliza

Chigamulo chinanso chimapereka njira zosavuta, zogwira mtima, ndiponso zapamwamba kwambiri zothetsera mikangano ya boma. Kaya mwa njira yotsatizana, njira yomalizira yogwirizana, kukambirana, kapena njira zomveka, ADR imapatsa anthu mphamvu zothetsera mavuto amene akugwirizana ndi zofuna zawo zapadera. Mapindu amene amasunga ndalama, kufulumira, kusunga chinsinsi, ndi maunansi amachirikizidwa bwino ndi chidziŵitso. Komabe, kupenda mosamalitsa mavuto monga mphamvu, kusungidwa, kusungidwa, ndi mkhalidwe wa mkanganowo nkofunika.

Pamene malo alamulo akupitirizabe kuchotsedwa pa mkangano wa boma, ADR imaimira monga mwala wa chilungamo chamakono. Mamembala ndi ochiritsa mofananamo ayenera kusanthula mokangalika njira za ADR, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakunja monga Amelikani Arbitration Association [1] [1] [1] pa malamulo osinthasintha ndi Conformation Institute ya malamulo kaamba ka kupenda kwalamulo. Pofika pa machenjera otsutsana, operekera mamtengo angafikire zimene siziri kokha zomveka mwalamulo komanso zochirikizidwa ndi zogwirizana.