Malamulo Othandiza Olimbana ndi Nkhondo

Chikalata chachinayi chosintha zinthu pa bungwe la United States chimateteza nzika kuti zisafufuze kapena kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti malamulo ayenera kupatsidwa chilolezo chogwirizana ndi chifukwa chimene chimachititsa kuti pakhale kuŵerengera zinthu za pakompyuta, foni, kapena nyuzipepala. Chikalata si chikalata chongolemba zinthu zongolemba zinthu. Imayendera pa udindo wa akuluakulu, kutsimikizira kuti ofufuzawo ali ndi maziko oyenerera ndipo kuti kufufuza kwawo kuli ndi malire. Chifunsitso chomwechi chimagwira ntchito kusanthula zinthu za pa foni, metam, ndiponso ngakhale mitundu ina ya chidziŵitso chobisika pamene boma lili ndi njira yochitirapo kanthu.

Chiyeneretso cha chilolezo sichili chotheratu. Makhoti azindikira kulekana kwachindunji, kopansitsa kwapadera , mikhalidwe yosagwirizana, ndi ulamuliro wa kumalire , koma kusanthula kosiyana kumeneku kumamasuliridwa molunjika. Mndandanda wa ntchito yosaloledwa ndi kufufuza kosagwirizana ndi ufulu ungakhale wachinsinsi. Akatswiri a zalamulo, opima milandu, ndi akuluakulu a malamulo ayenera kuzindikira malire ameneŵa kuti apeŵetse kupondereza umboni ndi kuletsa kulakwa kwa anthu.

Zimene Zimachititsa Kuti Tizigwiritsa Ntchito Magetsi

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika chimakhalapo pamene chiwonkhetso cha mikhalidwe chitsogolera munthu ku kukhulupirira kuti umboni wa upandu udzapezeka pamalopo kuti ukafufuzidwe. Ku foni, ichi chimafunikira kugwirizana pakati pa wolingaliridwa kukhala waupandu ndi chiwiya chapadera, anti, kapena thumba la madata. Kukayikira kwachibadwa kuti munthu ali ndi kompyuta yosakwanira; woyendetsa kompyuta ayenera kutchula mfundo zogwirana ndi chiwiyacho , mwachitsanzo, kuti wokayikirayo anagwiritsira ntchito keyala la email kulankhulana ndi oimba foni, kapena kuti pulogalamu imasonyeza kuti si yololedwa kulowa m'manja awo a IP.

Makhoti akuyembekezeranso kuti zilolezo zosamalira zinthu za masiku ano. Umboni wa manambala ungakhale wachidule, koma lamulo liyenera kulongosola nthawi yoyenerera pa kufufuza. Chikalata cha mwezi wachinayi wokafufuza chidziŵitso cha chipangizo chogwiritsidwa ntchito mlungu watha chingakhale chopanda ntchito chifukwa chosoŵa chifukwa chothekera. Opereka ndalama ayenera kuphatikizapo zaposachedwapa, zotsimikizira kuti atsimikizire kuti nchifukwa chake chachitika panthaŵi yoperekera chikalatacho.

Kufotokoza Mwachidule: Kufotokoza Chimene ndi Kuti

Chifuniro chapadera cha Kusintha kwa Four Amendment chimapereka lamulo lakuti chilolezo chifotokoze mwachindunji zinthu zimene ziyenera kutengedwa ndi malo oyenera kufufuzidwa. Kufufuza kwa manambala, zimenezi n’zovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti pulogalamu ya kompyuta kapena ya mtambo ingakhale ndi mafaelo mamiliyoni ambiri, amene ena angakhale osathandiza. Chikalata chimene chimavomereza kufunafuna kwa foni ndi magetsi ndi zinthu zina zonse pa chipangizo china, chikhoza kuchotsedwa monga chilolezo cha onse, chokumbutsa za chithandizo cha atsamunda.

Kuti akhutiritse mfundozo, osungitsa malamulo ayenera kulongosola magulu a zinthu zimene zikufunidwa . Mwachitsanzo, ma email pakati pa madeti olembedwa mawu akutiakuti, kapena mafaelo amene ali ndi kuwonjezera kwina kogwirizana ndi upandu. Ngati chilolezo cha "sensic imajambula chithunzi cha chipangizo chonse, kufunafuna kotsatira kuyenera kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo amene amachepetsa umboni wokhudzana ndi chilolezocho. Mabungwe ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri: Choyamba, kupanga chithunzi cha frensic ya chipangizo chonse; yachiŵiri, gwiritsira ntchito kusecha kapena kutulutsa mfundo yothandiza kuvomereza. Chilungamo ndi mapulani akupha ayenera kuperekedwa kwa woweruzayo.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo lopanda pake nlakuti kupenda kwa manambala kumafuna chilolezo, zotsalira zingapo zokhazikitsidwa bwino zimalola lamulo kupitiriza popanda chimodzi. Kusintha kumeneku kumamvedwa bwino, ndipo boma limakhala ndi mtolo wa kutsimikizira kuthekera kwake. M'makompyuta, chilichonse chimakhala ndi mbuna zapadera.

Kuvomereza

Kuvomereza kuli kofala kwambiri. Ngati munthu wokhala ndi ulamuliro weniweni kapena wooneka wa chipangizocho avomereza dala kufunafuna, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Pamakompyuta kapena maakaunti ogwirizana, aliyense amene ali ndi ulamuliro umodzi angavomereze. Komabe, ngati munthu wosagwirizana ndi mnzake alipo ndi zinthu, chivomerezo chingakhale chopanda ntchito. Makampani a boma ayenera kulemba, kuvomereza kulikonse kumene kuli kutheka ndi kudziŵitsa munthu ufulu wawo wokana. Kulola sikungakakamizidwe, ndipo mtolowo umakhala pa boma kusonyeza mphamvu za mphamvu za . M'malo a magetsi, angavomerezenso kuti chivomereze. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a kampani imene ikunena kuti zipangizo ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa panthaŵi iliyonse.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Mwachitsanzo, ngati wapolisi aona kuti munthu akuyesa kuyandikira foni pamene akudziŵa kuti ingathe kuchotsedwa ndi lamulo limodzi, kuthawa kwa wokayikira, kapena kuvulaza ena. Komabe, kulungamitsa kofala kwambiri ndiko kuopsa kwakuti nkhanizo zingafafanizidwe kapena kubisa. Makhoti amakayikira kuti mafoni onse angafafanizidwe; mfundo zenizeni monga ngati zimene anthu akukayikira kuti n’zodabwitsa kapena mauthenga aposachedwapa anena kuti kutha kuchotsedwa.

Lingaliro Lomveka ndi Kufunafuna Boma

Chiphunzitso chomveka chilola akuluakulu kutenga umboni umene umaonekera mwamsanga monga wotsekereza kapena wonena za munthu ngati alipo. Pofufuza mwa ndandanda, zimenezi zimagwira ntchito kwambiri pamene mkulu wa asilikali mololedwa apeza chipangizo (m’ lekuatiso la chivomerezo kapena chilolezo chotsimikizirika) ndipo amaona chithunzi kapena chithunzi chokhudzana ndi upandu. Komabe, kusiyanitsa koonekeratu sikumavomereza apolisi kutsegula mafaelo kapena zikalata zimene sizikuoneka mosavuta; kufufuza kulikonse kowonjezereka kuyenera kuchirikizidwa ndi chifukwa chomveka.

Akuluakulu ofufuza malire a dziko ndi opatukana. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likufufuza anthu ndi katundu ku malire a United States. Zimenezi sizikufuna chilolezo kapena chifukwa choyenera. Zipangizo zoyendera pa makompyuta komanso. Zilolezo ndi Borders Protection (CBP) ndi Immigration and Customment Encormentment (ICE) zingafufuze matele, matelefoni, ndi zipangizo zina zamagetsi pa madoko a kuloŵa popanda chilo. Komabe, pali malire: mu [FLT: 0] United States v. Kolsusz [20.] , , chigawo chachisanu cholingaliridwa kuti kufunafuna zida za kumalire ndi kumalire, kuyenera kuchititsa kukayikira ngati iwo akuphatikizapo chiyeso, m'kufufuza kwa boma. Kufufuza kwa "B" pakati pa mafaelo "FLT" (C.) ndi "Uptions) kuyenera kutsimikizira ndi kutsimikizira kwa ufulu wa ku

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States lakhala likufufuza ndi kulanda zinthu pa Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo angapo osonyeza mmene malamulo a boma amayendera ndi kuperekedwa.

Riley v. California (2014)

Mu . California . . . . Khoti limodzimodzi linavomereza kuti apolisi ayenera kupeza chilolezo asanafufuze zinthu za foni yomwe inagwidwa ndi anthu kuti agwire. Chigamulocho chinakana chigamulo chakuti mafoni ali ogwirizana ndi chinthu chopezedwa chokayikiridwa, monga ngati chikwama kapena buku la maadiresi. Chikalata cha Jaji Roberts chinalemba kuti matelefoni amakono asunga "malembo a pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa [munthu] kuchokera ku moyo wa munthu ku chinsinsi. Chigamulo chogogomezera kuti kusanthula kosaloledwa kungapereke chidziŵitso chambiri kuposa chimene chilipo m’chi. Chomwecho chimafuna kuyang'anira kuti agwire ntchito kwa mkulu wa asilikali kuti atetezedwe ndi kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chidziŵitso chakunja chapatali chifukwa chakuti chigamulo china cha foni. Chikhomafuna kutsende cha chigani cha chiganikiriri chaku

Carpbate v. United States (208)

Kampani ya boma inatumiza kwa boma chidziŵitso cha malo a maselo a mbiri yakale (CSLI) yosungidwa ndi onyamula makompyuta. Khoti linavomereza kuti boma liyenera kupeza chilolezo / osati lamulo la khoti la Kulankhulana kwa Malamulo ndi Lachinayi. Khoti limakana kufutukula chiphunzitsocho masiku 127 a CSLI kuti afufuze zaupandu. Kulingalira kwasintha pa "phunziro lachitatu," kumene kumapanga kuti chidziŵitsocho chikhale ndi gulu lachitatu (monga banki kapena kampani) litaye chitetezero chachinayi. Khoti limakana kufutukula chiphunzitsocho ku maselo a maselo chifukwa chakuti ogwiritsa ntchito samapereka chidziŵitso chawo mwadala; chidziŵitsocho chimalembedwa mwachibadwa popanda kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera, chithunzi chopezeka ndi chithunzi chakuya, chakuwonjezera, chakufufuza kwa miyezi yaifupi ya CL, yosanja yakuya.

Zosankha Zina Zofunika

Nkhani zowonjezereka zamveketsa bwino mbali za malungo a mlingo. Florida v. Jardines [1] (2013), Khoti linavomereza kuti kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala-sniffice pa khomo lakutsogolo la nyumba ndiko kufunafuna kofunikira kuchititsa "kupangitsa /a lamulo limene lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ku ziŵiya za magetsi. United States v. Jones , Khoti linagamula kuti kuika GPS mzere pa galimoto kukhale kufunafuna pansi pa Demendment, kutsimikizira lingaliro lakuti kuloŵera katundu wachinsinsi m'dziko silifunikira kutetezera. Khoti lakulo lakuyang'aniranso kufunafuna masamu, chitsanzo cha mayanjano, ndi chiwiro cha wailesi a , cholembedwa cholembedwa m'nkhaninkhani ya Fire: [F] yosanja la GF]

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zothandiza Kusintha Zinthu

Zipangizo zamakono zikamasintha, anthu amakayikira zoti pali umboni wosonyeza kuti zinthu zina zayamba kuyenda bwino.

Kusunga Zinthu m’Nyengo ndi Chiphunzitso Chachitatu

Pamene m’gulu lachitatu la chiphunzitso chamwambo chimapereka chidziŵitso kwa munthu wina. Chiphunzitso chachitatu chimanena kuti ngati mwadzipereka kupereka chidziŵitso kwa chinthu china, mumataya chitetezo chachinayi Komeji. Komabe, [[FL:0] Kartin [[FLT] [FLD ,] [1] imaleka chiphunzitsocho [kapena kuti] pamagulu ena a chidziŵitso chimene chimavumbula mfundo zachinsinsi. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono agaŵana dala kuti kaya kusungidwa kwa mtambo kuli kotetezereka kwa selo-ka. Amagwiritsira ntchito mapangano a pulogalamu a m'ka mu [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [F:3] pansi pa lamulo lotsimikizirika lakuthandiza. Ogwiritsa ntchito ena amayembekezerabe zinthu zobisika m'ka za m'mimba zawo, makamaka kutsende, ndi kutsekereza kwachitatu kwa lamulo laku

Kulemba Mabuku ndi Zonena Zonse

Kulemba mawu olembedwa kuli ndi vuto lapadera: ngakhale ndi chilolezo chotsimikizirika, kusungidwa kwa lamulo kungakhale kosakhoza kupeza chidziŵitso chimene chalembedwa motsimikizirika. Nthaŵi zina boma lafuna kukakamiza okayikira kutsegula zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito masamu (m' lekuatiso, madanga kapena nkhope yotseguka) kapena kupereka mawu achinsinsi. Kutetezera kwa Fiverstmentation ku thanki kungathe kugwira mawu achinsinsi amene ali otsimikizirika, koma makhoti ayesa kuti kutsegulidwa kwa zinthu sikuli kotsimikizirika chifukwa chakuti kuli kwa thupi, sikuli kogwirizana ndi mphamvu. [[FLT: 0] Mu: Kufunsira kwa Nkhondo yosafuna [FLT:] (20)], woweruza wa boma, pamene kuli kosaloledwa ndi lamulo lalamulo pansi pa malamulo ena.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti ndi Zida Zanzeru

Zipangizo zapanyumba zaluso, zotha kuvala, ndi magalimoto amapanga madipo ndi madiresi ambiri . Malamulo a [FLT: 0] Kawirikawiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zifuno zofanana ndi mafoni ndi makompyuta. Komabe kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziŵitso kopitirizabe kungawonjezere mphamvu ya boma yofufuza popanda zitsimikizo ngati madirective ali opanga makompyuta. Malamulo a Carpeent [FL:1] angagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku ndandanda yaitali ya chidziŵitso cha IoT. Zofufuza za boma ziyenera kukhala osamala kusunga masamu ndi unyolo wa kusunga kusunga ndalama za IoT, monga momwe madata angalembedwere kumbuyo kapena kutha kutha kutha kutha kutha kutha kutha kutha kuthamangitsa.

Makhalidwe Abwino Koposa Ogwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo ndi Ofufuza

Kuti atsimikizire kuti umboni wa digital wopezedwa kupyolera m’kupenda kwa milandu ngwotheka m’khoti, mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ndi malaboletale ofufuza zinthu ayenera kutsatira machitachita abwino koposa ameneŵa:

  • Sekererani chilolezo pamaso pa aliyense wopimira za zamkati mwa chiŵiya, pokhapo ngati chopatula chodziŵika chikugwira ntchito bwino. Kudalira pa chivomerezo kapena kukhazikitsa kumafuna malembo osamalitsa ndipo kuyenera kukhala kopeka pansi pa post-[[FLT:] Kusintha ndi kuposita [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT: 4.] Miyezo.
  • Zifukwa zapadera. Phatikizanipo malongosoledwe a chiŵiya, maakaunti, mitundu ya zolemba zimene zifunidwa, ndi mlingo wa kanthaŵi. Peŵani chinenero chotchedwa breeperplate; affidavit iyenera kusonyeza kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa upandu ndi umboni wa ndandanda ya ndandanda wofunafuna.
  • Kutsatira malamulo ofufuza amphamvu amene amachepetsa kupendedwa kwa madata osagwirizana. Kugwiritsira ntchito mafaelo a mafaelo odziŵika osakopa, kugwiritsira ntchito kusanthula koyambirira kulekezedwa ku ukulu wa chilolezo, ndi ziŵiya zachinsinsi zoikizidwa.
  • Sungani ndandanda yatsatanetsatane ya kusunga mwana kuyambira pamene chipangizocho chagwidwa kapena chidziŵitso chitapezedwa. Khulupirirani njira iliyonse, kutumiza, ndi kusanthula. Ziŵiya zamakono kaŵirikaŵiri zimatulutsa mitengo yoŵerengera imene iyenera kusungidwa.
  • Phunzitsani antchito onse pa ziyeneretso zamakono za Kusintha kwa Zakumbuyo kwa Chachinayi, kuphatikizapo chiyambukiro cha Riley ndi Kadenti [1]. Mayeso amene amatsogolera kutsendereza umboni angachotse kumangidwa ndi kupempha masuti a anthu pansi pa 42 U.S.C. 1983.
  • Sankhani masinthidwe a malamulo a boma. Maboma ena amapereka chitetezo chachinsinsi chokulira kuposa malamulo a U.S. Mwachitsanzo, California amafuna chilolezo kaamba ka chiwiya chamagetsi kufunafuna chochitika kuti agwire ngakhale ngati wonyumwiridwayo saali pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. Ofufuza milandu ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo awo ndi malamulo a milandu.

Ofufuza milandu ayeneranso kugwirizana ndi oweruza pa nthaŵi ya lamulo lolemba. Ozunza angathandizire kutsimikizira kuti woweruzayo apeza muyezo wa zifukwa zothekera ndi kuti chilolezocho sichiposa zimene woweruza wosaloŵerera m’zochitikazo angavomereze. Atafufuza pambuyo pake, boma liyenera kutulukira podzitetezera, kuphatikizapo chilolezo, ndi ndandanda ya mapepala alionse amene alanda popanda chilolezo. Kuyang'anira kwa magetsi kumakulitsa chikhulupiriro ndi kuchepetsa ngozi.

Kumaliza

Ziyeneretso zofunikira kaamba ka kusanthula kwa zipangizo za magetsi ndi chidziŵitso siziri zokhazikika zopinga; izo ziri zotetezera zalamulo zimene zimatetezera malo aumwini pamene zikutheketsa kusungidwa kwa lamulo. Mpambo Wachinayi, monga momwe walongosoledwera mu Riliy , , [Karperter [] [ka], ndi malamulo ena, amafunitsa kuti lamulo lipeze chilo cholamulira chachiweruzo asanaloŵetsere m'makompyuta a magetsi. Makalata aakulu osungidwa pa zipangizo za magetsi. Koma amakhala ndi opimizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Monga momwe njira yotetezera yamphamvu yosatsimikizirika ikupitiriza kupyola pa zilembo, kuwonjezera, ndi kuwonjezera umboni wapamwamba, ndi IO kukonzanso mfundo za m'malamulo, malamulo, ndi kutsimikizira kwa kutsimikizira kwa kutsimikizira koyenera kutsimikizira kwa zipamba kwa zitsimikiziri, ndi kutsimikizira kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwa zitsimikiz zamphamvu.