Maufulu a anthu ndiwo maziko a chitaganya chaufulu ndi demokrase, akutumikira monga chitetezo chofunika kwambiri kwa boma pochenjerera ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu apitirizebe kulamulira miyoyo yawo. Malamulo ameneŵa . "kaŵirikaŵiri] amasungidwa m'malamulo, amakometsera ufulu, ndi mapangano a mitundu yonse (mayeso) amasintha malire a mphamvu za boma. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi ofunsira nzika, kuzindikira ukulu ndi kufunika kwa ufulu wa anthu, sikuli chabe njira ya maphunziro; ndiko maziko ofunika a unzika waudindo. M'nyengo yomakulakulakulakula, nkhani yogwirizana ndi malamulo, kutetezera ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu umenewu kufunitsa kukhalabe maso. Nkhaniyi imapenda mafotokozedwe a ufulu wa anthu, mizunzo yawo, ntchito yawo yovuta, ndi kuyang’anizana nawo, ndi kuteteza njira zawo.

Kodi Kumasulidwa Kwachiŵeniŵeni Nchiyani?

Pamaziko awo, ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wosayenerera . Kuteteza ufulu wa boma pa ntchito za boma m’malo mwa kupatsidwa ufulu wochita zinthu m’boma. Amateteza ufulu wa munthu wolankhula, wolambira, wosonkhana, ndi wachinsinsi, kuletsa boma kulowa m'madera opanda chifukwa. Mosiyana ndi ufulu wa anthu, umene umafuna kuti boma lizilola kupatsidwa chithandizo chofanana ndi boma pa malamulo, ufulu wa anthu ukudalira kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wa boma wa Oyamba kukhazikitsa malamulo a U. Ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa ufulu wa kulankhula, pamene kuli kwakuti Kusintha kwa Zachikhalidwe cha Chinayi kumateteza kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njiri. Mayi ena ali ndi zitsimikizo zofanana ndi zimene zili m'Chikalata cha Canadina cha ufulu ndi ufulu wa anthu kapena Chipangano cha ufulu wa ku Ulaya.

Ufulu waukulu wa anthu wodziŵika kwambiri m’mademokrase onse umaphatikizapo:

  • Ufulu wa kulankhula ndi mawu [ – kuyenera kwa kulongosola malingaliro popanda kusanthula kapena chilango.
  • Kuyenera kukhala kwachinsinsi – kutetezeredwa ku kuyang'aniridwa koletsedwa, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso, ndi kuululidwa kwa chidziŵitso chaumwini.
  • Ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi chikhulupiriro – kukhoza kwa kuchita chikhulupiriro chirichonse, kapena palibe, popanda kudodometsedwa ndi boma.
  • Kulunjika ndi ntchito ya lamulo – kuchitiridwa bwino kupyolera m'dongosolo lachiweruzo, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso, kumva, ndi kuimira lamulo.
  • Ufulu wa msonkhano ndi mayanjano – kuyenera kwa kusonkhanitsa mwamtendere, kupanga magulu, ndi kutsutsa.
  • Ufulu wa nyuzipepala – chiwiya chodziimira chokha chimene chingafufuze machitidwe a boma popanda chiletso.
  • Kumanja kunyamula zida – kudziŵika m'malamulo ena, ngakhale kuti anatsutsana kwambiri.

Maufulu ameneŵa si otheratu; angakhale opereŵera pamene asemphana ndi zoyenera zina zazikulu kapena zikondwerero za boma zokakamiza, zonga ngati chisungiko cha dziko kapena chisungiko cha anthu.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Chikhululukiro cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Kumvetsetsa zochitika za m’mbiri zimene zinapangitsa ufulu umenewu kumatithandiza kuzindikira kupotoza kwawo ndi kuyesayesa kwawo kosalekeza kofunikira kuti tisunge malamulowo.

Magna Carta (1215)

Nthaŵi zambiri otchulidwa kukhala maziko a ufulu wachingelezi, Magna Carta anatsimikizira kuti mfumu sinali yoposa lamulo.

Mngelezi (1689)

Pambuyo pa Glorious Revolution, Bukhu la Zaufulu lachingelezi linagwirizana kuchinjiriza ochenjereredwa, kuphatikizapo masankho aulere, kuyenera kwa kupempha mfumu, ndi chiletso chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Chinatsimikiziranso kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo, osati Mfumu, inali ndi mphamvu yopanga malamulo [1] chitsanzo cha ulamuliro wa nyumba ya malamulo ndi zoyenera za munthu aliyense payekha.

United States Bill of Rights (1791)

American Bill of Rights, yopangidwa ndi ziwonjezeko khumi zoyambirira ku Malamulo, inali chivomerezo chachindunji ku kuwopa boma lamphamvu. Ilo linandandalika bwino lomwe zitetezero za kulankhula, zosindikiza, chipembedzo, msonkhano, pembedzero, zida, ndi njira zalamulo. Zobwezera zimenezi zatumikira monga chitsanzo kwa mademokrase ambiri pambuyo pake ndipo zikukhalabe maziko a ufulu wa anthu a U.S.

Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Anthu Onse (1948)

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, United Nations General Assembly inavomereza Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Nkhani zake 30 zimafotokoza za ufulu wochuluka wa anthu, ndale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe. Ngakhale kuti si ogwirizana, UDHR yasonkhezera malamulo osaŵerengeka a dziko ndi mapangano a mitundu yonse, kukhazikitsa muyezo wapadziko lonse wa ulemu ndi ufulu wa munthu. Pa malemba onse, onani UDHR [FL: 0] yalamulo ya UDR .

Zochitika Zina Zofunika Kwambiri

Pambuyo pa zikalata zimenezi za maziko, chisinthiko cha ufulu wa anthu chimaphatikizapo zigamulo za kukhoti (m’jereng, Brown v. Board of Education kutha kulekana), magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe (m’chingapo, kumenya nkhondo ya kulingana kwa mafuko mu U.S.), ndi misonkhano yamitundu yonse yonga European Convention on Human Rights (1950) ndi International Convention on Civil and Political Rights Rights (19666).

Kumasulidwa Kwachiŵeniŵeni m’Magulu Amakono

Pamene kuli kwakuti ndandanda yapadera imasiyanasiyana m’madera onse, ufulu wina umazindikiridwa padziko lonse kukhala wofunika m’moyo wa democracy.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Mawu

Ufulu umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri posinthanitsa malingaliro, kutsutsana kwa anthu, ndi kupikisana kwamtendere kwa ulamuliro. Umalola nzika kusuliza akuluakulu a boma, kuchirikiza kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi zitsutso zofala. Ziletso zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kokha m’mikhalidwe yopapatiza: kusonkhezera chiwawa, kunyozedwa, kululuza, ndi mawu onyansa (zimene zimafotokozedwa mosiyana m’malamulo osiyanasiyana). Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lakhulupirira kuti mawu otsutsa kwambiri amatetezedwa pokhapokha ngati alephera kutero.

Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha

Ufulu waumwini umateteza anthu ku kuyang'anira kosayenerera kwa boma, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chosaloledwa, ndi kuloŵerera m'zosankha za munthu. M'nyengo ya manambala, kuopsa kwa kumanja kumeneku kumachitika ndi maprogramu ofufuza, kututa makampani, ndi kuyang'anira nkhope. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regiption (GDPR) ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha chitetezo chachinsinsi, koma maiko ambiri alibe chitetezo chofanana. THE DEctronic Foundation Foundation

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo ndi Zikhulupiriro

Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti anthu angatsatire chikhulupiriro chawo / kapena alibe chikhulupiriro chokakamiza kapena chilango. Chimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kulambira, kusunga maholide achipembedzo, kuvala zizindikiro zachipembedzo, ndi kutembenuza anthu. Maboma angaletse machitachita achipembedzo kokha pamene akutsutsana ndi zofuna za boma, monga thanzi la anthu onse kapena chitetezo, ndipo ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera. Nthaŵi zambiri kuletsa chipembedzo kumabuka pa malamulo ogwiritsidwa ntchito (m’njira, kukana kupereka mautumiki a LGBTQ + thauzi) ndi ntchito ya chipembedzo m’masukulu a anthu onse.

Kuyenera Kuchitika M’njira Yoyenera

Ntchito yoyenerera imaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri zitetezero za procedal ndi zapansi. Mwachidziŵikire, imafunikira kuti anthu alandire chidziŵitso, kumva kopanda tsankho, ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka mlandu wawo boma lisanawamanitse moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Njira yofunikira yoikizira malamulo imachepetsa malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo samapondereza zoyenera zazikulu za boma popanda kulungamitsidwa ndi chiwongola dzanja chokakamiza. Lingaliro limeneli lagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuzindikira zoyenera zonga za ukwati, kuletsa kuletsa kulera, ndi ufulu wathupi.

Ufulu wa Msonkhano ndi Mayanjano

Luso lakusonkhanitsa mwamtendere ndi kupanga mayanjano nlofunika kwambiri pa kulinganiza ndale zadziko, mabungwe a antchito, magulu audindo, ndi magulu a anthu. Maboma angaike ziletso za nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira kuletsa mikangano kapena kusokoneza koma sangaletse misonkhano yozikidwa pa uthenga wawo. Zitokoso zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo kusagwiritsira ntchito malo otsutsa pa misonkhano ya ndale zadziko ndi kuikidwa kwa magulu ena kukhala otsutsa.

Ufulu wa Manyuzipepala

Chilengezo cha nyuzipepala chapadera chimachita monga A Fourth Breade, kuchititsa boma kudziŵerengera mlandu mwa kufufuza ndi kupereka lipoti pa nkhani za chikondwerero cha anthu. Ufulu wa kutumiza utetezera atolankhani ku kusanthula (i.e., kuletsa kufalitsidwa kusanachitike) ndi kubwezera ku kupereka kwawo. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa makompyuta, ndalama zotsika, ndi kuchuluka kwa ufulu umenewu kukuyesa kukhazikika kwa ufulu umenewu. Kutetezedwa kwa malamulo achinsinsi ndi zikopa kuli kovuta ku democracy.

Chifukwa Chake Kumasulidwa Kwachiŵeniŵeni Kuli Kofunika Lerolino

Maufulu a nzika sali malingaliro wamba; amakwaniritsa ntchito zenizeni zimene zimapanga ulamuliro wa demokrase kukhala wothekera ndi kutetezera ulemu wa anthu.

  • Kawone pa mphamvu ya boma. mwa kuchepetsa zimene boma lingachite, ufulu wa anthu umaletsa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro waupotuko ndi kuchepetsa upandu wa nkhalwe. Boma limene lingaletse osuliza, ozonda nzika, ndi kulanga osagwirizana popanda chifukwa siliri demokrase.
  • Akhoza kutengamo mbali ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Ufulu wa kulankhula, msonkhano, ndi kusindikiza kulola nzika kuphunzira za nkhani, malamulo a mkangano, ndi kulinganiza kufuna kusintha. Popanda ufulu umenewu, masankho amakhala miyambo yopanda tanthauzo.
  • Kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa. M'madongosolo apamwamba, magulu osatchuka , kaya akhale afuko, achipembedzo, za kugonana, kapena ndale, amavutika ndi chizunzo. Ufulu wa anthu umatsimikizira kuti anthu ambiri sangangosankha ufulu wa anthu ochepa.
  • Kusintha ndi kusiyana. Magulu amene amatetezera kalankhulidwe ka munthu ndi chinsinsi kaŵirikaŵiri amawona kupita patsogolo kokulira, sayansi, ndi chikhalidwe . Pamene anthu alingalira kukhala omasuka kusanthula, kufunsa, ndi kutsutsa, amathandizira kwambiri ku ubwino wofanana.
  • Sungani ufulu waumwini. Pamlingo wa munthu mmodzi, ufulu wa anthu umatetezera zosankha zachinsinsi ponena za thupi la munthu, zikhulupiriro, maunansi, ndi moyo. Amazindikira kuti anthu ali ndi ulemu wachibadwa ndipo sayenera kuonedwa ngati njira yochitira zinthu.

Mavuto a Panthaŵi Ino a Kumasulidwa kwa Anthu Ena

Ngakhale kuti ufulu wa anthu ndi wofunika kwambiri, ufulu wa anthu umakhala wopanikiza nthaŵi zonse.

Kufufuza ndi Kubisa Malo a Boma

Maprogramu ambiri ofufuza, onga aja ovumbulidwa ndi Edward Snowden, amasonkhanitsa mametaimu ndi kulankhulana kwa mamiliyoni a anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda zilolezo kapena chochititsa chothekera. Maboma akutsutsa zimenezi kuti zikhale zotsutsana ndi upandu, koma njira ya khoka imaloŵerera pa chinsinsi ndi kuzizira. Kuwonjezerapo, kupempha “malo a kumbuyo” polemba mawu kufooketsa chitetezo cha aliyense, kupangitsa chidziŵitso kukhala chosavuta kwa ozembera ndi maulamuliro ankhanza. ACLU [1]

Chitetezo cha Boma N’chosiyana ndi Chilango cha Anthu

Pambuyo pa ziukiro zazikulu, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amafulumira kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo amene amafutukula ukatswiri wa ukatswiri, mphamvu za kutsekera, ndi usilikali wamakono. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo USA PATRIOT Act ndi UK’S Rebication Powerpoice Act . Pamene kuli kwakuti njira zina za chitetezo nzomveka, angagwiritsidwe ntchito molakwa kuukira otsutsa andale, atolankhani, ndi ochirikiza. Chitokoso kuukira ufulu umene sumapanga ufulu weniweniwo kukhala woyenera kuteteza chitaganya.

Dana ndi Kulankhula, Kutsutsa, ndi Kusintha Kulankhula

Intaneti ili ndi mawu olankhulidwa ndi democracy komanso mawu owonjezera udani, kusagwirizana, ndi kuvutitsa. Maboma akuvomereza mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ena ophwanya malamulo, pamene mapulogalamu a zaumoyo akutsata miyezo yawoyawo ya chitaganya. Kulimbana pakati pa kutsogolera zinthu zovulaza ndi kusunga ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kulimba. Malamulo opitirira muyeso angagwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi otsutsa, pamene kuli kwakuti kusamvera malamulo kungatsogolere ku ku chivulazo chenicheni cha dziko. Kupeza njira yalamulo imene imatetezera ufulu ndi kulingana kuli mkangano wopitirizabe.

Tsankho ndi Kusalingana Madongosolo

Ufulu wa anthu umatanthauza zochepa ngati iwo ali ndi chisangalalo cha magulu ena. Kusiyana kwa mafuko, chisembwere, ndi m'makalasi kukupitirizabe m'kusungitsa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kuleka ndi kutsekereza machitachita a anthu a mitundu, ndipo osauka kaŵirikaŵiri alibe kuimira kokwanira kwa lamulo. Kuchinjiriza ufulu wa anthu kumafuna kuyang'anizana ndi malingaliro a dongosolo kotero kuti ufulu ukhale wopezeka mofanana kwa onse.

Kusunga Mabuku pa Ordinal ndi Kusunga Mabuku

Mabungwe asonkhanitsa unyinji wa zolembedwa zaumwini, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda chilolezo chatanthauzo. Zolembedwa zimenezi zingagulitsidwe, kugawiridwa ndi maboma, kapena kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kuwongolera khalidwe. Mwano wa Cambridge Analytica unasonyeza mmene chidziŵitso chaumwini chinagwiritsidwira ntchito potsatsa malonda andale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti si ntchito ya boma mwachindunji, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya chidziŵitso m’manja mwa munthuwe kungawonongetse malo achinsinsi ndi kufooketsa madongosolo a democracy. Malamulo onga ngati GDPR amakhazikitsa muyezo, koma lamulo limakhalabe lotsutsana.

Kuteteza Kumasuka kwa Anthu pa Chiŵeniŵeni: Zimene Mungachite

Pansipa pali njira zothandiza zimene munthu aliyense payekha ndiponso anthu a m’deralo angatsatire.

  • Dziŵani zoyenera zanu. Dziwitsani nokha ndi chitetezo chachindunji m'malamulo a dziko lanu kapena dongosolo la malamulo. Kumvetsetsa pamene mungathe kuimitsidwa, kufufuzidwa, kapena kulembedwa kumakupatsani mphamvu kuti mutsimikizire bwino ufulu wanu. Magulu onga [FLT:] ACLU’S KNORC GARENT MPWER MPENE .
  • Magulu a kufalitsa ufulu. Magulu onga ngati American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Electronic Foundation (EFF), Human Rights Watch, ndi Amnesty International ligate, last, ndi kuphunzitsa kutetezera ufulu wa anthu. Zopereka ndi nthaŵi ya kudzipereka zimathandiza kuchirikiza ntchito yawo.
  • Kuloŵa m'kutengamo mbali m'ndale zadziko. Kuvota, makamaka kwa oweruza, alonda, maloya a chigawo, ndi akuluakulu ena amene amaumiriza kapena kumasulira ufulu wa anthu. Pitani m’maholo a tauni, lemberani oimira, ndi gwiritsirani ntchito zida zopempha kuti mumve.
  • Khalanibe odziŵitsidwa ndi ofunsa nkhani. Kuyesa kulungamitsa boma kaamba ka njira zatsopano za chisungiko. Khalani okayikira kunena kuti ufulu uyenera “kuyesedwa" kaamba ka chisungiko. Kufuna kuti chiletso chirichonse chikhale chachindunji, chowonekera bwino, ndi chopendedwa.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito mwanzeru luso la zopangapanga. Kubisani kulankhula kwanu, gwiritsani ntchito zofufuzira zokhala ndi maso ndi injini zofufuzira, ndi kuchepetsa zinthu zimene mukugwira nawo ntchito pa Intaneti. Ochirikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mawu olembedwa mwamphamvu kumapeto kwa mapulogalamu ndi mapulatifomu.
  • Pansi pa chitsutso ndi misonkhano yamtendere. Kuyenera kusonkhana ndi chida champhamvu chosonyezera kutsutsa kwapoyera malamulo amene akuwopseza ufulu. Khulupirirani kugwirizana kulikonse ndi kusungitsa lamulo ndi kudziŵa mmene mungalankhulire ndi chichilikizo chalamulo.

Ntchito ya Maphunziro Posunga Mfulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Masukulu, makoleji, ndi aphunzitsi a m’chitaganya ali ndi mbali yaikulu m’kukulitsa mwambo umene umasunga ufulu wa anthu.

Kumasula Anthu ku Thupi Lonse M’mbali Mwa Bungwe la Boma

Mmalo mwa kuwona ufulu wa anthu monga gulu la tsiku limodzi, aphunzitsi angaupange ku mbiri, maboma, mabuku, ndi maphunziro a nyuzi. Kutsutsana ponena za ufulu wa kulankhula kungapende nkhani za m'mbiri monga Brandenburg v. Ohio [1] kapena Sedition Act ya 1798. Kukambitsirana kwachinsinsi kungafufuze kusangalatsa pa Chigwirizano cha Chikomyunizo kapena machitachita a migodi. Mwakugwirizanitsa zoyenera zachikale ndi zochitika zenizeni, ophunzira angaone kuyenerera kwawo.

Kuyambitsa Maganizo ndi Kutsutsana Kovuta

Nkhani zomangidwa pa nkhani zotsutsana . Zonga ngati malire pa kulankhula kwa udani, kuyang’anira m'masukulu, kapena kutentha mbendera thandiza ophunzira kupenda malingaliro ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana. Aphunzitsi ayenera kutsanzira ulemu wa kutsutsa malingaliro awo pamene akusunga malo abwino. Kuseŵera, mayeso onyoza, ndi kuyerekezera kwa khoti Lapamwamba ndi njira zothandiza.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Maphunziro Ophunzitsa Kudwala ndi Maziko Awo Aakulu

Kufufuza milandu yeniyeni ya khoti, zikalata za boma, ndi umboni wa munthu mwini kumachititsa mfundozo kukhala zomveka. Mwachitsanzo, kuphunzira pulogalamu ya National Security Agency ndi Lachinayi Lamphumphu kungayambitse kukambirana za zinthu zomveka zokhala chinsinsi. Olankhula nkhani ochokera m’mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu, atolankhani, kapena amene kale anali m’ndende angadzipereke okha nzeru.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali Kwabwino

Aphunzitsi angalimbikitse ophunzira kupezeka pamisonkhano ya boma, odzifunira pa kampani yolembetsa mavoti, kapena kulemba makalata kwa olemba nkhani za ufulu wa anthu. Ntchito yophunzitsa ntchito zimene zimaphatikizapo kufufuza ziwopsezo zamakono ndi kukhazikitsa ndawala za kulanda anthu amapanga maluso othandiza ndi luso lakuzindikira malo.

Kulankhula ndi Mafoni ndi Makompyuta

M'nyengo ya kusokonezeka kwa chidziŵitso ndi ma algoric, kuphunzitsa ophunzira kusanthula magwero, kuzindikira tsankho, ndi kutetezera chidziŵitso chawo n’chofunika kwambiri. Maphunziro ayenera kukhudza kulondola zinthu, zachuma za ukapitolizimu, ndi mmene angachepetsere kuonekera kwa anthu. Media Media ya Chidziŵitso imapatsa sukulu sukulu zamwambo.

Kumaliza

Maufulu a anthu ndiwo zitetezero za chinsinsi zimene zimatheketsa ufulu. Amachepetsa kufikira boma, kupatsa anthu mphamvu, ndi kupanga malo a kusagwirizana, luso, ndi kupambana. Komabe iwo sasungidwa kosatha; mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kumvetsetsa, kuyeseza, ndi kutetezera. Kuchokera ku Magna Carta ku nkhondo zachinsinsi zamakono, mbiri ya ufulu wa anthu ndi nkhani ya kulimbana kosalekeza. Monga momwe ziwopsezo zimachitikira . Ziwopsezo zimasintha mwa "wrillance, kuchotsa, ndi kuchepa kwa chuma cha dziko lapansi, ndi kuchuluka kwa ufulu wa anthu. Malamulo apamwamba nawonso ayenera kuteteza ufulu umenewu. Aphunzitsi ali ndi udindo wapadera wopitira pa zonse ziŵirizo. Mwakudziŵa zoyenera zathu, kuchita zinthu zothandizira, kuchirikiza, ndi kuphunzitsa, kutsimikizira kuti lonjezo la ufulu wa democracy. Mkhalidwe lathu la democracy limadalira pa ufulu wathu woyenerera kuyang'nkhanitsa kulamulidwa ndi kuyendetsa ufulu wa anthu onse.