Maziko a Mbiri Yake a Lamulo Loyamba la Kusintha Zinthu

First Amendment sinatuluke mumkhalidwe wopanda pake. Okonza nyumba zawo anatengera mwachindunji ku zaka mazana ambiri za kulimbana ndi kusanthula, chizunzo cha chipembedzo, ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Chingelezi Magna Carta (1215) anabzala mbewu zoyambirira mwa kukhazikitsa kuti ngakhale mfumu inali yogonjera lamulo, koma inali Brill wa ufulu wa ku England wa ku Region (1689) yomwe inatsimikizira kuti ufulu wa kuyankhula kwaufulu kwa boma. Komabe, atsamunda a America anachitiridwa chipongwe cha kutsutsa kopandukira ndi matchalitchi a boma. Mitu ya John Zenger, amene mlandu wake 1735 wotsutsa bwanamzemba wa New York unathera mu Relev, inapanga chiyembekezo chapo kuti akambirane ndi akuluakulu aukali otsutsa akuluakulu a boma.

Mbadwo wopezedwa unazindikira kuti popanda ufulu wa kulankhula, kufalitsa, kusonkhana, ndi kuchonderera, republic yatsopanoyo ikanangotsanzira nkhanza zimene adathaŵa. James Madison, mkulu wa Bill of Rights, anaumirira kuti chitetezo cha Coprst Amendment sichinaperekedwe ku boma koma ufulu wachibadwa wakuti boma silingapange lamulo. Monga momwe Madison analembera mu Virginia Raiving Convention, " Ufulu wa nyuzipepala uli umodzi wa mabwalo aakulu a ufulu, ndipo sungaletsedwe koma ndi maboma andale. Chikhululukiro chimenechi sichingapange lamulo loletsa lamulo... — lamulo limene limasiya malo a kutsekerapo kapena kuletsa maganizo a boma asanaloŵere.

Kumvetsetsa nkhani za m'mbiri imeneyi nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi ndi nzika zamakono. Mpambo Woyamba sunalinganizidwe kukhala womasuka kapena woyenerera; unapangidwa kutetezera kutsutsa, malingaliro osatchuka, ndi zitokoso ku ulamuliro. Monga momwe Bwalo Lapamwamba linaonera pambuyo pake mu West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), "Ngati pali nyenyezi iliyonse yokhazikika m'gulu lathu la malamulo, kuli kwakuti palibe nduna, yapamwamba kapena yaing'ono, ikhoza kuvomereza zimene zidzakhala zamwambo, utundu, chipembedzo, kapena nkhani zina za malingaliro.""

Kumvetsa Ufulu Usanu

M’chenicheni, Kusintha Koyamba kuli ndi ufulu wosiyanasiyana asanu wogwirizana: chipembedzo, kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi pempho.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo

Malamulo a chipembedzo ali ndi makonzedwe aŵiri: Kuteteza Claus , kumene kumaletsa boma kukhazikitsa chipembedzo chovomerezeka kapena kuyanjana ndi chipembedzo china, ndi Free Secree , imene imatetezera anthu kuyenera kwawo popanda kuloŵerera m’boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa kukhazikitsa chipembedzo chovomerezeka, komabe ayenera kukonza zochita zachipembedzo popanda kukhala ndi chidwi chowaletsa. Nkhani za m'dziko zimaphatikizapo [FLT:] E. Vitalgil v [FL:5] (192]), zimene zinagonjetsa chigawo cha sukulu, zomwe sizingachirikize ntchito zachipembedzo, ndi pemphero, [BBBbybyby] [7]. Mothandizidwa ndi mwachipatala]

Ufulu wa Kulankhula

Ufulu wa kulankhula ndi malo otchuka kwambiri operekerako Chifuniro cha Kusintha kwa Kuyamba. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala lanena kwanthaŵi yaitali kuti Kusintha Koyamba kumateteza osati mawu olankhulidwa okha komanso mawu ophiphiritsira, monga kutentha mbendera (] Testas v. Johnson[[FL:1]], 1989]) ndi kuvala mikono yotetezera ([FLT:] [[FLT]] [2] kusonkhezera kachitidwe kosemphana ndi malamulo, mawu oopseza, kunyoza, kunyoza ana, 1969]. Komabe, si onse amene akusangalala ndi chitetezo chofanana. Khoti limavomereza magulu a [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLD:] [5] yosatetezeka ndi kusoŵa kwa kusoŵa kwa kusoŵa kwa malamulo, kunyoza, ndi kuteteza ana. Kuteteza ana, ndi kutetezedwa kwa nthaŵi zonse, makamaka, kuli ndi kukumana ndi kusoŵa kwa mawu owonjezera kwa kulimba kwa mawu, koma kuli ndi kusoŵa kwabwino kwa kusoŵa kwa mawu, kusoŵa kwabwino, ndipo kuli ndi kusoŵa kwa kusoŵa kwa kusoŵa kwa

Ufulu wa Manyuzipepala

Mapepala aulere amatumikira monga "ndalama yachinayi" imene imafufuza ulamuliro wa boma ndi kudziŵitsa anthu. Mpando woyamba utetezera onse aŵiri a atolankhani aluso ndi ofalitsa a nzika ku kuletsa kusanakhale . boma kuyang'anira asanatulutsidwe. Nkhani ya Pentagon Papers ( New York Times Co. v. United States, 1971) adatsimikiziridwa kuti boma lili ndi mtolo wolemera kulungamitsa kutsendereza kulikonse kwa mbiri, ngakhale pamene apolisi aperekedwa. Lerolino, kukwera kwa mabodza, manyuzipepala, ndi nkhani zaumwini zakhala zikufalitsa masinthidwe ponena za mlandu, mabodza, ndi mafotokozedwe a magazini. Ophunzira ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kupenda bwino ndi kufalitsa bwino ndi kufalitsa za ufulu.

Kuyenera kwa Kusonkhana mwa Mtendere

Kuyenera kwa kusonkhana ndiko maziko a kugawana ndi demokalase. Magulu a anthu ogwirizana ndi antchito, mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu, kapena mabungwe a anthu. Amakumana kuti afotokoze nkhani, zolinganiza, kapena kungosonyeza kugwirizana. Kuyenera kumeneku kumaphatikizapo mapwando akuthupi, monga kutsutsa ndi kuyenda, ndi misonkhano, monga pa Intaneti. Boma lingaumirize [[FLT: 0] nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira zovomerezera (m.g., kufuna zilolezo za maulendo aakulu) malinga ngati ali ndi masitepeti otsekera ndi otsegulidwa. Ophunzira akonzekere zoyendera zotuluka kapena gulu la anthu a m'gulu la oimba ayenera kudziŵa kuti atetezedwe, ayeneranso kugwirizana ndi malamulo oyenera otetezedwa a sukulu amene sagwirizana ndi uthenga wokhudzana.

Ufulu Wopempha

Ufulu wopempha boma kuti lithetsere mavuto awo nthaŵi zina umatchedwa "ufulu woiwalidwa". Ilo limalola anthu ndi magulu kupempha boma mwalamulo kuti apereke madandaulo awo . Mwa makalata, makhoti, ndemanga zapoyera, kapena kukakamizira. M'mbiri, kuyenera kumeneku kunali kofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi ukapolo, monga momwe oletsa anapatsira madandaulo. Lerolino, kumachirikiza njira zonga "Ife Anthu" papulat plat pa nyumba ya azungu.gov ndi kuyenera kwa kusuta mabungwe a boma. Aphunzitsi angalimbikitse ophunzira kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu umenewu mwa kulemba makalata akuluakulu osankhidwa, kutenga nawo mbali m'makalata, kapena kutumiza zikalata za anthu.

Mpumulo Woyamba wa Sukulu Zapoyera

Sukulu za boma ndizo mabwalo apadera a ufulu wa Kusintha kwa Oyamba. Ophunzira sa "kuchotsa ufulu wawo walamulo wa kulankhula kapena mawu pa chipata cha sukulu," monga momwe Khoti Lalikulu linalengezedwera motchuka mu . Des Moines Independent Community School District [1] [FLT:] [1969]. Komabe, masukulu angaletse kulankhula kumene kumasokoneza maphunziro kapena kuswa zoyenera za ena. Kulinganiza kumeneku kwakhala kowongoleredwa ndi milandu yotsatira:

  • Chigawo cha Bethel School No. 403 v. Fraser (1986): Malo a sukulu amalola kulangiza ophunzira kaamba ka nkhani zonyansa kapena zonyansa pa zochitika za kusukulu.
  • [FLT ,1] Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988): [[FLT ] Anapereka masukulu audindo a kusanthula manyuzipepala a ophunzira opangidwa monga mbali ya maphunziro, malinga ngati kusanthula kwakhala kogwirizana ndi nkhani za lamulo za padegagogi.
  • More v. Frederick (2007): Masukulu ololedwa kulanga malankhulidwe a ophunzira amene amachirikiza kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ngakhale pa zochitika zapatali.

Chigamulo chimenechi chimapanga maziko: mawu a ophunzira kusukulu amatetezedwa pokhapo ngati ali m’magulu opapatiza (kulankhula molakwa, kunyazitsa, kulankhula kwa pasukulu kosagwirizana ndi zolinga zamaphunziro, kapena kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yosakhala yalamulo). Ochokera ku kalankhulidwe, makamaka pa wailesi zakanema, akhala mbali yaikulu ya kukambirana. Makhoti akugawidwa pamene sukulu zingapereke chilango pa masukulu a pa Intaneti opangidwira kunja kwa sukulu. Khoti Lapamwamba silinapereke malangizo omveka bwino, kusiya aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira m'dera la anthu a khungu. Njira yotetezereka ndiyo kuphunzitsa ophunzira kuti aziganiza asanachitepo ndi kuzindikira kuti chilango cha sukulu chifukwa cha kuvutitsidwa kapena kuwopseza ena chingachiritsiridwe ngati chikuchititsa kusokonezedwa kwenikweni pa koleji.

Kulimbikitsa Mawu Odalirika m’kalasi

M’malo mopewa nkhani zimene zimayambitsa mkangano, aphunzitsi ayenera kuvomereza kuti ndi nthawi yophunzitsa.

  • Maseminala a socratic amene amalimbikitsa mafunso ndi kusanthula kosuliza.
  • Ma CDa odziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga amene amaphunzitsa ophunzira kuzindikira tsankho, kupenda magwero, ndi kuzindikira ntchito ya makina osindikizira aulere.
  • Zofalitsa zoyendera pamodzi (ndi kuyang'anira koyenera kwa mkonzi) zimene zimapereka machitidwe enieni a dziko m'manyuzipepala athayo.
  • Maprojekiti a pangano la ukwati amene amaphatikizapo kupempha boma lakumaloko kapena kulinganiza za sukulu zonse.

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yotsendereza Lamulo Loyamba

Kumvetsa nkhani zimenezi kumathandiza ophunzira kumvetsa mmene malamulo amagwirira ntchito m’moyo wawo.

  • [[FLT] Brandenburg v. Ohio[FLT :2] [1969] adasintha "kuyesa ndi kuopsa komwe kulipo" ndi kusonkhezera kwamakono , angalangidwe ngati "kusonkhezera kapena kuyambitsa kachitidwe ka kusamvera lamulo" ndipo ali ngati kuti akusonkhezera kapena kuchita zinthu zoterozo. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakulitsa kwambiri chitetezo cha kutsutsana kwa mamembala, kuphatikizapo kuyera kwa mawu, malinga ngati aleka chiwawa cha nthaŵi yomweyo.
  • [1] New York Times Co.V. Sullivan[FLT .'1964]: [[FLT ] yotetezera kusuliza kwa akuluakulu a boma mwa kufuna kuti matukidwe asonyeze kuti "amachita molakwika" .kuti wofalitsayo anadziŵa kuti mawuwo anali onama kapena anachita monyalanyaza choonadi. Chigamulo chimenechi chinali chofunika kwambiri ku Civil Rights Movement, kulola ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu kulankhula motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma popanda kuopa masuti a kusakaza.
  • Citaminis United v. FEC[FLT : "(20) : adaona kuti kuchirikiza makampani kuulutsidwa kwa mafashoni andale sikungachepetsedwe pansi pa Demplete Yoyamba, kugwirizanitsa ndalama ndi kulankhula. Izi zidakali chimodzi mwa zosankha zotsutsana kwambiri, kusonyeza kusemphana pakati pa kulankhula mwaulere ndi malamulo a ndawala.
  • . . . . . . . Town of Gilbert [FLT :[FLT:] Stut imake chikwangwani cha tauni chimene chimasiyanitsa pakati pa chipembedzo, ndale zadziko, ndi zizindikiro zina, kutsimikizira kuti zozikidwa pa zolembedwazo ndizo ziletso za mawu oikidwa popanda kuvomerezedwa.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kuti lamulo la Kusintha kwa Kuyamba silikusintha; limasintha pamene anthu akusintha. Kaamba ka nkhani zatsatanetsatane, webusaiti ya ya ku Zambia imapereka zogamulidwa zonse za zigamulo zapadera.

Kusintha Koyamba m’Nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Anthu

Intaneti yawonjezera mphamvu ndi mavuto a ufulu. Mapulatifomu a zaumoyo monga Twitter, Facebook, ndi YouTube akhala malo a anthu amakono, koma ndi malo aumwini ndi mautumiki awo. Zimenezi zimayambitsa vuto lalikulu: Coption imaletsa ntchito ya boma, osati makampani achinsinsi. Pamene pulatifomu imachotsa popusito kapena kuimitsa nkhani, imapanga ufulu wake, osati kuphwanya ufulu wa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa munthu. Komabe, mphamvu yaikulu ya mapulatifomu ameneŵa kukonza nkhani zapoyera imatsogolera kupempha malamulo, monga mapangano opitiriza pa [[FL:] [FF:] [2]

Mavuto

  • Dysformation ndi Mistation: chidziŵitso chonyenga chimafalikira mofulumira kuposa chowonadi pa Intaneti, kufooketsa masankho ndi zoyesayesa zaumoyo wa anthu. Maplatform akuyesayesa kulinganiza kuchotsedwa kwa mabodza ovulaza ndi ngozi ya kusanthula mawu oyenera.
  • Online Anest and Trolling : Kusadziŵa malo a foni kumatheketsa kuchitiridwa nkhanza, makamaka kwa akazi, zing'onozing'ono, ndi atolankhani. Sukulu ziyenera kulankhula ndi intaneti pamene zikulemekeza ufulu wa ophunzira wa kulankhula.
  • Kuwonjezera: Malamulo a ndandanda angawonjezere mosadziŵa kukhutitsidwa ndi zinthu, kudzutsa mafunso akuti kaya boma lingalamulire madongosolo a ndandanda popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya Kukonzanso Koyamba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Gawo lokhala ndi ma Media : [[FLT ] Pamene akuluakulu a boma amatsekereza otsutsa pa masamba awo a wailesi, makhoti apeza kuti akuswa Kusintha Koyamba mwa kutseka pulogalamu (m.g., [[FLT:] First Const Amendment Institute v. Trump, 2 Crir.2019).

Mwayi Wokachita Chipangano ndi Mphatso

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, zipangizo zamakono zimathandiza ophunzira kuti azichita nawo zinthu za demokalase zimene sizinachitikepo:

  • [[ML:0] Kampeni za pa Intaneti zokhala ndi makampani [[FL:1] pa nkhani za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi ndalama za sukulu, kugwiritsa ntchito mapempho, kugwiritsa ntchito mahatchi, ndi malo osonkhanitsira ndalama.
  • Pangitsani mawebusaiti a ophunzira a nkhani kapena mapepala oulutsira nkhani za m'manyuzipepala amene akufotokoza nkhani za m'dzikolo modziimira paokha.
  • Partipate m'maholo a tauni ovomerezedwa ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, kapena kupereka ndemanga zapoyera kwa mabungwe a boma pa malamulo oikidwiratu.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito zipangizo zobisika zolankhulirana kulinganiza ndi kuteteza malo awo achinsinsi pamene akugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wosonkhanitsa ndi kupempha.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse Osonyeza Kuti Anthu Amakhulupirira Zinthu Mwaufulu

First Amendment ndi yotetezera mwapadera kulankhula kofanana ndi mademokrase ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Canada ndi maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya amaletsa kudana ndi kukana Chipululutso, ngakhale kuti mawu oterowo angatetezedwe ku United States. Malamulo a Germany otsutsa zizindikiro za Nazi ndi kukana Chipulumutso cha Chipulumutso II amasonyeza chikole cha pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Dziko II cha kutsutsa anthu, pamene France amaletsa kudana ndi ulemu wa dziko lonse. Kusiyana kumeneku kumagogomezera mkangano waukulu: kodi ufulu wa kulankhula umatumikira bwino demokrase, kapena umatetezera zigamu zosavuta ndi kukhazikika kwa mayanjano?

Ophunzira amapindula ndi kufufuza chifukwa chakuti kumawakakamiza kukayikira malingaliro. Chitsanzo cha ku America sichili njira yokha yovomerezeka; kuzindikira chifukwa chake maiko ena amapanga kulinganizika kosiyana kumathandizira ophunzira kuzindikira mapindu ndi malonda obadwa m'boma laufulu la kulankhula. Kuwakonzekeretsanso kulankhulana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana m'dziko lomawonjezereka kuzungulira dziko.

Kusunga Lamulo Loyamba la Mbadwo Wamtsogolo

Kulimba kwa First Amendment kumadalira pa maphunziro okhazikika ndi machitachita atcheru. M'nyengo ya kugawana kwa ndale zadziko, zipinda zomveketsa mawu, ndi kutha kwa kudalira mabungwe, kuphunzitsa First Amendment nkofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kalelonse. Aphunzitsi ayenera kuloweza kuloŵeza kuloŵeza ufulu wachisanu ndi kuthandiza ophunzira kulimbana ndi mafunso ovuta: Kodi mawu ayenera kuletsedwa liti? Kodi timatetezera motani kufalitsa nkhani kwaufulu m'dziko lonena zabodza?

Chitetezero chabwino koposa cha Kusintha Koyamba ndicho kumvetsetsa ndi kuyamikira. Mwakugwiritsira ntchito maphunziro a zachuma, maprogramu, ndi mayeso enieni a dziko, aphunzitsi angakonzekeretse ophunzira osati ndi chidziŵitso chokha komanso ndi zizoloŵezi za unzika wa democracy. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba linatchulira mu Whitney v. California . [197], "Kuchiritsa koyenera kaamba ka uphungu woipa kuli kwabwino. Kukhulupirira mphamvu ya kulankhula kowonjezereka, osati pang'ono, kutsutsa ndi chidani ndicho chikhulupiriro chokhalitsa cha Desitiriyo Yoyamba. Kufufuza kozama kwa ufulu wa kulankhula kuchirikiza demokrase, [FLT:] , Freedom Institute for Information [FFFFF:3]

Pomalizira pake, First Amendment si mpambo wa malamulo ongopeka . Ndilo malamulo a moyo kaamba ka boma. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kuphunzira kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu umenewu moyenerera, kuti usakhale ndi ufulu. Sukulu ndiyo malo oyamba ankhondo kaamba ka kuphunzira kumeneku, ndipo wophunzira aliyense amene amaphunzira kutsutsana ndi umboni, kusamvera, ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu ali wosungitsa ulamuliro wa demokrase.