Chiyambi

Masankho aakulu amaimira maziko a demokrase yoimira oimira, komabe kufunika kwawo kumanyozedwa ndi anthu onse. Kuposa pa voti yoyambirira, mipikisano imeneyi imaumba mfundo za maganizo a zipani za ndale zadziko, kugamula mtundu ndi mkhalidwe wa osankha onse, ndi kusonkhezera kuvomerezana kwa opanga mapanganowo kwa nthaŵi yaitali asanaposedwe. Ku United States ndi mademokrase ena ambiri, njira yoyamba yasintha kuchokera ku kusankha kwa khomo kotsekedwa ndi gulu la atsogoleri a gulu la anthu, ikumapanga masinthidwe a ntchito zawo zazikulu, kuyang'anira ntchito zawo zazikulu. Kumvetsa masinthidwe, ndi mikangano yokhudza mmene angayambirire, ndi kutsutsana kwa anthu ena, kukhoza kuwongolera zimene angayesetse.

Kumvetsetsa Zosankha Zoyambirira: Mitundu ndi Maluso a Zopangapanga

Pamaziko ake, chisankho chachikulu ndicho mpikisano wa kupikisana kwa ndale zadziko wogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusankha chigamulo cha chisankho cha onse. Komabe, malamulo otsimikizirika olamulira masankho ameneŵa amasiyana kwambiri, kupangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa amene angatengemo mbali ndi mmene oyembekezera kubwera. Mapangano ofala kwambiri amaphatikizapo mitundu itatu yaikulu:

  • [[FLT: 0] Otsekedwa: Mamembala olembetsedwa okha a gulu la ndale zadziko angavote m'chinthu chachikulu cha chipani chimenecho. Dongosolo limeneli lalinganizidwa kuletsa kuloŵerera kwa mtanda ndi kutsimikizira kuti ndilo likusonyeza kukonda kwa odzipereka okhulupirika. Maboma onga New York ndi Kentucky akugwiritsira ntchito ma primmary.
  • Otsegulira Ofesi: Aliyense wolembetsedwa [1] Wovota [1] Wopanda chipani [1] angatengemo mbali m'chipani chilichonse. Ochilikizidwa ndi awo amene amakhulupirira kusanthula ovota, otsegulira adziimira paokha ndipo ngakhale ziŵalo za magulu otsutsanawo alola odziimira okha kukhala ndi chigamulo. Minnesota ndi Wisconsin ali zitsanzo.
  • Semi- Otseka kapena Semi- Open Pribial: Mabungwe amenewa amalola ovota osasintha kusankha kuti ndi chipani chiti choyambirira kuti chivote, pamene kuli kwakuti ziŵalo za chipani cholembetsedwa zimaikizidwa kwa chipani chawo. Ziyeso za mathithirakiti ameneŵa zimalamulira ndi kusamvana, monga momwe zikuwonekera m'maboma onga Arizona ndi Massachusetts.

Pambali pa magulu aakulu ameneŵa, pali kusiyanasiyana kwina. Ena amasinthana. Osankha ndi a norpartisan (m’chitsanzo, njira yoyambirira ya California, kumene oyembekezera kulowa pa chipani chimodzi ndi kutsogolo kuŵiri. Ena amavala primmary (kale ku Washington ndi Alaska) kumene ofufuza angawoloke mizera ya maphrotenti pa mpira umodzi wokha. Njira yosankhidwa imakhudza kwambiri khalidwe la ofufuza: m'ma Primmary, oyembekezera kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira pa maziko a gulu; m'mapuloma, angachepetse uthenga wawo kuti apite ku mlingo waukulu wa omvera.

Kusiyana kwina kowopsya kuli pakati pa chisankho chachikulu ndi kazitape. Pamene kuli kwakuti choyambirira ndicho kusankhidwira ku masankho apadera okhala ndi zilolezo zachinsinsi ndi malo ofufuzira, caucus imaphatikizapo misonkhano yachinsinsi, makambitsirano, ndi mavoti otsegulira. Ma shasi ndi zochitika zochepera kwambiri zolamuliridwa ndi ochirikiza chipani chodzipereka kwambiri, zimene zingatulutse oyembekezera kukhala opambanitsa kuposa ziŵalo za chipani chachikulu. Kusintha kuchoka ku caucus kupita ku maprojectives m'maiko ambiri kumasonyeza chikhumbo cha kuthekera ndi zocheperapo ndi zoloŵa m’kutengamo mbali.

Ntchito ya Makhoti

Masankho aakulu amatumikira zifuno zambiri zofunika, chilichonse chikumathandizira ku thanzi ndi mpikisano wa demokrase.

Kusankha Koyenera ndi Kulamulira Khalidwe Labwino

Ntchito yowonekera kwambiri ndiyo kuchepetsa malo kuchokera ku zitsulo zambiri kufikira ku wotsogolera mmodzi wa gulu limodzi. Njira imeneyi imakhazikitsa njira yolamulira yapamwamba: oyembekezera ayenera kutsimikizira kuti angapange mgwirizano, kukweza ndalama, kulankhula uthenga wogwirizana, ndi kuyang'ana kuchokera kwa ofalitsa ndi otsutsa. Kukhoza kutseguka bwino lomwe kuchotsa osayenerera kapena oyembekezera olakwika kwambiri asanayang'anene ndi gulu lotsutsa. Komabe, mkhalidwe wa kanemayo umadalira kwambiri pa kuvota [1] pulogalamu kapena kutsika kwa chidziŵitso kungatheketse ofufuzawo kulowa m’malo amodzi kulowa.

Kutenga Mbali ndi Maphunziro a Mtengo

Upandu umachitika miyezi ingapo chisanachitidwe chisankho, kupatsa osankha mwaŵi woyamba wa kuphunzira ponena za oyembekezera ndi nkhani. Chiŵiya chotalikitsidwachi chimalimbikitsa kutomerana kwakukulu: ovota angapezeke m’maholo a tauni, malo a ukatswiri wa za kufufuza, ndipo ngakhale kukambitsirana mwachindunji ndi oyembekezera kuchitika kwa onse. Kuulutsidwa kokulira m'mabwalo a masukulu opikisana kumaphunzitsanso kusankhidwa kwa makambitsirano a malamulo ocholoŵana amene mwina angasinthidwe m’misechere. Mwachitsanzo, 2020 democracy pulezidenti ya democracy inafotokoza makambitsirano aakulu pa za kusintha kwa za umoyo, malamulo, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu, kukulitsa nkhani yapoyera.

Kumanga Chigulu ndi Umodzi

Mosiyana ndi maganizo akuti maprime ndi ogaŵanitsa, munthu woyang'anira bwino angalimbitse mgwirizano wa anthu. Ogwirizana ndi ochirikiza awo amakakamizika kusiyanitsa makhalidwe amodzi ndi kupeza chifukwa chimodzi chokhalira ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino. Pomalizira pake, munthu amene akulimbana ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe ayenera kuyesetsa kugwirizanitsa magulu opikisana, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amakonza zinthu kuti agwirizane kuti agwirizane. Zimenezi zingayambitse mfundo yogwirizana kwambiri yopita ku kusankha anthu. Koma, mfundo yaikulu imene imayambitsa mavuto aakulu imene imayambitsa mavuto aakulu ingathe kuwononga mgwirizano wa gulu.

Kulinganiza ndi Kuwongolera Zinthu Zamoyo

Upandu umagwira ntchito monga njira ya kusintha maganizo m'mabungwe. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, zitokoso zazikulu kuchokera kumanzere ku Chipani cha Democratic (m’chitsanzo, "Squad" ziŵalo zosadya m'zipundu) kapena kuchokera kumanja mu Republican Party (m’ma., , thirakiti la Tea Party) lachotsa mapulatifomu onse. Mabululu amalola akuluakulu a udzu kuchititsa akuluakulu osankhidwa kukhala ndi mlandu wa kuswa lamulo la ovomerezeka. Ntchito imeneyi ndi yosakaniza kaŵiri: imatsimikizira kuti anthu akuvomereza koma ikhozanso kuthamangitsa magulu a zigawenga kuchokera ku voti ya wailesi.

Kusintha kwa Ndale Zandale

Chochititsa chachikulu kwambiri chimaumba opita kukapulumuka, kusonkhezera malo awo, njira zawo zolankhulirana, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Kuika Malamulo ndi Kubala Mwazi

Kuti apambane pa mfundo yaikulu, oyembekezera kupambana ayenera choyamba kuyang'anira chipani, chimene chimafuna kukhala chopambanitsa kuposa chisankho cha ofufuza wamba. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti oyembekezera kubatizidwa apeze malo abwino koma oyenera kusankhidwa. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wobatizidwa pa Republica angachirikize kuchirikiza malamulo okhwima ochotsera mimba kapena kudula msonkho, pamene woyang'anira democratic angachirikize msonkho wowonjezereka kapena maprogramu othandizira kupeza chithandizo. Pambuyo posunga malamulo oyenerera, nthaŵi zambiri amakhomera malo odziŵika monga "kuthamanga ku , kenaka ku likulu la . Pangano limeneli likhoza kuchirikiza kuletsa kuvota ndi kukopa anthu otsutsa malo aakulu ofufuza oukira.

Kupeza Ndalama Ndiponso Ndalama

Kampeni zazikulu ndi PACIC. Apulogalamu ayenela kuonetsa luso la kukopa anthu opeleka zinthu, kaya mwa zopeleka za pa Intaneti zaing'ono (monga momwe Hillary Clinton ndi Bernie Sanders anachitira mu 2016) kapena kwa akuluakulu opereka ndi a PC. Kupambana m'zopereka zamphamvu zothandizira kuti zizindikiro zikhale zothandiza, zimene nazonso zimakopa zinthu zina. Njira yoyamba yakhala njira yopezera ndalama: Ofuna ndalama zopezera ndalama zopitira ku maboma oyambirira monga Iowa kapena New Hampshire kaŵirikaŵiri amagwa ndi mwayi waukulu wozipenda. Chopinga cha ndalama chimenechi chingathe kubweretsa mwayi wolonjeza koma wosalemera kwambiri, kuyambitsa mafunso okhudza kusankha zinthu.

Kupenda ndi Kuzindikira Dzina la Ofalitsa Nkhani

Mantha oyamba, maholo a matauni, ndi zochitika za ndawala zimapanga kutchuka kwa nyuzi kumene kumapanga dzina ndi chizindikiro. Kuseŵera kwakukulu kungayambitse wandale wosadziŵika bwino pakalipansi pa dziko lonse (m., Barack Obama's disciograph ndi kutsata kwake kwakukulu kwa 2004). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuonetsa kosathandiza kwenikweni kwa mafilimu oyambirira kungachititse kutha ntchito yandale. Ofalitsa nkhani za "mpiki" kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera kupenda ndi kuwonjezera, kukwaniritsa maulosi: wodzidzimutsa amene amadabwitsa ku Iowa kapena ku New Hampshire kutuluka ndi kufunitsitsa kutulutsa chidziŵitso cha makampani a zandale zadziko, pamene amene akulimbana ndi kuyesayesa kupezako bwino.

Zimene Anaphunzira pa Nkhani ya Kusintha Zinthu

Makampani akupereka malabolatori otsika kaamba ka njira za ndawala. Asayansi amayesa mauthenga osiyanasiyana, machenjera a gulu, ndi anthu opinga. Mwachitsanzo, wofuna kubatizidwa angapeze kuti kusumika maganizo pa kutchuka kwa zachuma kumamveka bwino kuposa nkhani za chitetezo cha dziko. Maphunziro ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri pa masankho a onse, kumene mathithiwale ali apamwamba ndi osankhidwirapo. Kachitidwe koyambirira kawonetsa ka maluso amene angawongoletsedwe: munthu amene amalimbana ndi magaffe kapena kutsutsana kwabwino kwa dziko.

Kusuliza ndi Zovuta Zimene Zimasonyezedwa ndi Anthu Oyambirira

Ngakhale kuti masankho aakulu amayendera demokalase, anthu amatsutsa kwambiri masankho amene achititsa kuti pafunikire kusintha zinthu.

Kusintha ndi Kutha Kwake

Chiphunzitso chofala kwambiri ndicho chakuti oyembekezera kuikidwa paudindo amasintha kuti afike pa kupambanitsa kwa malingaliro. Mwa kutsika kwa ovota oyenera ndi kugawana ndi ochirikiza chipani, mawu amphamvu amalamulira osankhidwa oyambirira. Kusankha kumeneku "kugawana" kumachotsa oyembekezera" pakati, kuthandizira kugaŵana kwa ndale zadziko ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo. Kutetezera kukwatira, oyembekezera kupanga malonjezo amene ali ovuta kubwerera kumbuyo, kuwasiya ali osavuta m'masankhoti kapena kuwakakamiza iwo ku malo audindo audindo.

Kutsika kwa M’mwamba ndi Zotulukapo Zosaimiridwa

Kutembenuka koyambirira kumadziŵika bwino kwambiri . Kaŵirikaŵiri kutsika kwa 20 peresenti m'zaka zapakati ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumaposa 30% m'nyengo za pulezidenti. Amene amavota amakhala achikulire, olemera, ophunzira kwambiri, ndi malingaliro ambiri kuposa osankha onse. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti anthu oyambirira kupambana kaŵirikaŵiri amaimira chigawo chochepa cha chipani, osati mamembala a gululo owonjezereka. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku 2019 wochitidwa ndi Pew Research Center anapeza kuti ofufuza kwambiri ali othekera kwambiri kuzindikira "Averyvorey Frace" kapena "overical" kuposa makampani a gulu la opanga mafashoni.

Kusokonekera ndi Mkupiti Woipa

Mpikisanowu nthawi zina umafalitsa nkhani zosokoneza kapena kusokoneza zinthu zimene zimalepheretsa munthu kupambana, ndipo pomaliza, gulu lotsutsana ndi gululi lingayambitse nkhondoyi posankha anthu. Mpikisano waukulu ungachititse kuti anthu ambiri ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zabodza kapena matope olakwika.

Mbali ya Ndalama ndi Magulu Akunja

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Cibizens United v. FEC . FELT . (2010) inalola kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mosalekeza ndi makampani ndi mabungwe, kuwonjezera kwambiri chisonkhezero cha ndalama zochokera kunja m’zipinda za magetsi. MapaC ndi magulu a ndalama zakuda tsopano angawonongere mamiliyoni ambiri kuwonjezera kapena kuwononga oyembekezera, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kuulutsa bwino. Makampani ozimitsa ndalama ameneŵa angagonjetse mipikisano ya udzu ndi kupereka mphamvu zazikulu kwa olemera ndi zikondwerero zapadera.

Kuyerekezera: Upandu Padziko Lonse

Pamene kuli kwakuti masankho aakulu kwambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi United States, mademokrase ena atengera njira zofanana, ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu. M'maiko ambiri, zigamulo , osati boma . "adistrading system . Mwachitsanzo, mu United Kingdom, Labour Party nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi imasunga "kutsegulira" njira zimene ochirikiza olembetsa olembetsedwa angavote. Ku Canada, magulu ena andale amagwiritsira ntchito njira zovotera zophatikiza makadi ndi othandizira. Zitsanzo zimenezi zapadziko lonse zimene zimawunikira kwambiri za kuvomereza kwa munthu aliyense amene amavomereza " miyezo ya kuyenera ndi pakati" ndipo sagwirizana ndi kugaŵana kwa dongosolo lotsekera. Ku Canada, magulu ena andale amagwiritsira ntchito mavoti a mavoti osankha amene amaphatikiza makadi ndi ochirikiza mavoti. Zitsatiŵa anagogomezera kwambiri kuti njira zapamwamba za kupambana ndi zimagwirizana ndi chitsanzo zamphamvu zamphamvu zapadera.

Mokondweretsa, maiko ambiri akana malo opatulidwa chifukwa cha mantha a kuwonongedwa kwa zipani kapena kugwidwa kwapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, ku Germany, zipani kaŵirikaŵiri zimasankha oyembekezera kulowa m'misonkhano yachigawo mmalo mwa mavoti otseguka. Chosankha pakati pa zigawo zazikulu ndi msonkhano chimasonyeza malingaliro apamwamba a mwambo ponena za ulamuliro wa demokrase ndi wa chipani. Chitsanzo cha U.S., limodzi ndi kutsogolera kwake kwa boma, ndi mitundu ya zipani ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Kusintha ndi Tsogolo la Kusankha Koyambirira

Posuliza, malingaliro ambiri osintha zinthu afala pakati pa asayansi andale ndi ochirikiza kusintha zinthu.

Malo Otseguka ndi Madongosolo Aŵiri Apamwamba

Maboma onga California ndi Washington atengera "top-2" yopanda chigawo, kumene oyembekezera onse amawonekera pa chisankho chimodzi ndi opanga aŵiri opita patsogolo ku chisankho chachisawawa (osasamala za chipani). Dongosolo limeneli likufuna kuchepetsa kugaŵidwa kwa malo ndi ofunsira ku pulogalamu yokulirapo ndi kuletsa opatutsa owopsa kudutsa mumtunda wotsekedwa. Otsutsa amanena kuti ilo lachepetsa mkhalidwe wandale wa California; osuliza akuona kuti ikhozabe kutulukapo oyembekezera kuwonjezereka aŵiri a gulu lomwelo, akumatsekeranso anthu achitatu.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) ndi Mazira Omalizira

RCV imalola ovota kulinganiza osankhidwa mwa kusankha, ndipo ngati palibe wosankha amene apambana ambiri, wobatizidwa wofooka kwambiri amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amavomerezedwa. Dongosolo limeneli limalimbikitsa oyembekezera kukhazikitsa zigwirizano m'magulu. Mu 2020, Alaska aphatikiza RCV ndi RCV yopanda mbali zinayi, kupereka poyambirira, potsatira kupenda koyambirira . RCV imachepetsanso "chiyambukiro cha mpikisano" ndi kuletsa mkupitikizana , popeza kuti oyembekezerawo angafunikire kuvota kwachiŵiri kwa otsutsa awo.

Maphunziro Owonjezereka ndi Opanga Zopanga

Maboma ambiri asonkhezera masiku oyambirira kuwonjezera kutengamo mbali . Kuwasunga patsiku limodzi ndi masankho a onse (monga mu mapulanila a Nevada) kapena kugwirizana ndi mipikisano ya kumaloko. Ena asankha kulembetsa kwa ovota ndi kuvota oyambirira. Nonpartisan otsogolera ndi ofunsira, kaŵirikaŵiri ochirikizidwa ndi mabungwe a boma kapena mayunivesite, angathandize kudziŵitsa voti. National Association of Secretary of State akupereka mpambo wa masiku ndi chuma.

Kukonzanso Ndalama kwa Anthu Onse ndi Mkupiti

Kuti athetse chisonkhezero cha ndalama, maulamuliro ena anapanga maprogramu ang'ono ofanana (monga New York City) kapena madongosolo a zandalama a anthu onse. "Emmond Act" chitsanzo, chochirikizidwa ndi magulu onga ngati mediamUs, chikapereka ndalama za boma kwa wovota aliyense, amene angapereke kwa osankha. Masinthidwe ameneŵa angachepetse chopinga cha ndalama kwa otsutsa udzu ndi kuchepetsa kudalira kwa opereka ndalama.

Kumaliza

Masankho aakulu ndi owonjezereka kuposa mipikisano yoyambirira . Koma zifooko zawo ndizo kuchepetsa, kuchepa kwa ndalama, ndi kuimira malo a kachitidwe ka ka kayendetsedwe ka boma ndi njira za kusonkhezera kugwirizana ndi kuvota, mapulogalamu amakhudza kwambiri zinthu zonse zachilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto aakulu, kuchepa kwa ndalama, ndi kuimira malo ake monga malo ofunika kwambiri ndi ofunika kwambiri. Monga nzika ndi okonzanso zinthu zina zikulimbana ndi kulimbikitsa demokrase, masankho a masankho akuluakulu ayenera kukhala nkhaŵa yaikulu. Kaya kupyolera ku madongosolo otsegulira, osankhidwa, osankhidwa, kapena opititsa patsogolo, cholinga chachikulu chiyenera kukhala kusunga malo aakulu a kusankhidwa kwa anthu pamene akusankha moyenerera.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Center yofufuza ya Osankhidwa oyambirira , Brookings compoques of primetics , ndi [FLT ] National Conference of State Legislatures formations