Nyengo Yatsopano mu Demokrase ya India: Chisinthiko cha Kusintha Kochitidwa ndi Alendo

Ndale za India zili pakati pa kusintha kwakukulu, osati ndi chochitika chimodzi koma ndi njira yokhazikika ya kusanthula. M’zaka khumi zapitazo, masinthidwe a makampani ndi maluso asinthanso mmene amachitidwira masankho, mmene oyembekezera kuŵerengeredwa amasungidwira mlandu, ndi mmene ofunsira amakhalira ndi dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Kusintha kumeneku, kopititsidwa patsogolo ndi Ecomtion Commission ya India (ECI) ndi maboma otsatizana, cholinga cha kuthetsa mavuto ozama monga kufunafuna chisankho, kugula, ndi chisonkhezero cha ndalama zosakhala za lamulo. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi aliyense wokondwerera kusintha kumeneku sikuli kofunika kumvetsetsa masankhidwe lerolino kwa mbadwo wapitawo.

Mlingo wa osankhira a ku India [1] Mu 2024 [1] ukupangitsa kusintha kwapang'ono kuoneka bwino. Kutsatiraku ndi kupenda kwakukulu kwa kusintha kwakukulu kwa masankho kumene kwachitidwa, kusintha kwake kooneka bwino kwa ndale za India, mavuto ouma khosi amene akutsala, ndi njira ya kutsogolo ya dongosolo limene liyenera kupitirizabe kukhala loyera ndi lodalirika.

Mbiri Yakale: Chifukwa Chake Kusintha Zinthu Kunafunika

Dongosolo la voti la India, loikidwa m'Malamulo ake ndi lotsogozedwa ndi kuimira kwa Malamulo a People Act (1950 ndi 1951), linalinganizidwa kaamba ka nyengo ina. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, masankho adachitidwa ndi mapepala osankhidwa, kuŵerengera kwa manja, ndi kuyang'anira ndalama za kampani. Dongosolo limeneli linali losavuta kulanda: kulanda msasa, kujambula, ndi kutsagana kwaulere, ndi kutsalira kwauleredi ndalama m'makampani ku m'maseŵero. Chisankho cha Katuwa cha ma 1980 ndi masankhoti a Bihar Convention, kumene masethiractive anasitidwa, kugogomezera kuchuluka kwa kachitidwe ka pulogalamu ya chisankho. Eclate ya malipooti a mu 1990 ndi 2000 otchedwa kuti asinthe mphamvu ya ndalama, ndi mphamvu za zigawa zandale zadziko.

Posinthira zinthu pa makina ovota 2013 chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu ku [FL:0] PUCL v. Union of India , chimene chinalamula kuyambitsidwa kwa “Kusachita Kumodzi kwa Zaluso zapamwamba” (NOTA). Zimenezi zinatsatiridwa ndi lamulo la Voter Verificable Pap Discoutic Trail , limene Khoti linalamula mu 2017. Zitsanzo zimenezi, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ECI kwamakono kwa luso lamakono, zinakhazikitsa siteji ya masinthidwe omwe angasinthe kwambiri malo osankhidwa.

Chochititsa Kusintha: Kuchoka ku EVM Kufikira ku Kusintha kwa Malo

Kusinthako kungagwirizanitsidwe m’magulu anayi aakulu: kuwongolera kwa luso la zopangapanga, kuŵerengera mlandu, ziletso za ndawala, ndi zopereka zopereka mphamvu kwa ovota. Chilichonse chakhala ndi chiyambukiro chosiyana pa mmene masankho a India amamenyedwera ndi kupambana.

Makina Otulutsa Mafoni a M’manja ndi Ochokera ku Makompyuta

Kuyambika kwa Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) m'ma 1980 kunali kupambana kwakukulu kwa luso la zopangapanga koyambirira, koma kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo kofala kunayamba kokha pambuyo pa 2000. Lerolino, masankho onse ndi mavoti ambiri a boma amachitidwa ndi EVM. Makinawo amachotsa mavoti osathandiza, kuthamanga kuŵerengera, ndipo amachepetsa upandu wa kutumiza katundu wa bolot bosbot jock. Komabe, nkhaŵa za kusokonezedwa ku kuyambitsidwa kwa Voter Verificable PapPA Radion (VPAT) [1] Wosindikiza wopanga pepala limene limaonetsa chisankhozero cha wovota. Wovotayo angaonere pepalalololo lisanagwere m’galasilo. Pepali lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzungulira la zivoti.

Mu April 2019, Khoti Lalikulu linalangiza kuti VVPAT imatsalira kuchokera ku masiteshoni asanu osankhidwa ofufuza osankhidwa pamsonkhano uliwonse kuŵerengedwa monga kupenda kutsutsana ndi zotulukapo za EVM . Zimenezi zawonjezera kwambiri chidaliro cha anthu m'mafakitale, ngakhale kuti mikangano yokhudza chitetezo chawo ikupitirizabe. ECI nthaŵi zonse yakhala ikutsimikizira kuti AVM ndi oletsa, ndipo kufufuza kodziimira kwaumwini kwachirikiza kwambiri mfundo imeneyi. Komabe, mkanganowu uku uku ukugogomezera kufunika kwa uyang’aniro wopitirizabe ndi kuonekera kwa mavoti a vota.

Kusuta Malo Osungiramo Apandu ndi Macheke a Apandu

Imodzi ya malo ofunika kwambiri okonza zinthu ndiyo kuonekera. Kuyambira mu 2003, oyembekezera kugamulidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu, tsopano akufunika kulemba ndandanda ya mapepala a upandu (ngati alipo), zoyenerera za maphunziro, ndi chuma (kuphatikizapo za akazi awo ndi odalira). Chidziŵitso chimenechi chaikidwa pa webusaiti ya ECI, kulola ovota kupanga zosankha zodziŵidwa. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ziyeneretso zoulula zakhala zokhwima: ofuna kulengeza tsopano magwero a chuma chawo ndi milandu ina iliyonse yotsatilirapo.

Chiyambukiro chakhala chodziŵika. Chiŵerengero cha oimira osankhidwa okhala ndi milandu yaupandu chakhala chokwera mopambanitsa . Oposa 40% a maMP osankhidwa mu 2019 adalengeza milandu yaupandu . Koma kuwonekera kwatheketsa magulu a nzika monga gulu la Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) kufalitsa kupenda kokhazikika ndi oyembekezera kuikidwa pa mautumiki awo oyera. Khoti Lapamwamba lasonkhezeranso “chiletso chanthaŵi ya moyo wa munthu” pa opanga malamulo kuchokera ku ku kupikisana ndi masankhoti, ngakhale kuti kutha kwa khoti la malamulo mu 2013 kokha linawaletsa kaamba ka nyengo ya kuikidwa m'ndende ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake. Kutsutsanako kukupitirizabe, ndipo kusintha kwalamulo kukupitirizabe.

3. Kampeni ya Ndalama ndi Malire

Ndalama zakhala zaka zambiri m'dziko lopatulidwa. Kuti athetse mphamvu yake, ECI amakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima operekera ndalama kwa oyembekezera: mu 2024 Lok Sabha, malire anali 935 lakh ($11,000) pa chisankho pa maboma aakulu. Kuwonjezera apo, zipani zandale zimafunidwa kupereka maakaunti ofufuzidwa chaka chilichonse ndi kuvumbula zopereka zoposa 760,000. Kuyambitsidwa kwa mavoti a osankhidwa mu 201820,000 kunali kusintha kofuna kuyeretsa ndalama za ndale polola zopereka ndalama zosadziŵika bwino. Komabe, mabowo anamenyedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu February 2024 pa zifukwa zimene anaswa lamulo la nzika za ndale zadziko lokhudza ndalama. Khoti la Boma la India linalamula kuti aulule zinthu zonse zogula, kusamuka kwa mapangano owonjezereka.

Kusiyapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ECI yachepetsa kugaŵiridwa kwa ndalama ndi kugaŵidwa kwa makampani. Magulu oyendetsa ndege, timu za mavidiyo, ndi magulu olondera aulonda aikidwa kuyang'anira ndi kulanda ndalama zosakhala za lamulo, zakumwa, ndi mphatso. M'masankho aunyinji 2024 okha, ndalama zoposa 76100,000 ndi katundu zinatengedwa m'maboma .

4. Makhalidwe ndi Kukakamiza

Model Code of Epial (MCC) ndi mpambo wa zitsogozo zoperekedwa ndi EIC zimene zimalamulira khalidwe la zipani zonse zandale ndi osankha pa masankho. Imaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito makina a boma posankha, kupatsa ovota, kupanga mawu audani, ndi kukopa malingaliro a anthu ampatuko. ECI yalimbikitsa kutsata kwake mwa kukhazikitsa dongosolo la opatutsa la makampani ofufuza mofufuza, kutumiza mphamvu zazikulu za kuletsa kuopseza, ndi kuchotsa mwamsanga akuluakulu amene amaswa malamulowo.

MCC yatulukira monga chiŵiya champhamvu chopezera mlingo woseŵera. Mu 2024, ECI mwamsanga inatsutsa andale zadziko angapo kaamba ka kupanga nkhani zokwiyitsa, kuphatikizapo kuwaletsa kukachita mkupiti kwa nyengo yoikika. Pamene kuli kwakuti osuliza amatsutsa kuti MCC nthaŵi zina imachitidwa mosankha, chiyambukiro chake chonse chakhala kuchepetsa machitidwe otseguka ndi kupatsa ECI monga wopanga waudoma wopanda tsankho.

Kulembetsa ndi Kuwonjezera Masinthidwe

Masinthidwe asumikanso maganizo pa kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa nzika kulembetsa ndi kuvota. ECI anayambitsa kulembetsa kwa pa Intaneti kwa anthu achikulire ndi anthu okhala ndi zolemala, kukhazikitsa ma arppec, brayle signage, ndi ma projekiti opatuka. Kwa antchito osamuka, chitokoso chachikulu cha masankho a India, ECI akuyendetsa makina oonera zinthu omwe angawalole kuponya mavoti a ntchito awo popanda ulendo wopita kunyumba kwawo.

“ Ovota oikidwa [1] kuphatikizapo kudziŵitsa kwa ovota, akazi, ndi anthu akumidzi kwathandiza kuwonjezereka kwa ovota. Turnout mu zisankho zachisawawa za 2019 anali 67.4%, kuchokera 58.2% mu 1998. Kuphatikizidwa kwa osankhidwa atsopano oposa 2.5. mu 2024 pulogalamu yosanthula ya pulogalamu yapamwambayi kumasonyeza chipambano cha zoyesayesa zimenezi.

Chiyambukiro pa Ndale Zachiindiya: Si Makina Okha

Kuwonjezera kwa kusintha kumeneku kwakhala kuwongokera koyenera pa mkhalidwe wa masankho a India. Kudalira pa kachitidwe ka masankho kwakula, mosasamala kanthu za zinenezo za kusokoneza. Kugwiritsira ntchito VVPAT ndi kuŵerengera koonekera kwachepetsa kwambiri chiŵerengero cha zifuno ndi mikangano. Nkhondo zandale tsopano zimadalira kwambiri pa wailesi ndi chidziŵitso kuposa pa ndalama ndi minofu [1]

Kuchitidwa kwa ndale zadziko kudakali nkhaŵa yaikulu, koma kuvumbulidwa kwa lamulo kwa zolembedwa za apandu kwakakamiza zipani kulingalira kaŵiri zisanatulukire oyambukiridwa. zipani zina zatenga makomiti a mkati ofufuza opimira kumbuyo, ndipo ovota mowonjezereka akugwiritsira ntchito mapulatifomu a pa intaneti kuyerekezera mafaleshoni a oyembekezera kubatizidwa asanaponye mapepala awo.

Chimodzi cha ziyambukiro zowoneka kwambiri ndicho kuchepa kwa “midzi ya ” yozikidwa pa kuchepa kwa magulu a anthu ndi chipembedzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti ndale zadziko zidakalipo, kusumika maganizo kukusintha kulinga ku ulamuliro ndi chitukuko. Zoyesayesa za ECI za kukakamiza MCC zachepetsa kulankhula kwa udani ndi kulankhula kogaŵanitsa kwa anthu m’nkhani za ndawala za m'mikupiti, ngakhale kuti zoulutsira nkhani za mayanjano zidakali kumadzulo koipa.

Ndiponso, kusintha kwathandiza bungwe la Evotion. Pa nthaŵi ina inaonedwa kukhala chigwirizano cha boma, ECI tsopano ikulemekezedwa kwambiri monga bungwe lamphamvu, lodziimira lokha lokhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo otsutsana ndi ngakhale andale zadziko amphamvu koposa. Njira zake za mkati zosamalira madandaulo ndi zilango zalimbitsidwa, zikumakulitsanso kudalirika kwake.

Mavuto Amene Amakana Kutha

Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo, zovuta zazikulu zikutsala. Chovuta kwambiri ndicho * * * * * kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama**. Pamene kuli kwakuti kulibe malire a ndalama, amanyozedwa kwambiri mwa “ofuna kujambula ” ndi kuŵerengera zinthu. Oonerera a chisankho akuyerekezera kuti ndalama zenizeni zingakhale zoŵirikiza kasanu kapena ka khumi pa malire alamulo, makamaka kwa zipani za dziko. Kusintha kwa mavoti a bungwe la Supreme Court kwatsegula njira yatsopano m'nkhondo ya kuwonekera bwino, koma idzatenga nthaŵi kuti zimveke bwino.

* * * * Kuwopsya kwa Voter * * kukupitirizabe kudetsa nkhaŵa m'matumba ena, makamaka m’maiko okhala ndi mbiri ya chiwawa cha ndale zadziko. ECI yatumiza mphamvu zazikulu ku “usilikali,” koma zochitika za kulanda zikupitiriza m'madera akutali, kaŵirikaŵiri osasimbidwa. Chisonkhezero cha ** apandu** m’ndale zapitirizabe, ndi oyembekezera kukhala ndi milandu yowopsa. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likuletsa chitsutso, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo sinaperekebe lamulo loterolo.

* * Misinformation ndi nkhani zopeka* * pa wailesi ndi manyuzipepala zakhala ziwopsezo zazikulu. Mkati mwa masankho 2019 ndi 2024, ECI inapereka zitsogozo za kusatsa malonda kwa ndale zadziko pa mapulatifomu onga Facebook, WhatsApp, ndi Twitter . Ilo limakhazikitsa “Media Classing and Moning Komiti ya Kufufuza " (MCMC) kusungitsa malonda olembedwa. Koma liŵiro la kulankhulana kwa pa Intaneti limapangitsa kuti kukhale kosatheka kulanda kuswa konse. Kufalikira kwa ma migodi ndi mavidiyo osokoneza mavidiyo mkati mwa mkupitinhila 2024 kugogomezera kufunika kwa kutulukira kwa nthaŵi yeniyeni ndi kuyang'ana kwa AIP.

* * * Kupanda chidwi kwa anthu a m'mizinda* * pakati pa anthu achichepere kulinso chodabwitsa. Ngakhale kuti pali umboni wochuluka, maperesenti ovota m’mizinda ya m'mizinda monga Bengaluru, Mumbai, ndi Delhi aima kumbuyo kwa madera akumidzi. Mkupiti wa ECI ufunikira kukhala wothandiza kwambiri kuti anthu ayambe kuchulukana, mwina mwa kuseŵera kapena kujambula mafilimu aubwenzi amene akupereka kusintha kwa nthaŵi yeniyeni.

Chomalizira, * * * Kutsegulira * * pakati pa malamulo apakati ndi kutsata za mlingo wa panthambi ndi nkhani ya nthaŵi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito VVPAT kokakamiza kuli kwapadziko lonse, koma kutsekeka kwa pepala ndi magilitiki a makompyuta nthaŵi zina kumachedwetsa. ECI yanena zimenezi mwa kuphunzitsa akuluakulu a boma mosamalitsa, koma zolakwa za anthu ndi zaluso sizingathetsedwe kotheratu.

Zimene Zikuchitika M’tsogolomu: Kusintha Zinthu ndi Zimene Angathe

Ulendo wa voti wosintha zinthu udakalipobe. ECI walimbikitsa njira zingapo zimene zikutsala kuti boma lichite:

  • Kuvota kwa osamuka a m'dziko [1] [1] projekiti ya oyendetsa ndege yogwiritsira ntchito EVM ili m'njira yosankha ma confituence . Ngati chipambano, chikhoza kuchititsa antchito 10 odziŵa ntchito amene tsopano satha kuvota chifukwa chakuti akugwira ntchito kunja kwa dziko lawo.
  • Chisankho chogwirizana (Utundu Umodzi, Chisankho chimodzi) [1] [1] [1] Boma lapanga komiti yapamwamba yofufuza kulephera kwa kusunga Lok Sabba ndi msonkhano wa boma pamodzi kuti achepetse ndalama ndi kupeŵa kuchirikiza nthaŵi zonse. Kulingaliraku kuli ndi chichirikizo champhamvu kuchokera ku BJP yolamulira koma kuyang'anizana ndi chitsutso cha zigawo zimene zimaitsutsa.
  • Kulimbikitsa Malamulo a Chitsanzo cha Khalidwe [[FT:1] – Progas imaphatikizapo kupatsa ECI mphamvu ya kuchotsa zipani za ndale zadziko zimene zimaswa malamulo a MCC ndi kukwaniritsa chigamulo cha zifuno za masankho m’miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
  • Kujambula kuwonekera kwa ndalama za chipani – Post chigamulo cha mavoti, ECI ikusonkhezera kuvumbula poyera ndalama zonse za ndale zadziko pamwamba pa khomo laling'ono, limodzi ndi kuŵerengera kokwanira kwa maakaunti a zipani chaka chilichonse.
  • Wovota woyendayenda akumana ndi chidziŵitso [1] – ECI akukonzekera kutsegula apulogalamu ya m'magalimoto kuti avote munthu amene walephera kuvota ndi kulola voti kuchokera m'malo ambiri kudzera m'mabuku osankhidwa a dzikolo. Kusintha kumeneku kungachititse kuvota kukhala koyenera.

Kusintha kwa luso monga ** kusanthula *** kukuphunziridwa ndi maboma angapo kuti agwiritsire ntchito posankha, ngakhale kuti ECI idakali yochenjera ponena za ngozi za chisungiko. Lingaliro la khadi la ** la wovota mmodzi wa dzikolo*** * * * logwirizanitsidwa ndi Aadhaar layandamanso kuti athetse kujambula ndi kunyenga, ngakhale kuti nkhaŵa zachinsinsi ziyenera kuperekedwa.

Mapeto ake: Chisinthiko Chosatha

Kusintha zinthu ku India si njira yopitira kumoyo. Kuyambika kwa EVMS ndi VVPAT, kulimba kwa Malamulo a Model Code of Faial, kuonekera kwa kutulukira, ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi ndalama m’ndale zakhala zikuthandizira kuti dongosolo limene lili lodalirika kwambiri masiku ano likhalepo kuposa linalo zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo. Kudalirana kwakhalanso m’mbali zambiri, ndipo ECI kwaonekera monga chitsanzo cha mabungwe oyang'anira masankhoti padziko lonse.

Komabe mavuto a upandu, mabodza, ndi mapulogalamu otchuka a ku India akupitirizabe, kutikumbutsa kuti demokrase imafuna kukhala yatcheru nthaŵi zonse. Kusinthanso kwina kudzasumika maganizo pa kupanga mavoti kukhala ofikirika, kuyang’anira mpikisano wa ndandanda, ndi kuchepetsa ntchito ya ndalama. Kwa awo amene akuphunzira zandale za India, nkhani ya kusintha kwa masankho ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yoonera kufalikira kwa demokrase yaikulu koposa ya dziko lapansi, yomwe ili yopanda ungwiro, koma nthaŵi zonse ikuyesetsa kukwaniritsa lonjezo lake la masankhoti aufulu ndi abwino.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani malipoti alamulo a Commission of India Commission ya Chisankho. Akatswiri angalozenso ku kupenda kofalitsidwa ndi Association for Democratic Reformations (ADR) [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] ndi chigamu chaposachedwapa cha khoti lapamwamba pa misonkhano yosanthula. [FLT:] Karnegie Emplements zotsutsa za democracy mu India [[FLT:] ndi [FLT]