Kodi Chigawo cha M’mimba Chimodzi N’chiyani?

Dongosolo la Boma la Metefera (SMD) ndi limodzi la mapangano ofala kwambiri osankhidwa ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'malamulo a dziko lonse lapansi. Pansi pa chitsanzo cha akuluakuluchi, dziko limagawidwa m'zigawo za dziko, limene limasankha nthumwi imodzi yeniyeni kutumikira m'bungwe la malamulo, monga nyumba ya malamulo, msonkhano, kapena msonkhano. Wosankha amene amavota kwambiri m'chigawo chimenechi amapambana mpando, njira imene imatchulidwa kukhala "yoyamba-mbuyo- step" (FPP) kapena "winner-actal-ll". Zimenezi zimasiyana mwachindunji ndi kuimira (PR), kumene oimira ambiri amasankhidwa kuchokera ku madera aakulu ndi mipando yoikidwa m’magulu a gulu lililonse.

SMD ndi maziko a moyo wa ndale zadziko m’mademokrase angapo osonkhezera, kuphatikizapo United States (Nyumba ya Oimira), United Kingdom (Nyumba ya Commons), Canada (Nyumba ya Commons), India (Lok Sabba), ndi maiko ambiri a Commonwealth. Kufeŵa kwake ndi kulunjika kwa icho kwapanga icho kukhala chosankha chosatha cha masankho, komanso chimanyamula malonda odabwitsa amene amayambukira kuima, kukhazikika kwa boma, ndi chitokoso kuvomereza chivoti.

Kuti timvetse bwino tanthauzo la SMD, n’kofunika kwambiri kuti tisangopenda mmene imayambira komanso mmene imayambira, mmene imakhudzira ndale, ndiponso kutsutsana kobwerezabwereza ponena za chilungamo chake ndi mphamvu yake.

Mbiri Yakale ndi Kulera Ana Ena Padziko Lonse

Kukula Koyambirira ku Great Britain

Kuchokera ku dongosolo la SMD kungapezeke kuchokera ku chisinthiko cha oimira nyumba ya malamulo ku England zaka za zana la 19. Zisanafike zaka za zana la 19, makampani ambiri anasankhidwa kukhala mamembala aŵiri kapena kuposapo, kaŵirikaŵiri okhala ndi malire otsatizana ndi ukulu wosalingana wa anthu. Masinthidwe a mu 1832, 1867, ndi 884 pang’onopang'ono anakhazikitsa lingaliro la mbali imodzi ya bungwe la malamulo kuti awonetse kugwirizana pakati pa Ankquats ndi oimira awo. Chigawo cha Seats Act cha 1885 chikhazikitsa mwalamulo dongosolo la madera ambiri a Nyumba ya Commons ku Britain, chitsanzo chimene chinatumizidwa kumadera ndi maulamuliro a ku Britain.

Kufalikira ku United States ndi Kupyolapo

Ku United States, zigawo chimodzi zinavomerezedwa ndi Aportion Act ya 1842, yomwe inafuna kuti ziŵalo za Nyumba ya Oimira zisankhidwe kuchokera ku madera "okhakha ndi kugwirizanitsa". Izi zinali mbali za kutsutsa madongosolo aakulu osankha amene analola kuti zigaŵenga zilamulire m'zigawo. M'kupita kwa nthaŵi, maiko ambiri anatengera SMD monga mbali ya nyumba yawo kapena kutengerako kwa Westminster-mskup Utsogoleri wa ACEEctoral Knote, pafupifupi 45% ya madongosolo a pulogalamu a dziko lonse osanthula a kugwiritsira ntchito zigawo chimodzi m'malo oyamba apamwamba, pamene kuli kwakuti ena agwirizana ndi mbali za madeti a SMDSD ndi madeti a madongosolo ophatikizana.

Mmene Dongosolo la SMD Limagwirira Ntchito

Kutulutsa ndi Kupanga Makina

M'dziko la SMD, dzikolo limagaŵidwa kukhala madera ambiri monga momwe kulili mipando ya malamulo. Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi chiŵerengero chofanana cha ovota, ngakhale kuti kusinthasintha kwa anthu ndi kuloŵerera kwa ndale kungayambitse kusalinganizika. Patsiku la chisankho, voti amaponya pepala limodzi kwa wobatizidwa mmodzi m’chigawo chawo. Wosankhayo amene wasankhayo ndi woposa onse amapambana malowo, mosasamala kanthu kuti amasungadi ochuluka (oposa 50%) kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba. M'madera ena, wothamanga kapena wapamwamba wa mpira wamtengo waung'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati safika pa chitseko china, koma wotchuka kwambiri SMD puloteeti ya SD imadalira pa kuchuluka kokha.

Madera a Member imodzi v. Zigawo zambiri

Mbali yolongosola ya SMD ndi "membala mmodzi": chigawo chilichonse chili ndi woimira mmodzi. Izi zimasiyana ndi madera a anthu ambiri (MMDs), kumene mipando yambiri imadzaza kuchokera ku malo amodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolozera kapena zopimira. Ochirikiza amanena kuti SMD imapanga kuonekeratu, kudziŵerengera kwaumwini pakati pa ovota ndi opanga malamulo awo, pamene kuli kwakuti imachititsa kuti mawu a m'chigawo china achepetsedwe.

Mapindu a M’dongosolo la SMD

Kuimira Koonekeratu ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Imodzi ya mapindu otchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri a SMD ndiyo kugwirizana kowonekera bwino pakati pa wovota ndi woimira wawo. Ofufuza amadziŵa bwino lomwe amene ayenera kukhala ndi thayo kaamba ka nkhani za kumaloko, zigamulo za malamulo, ndi kupereka utumiki. Kudziŵerengera kwaumwini kumeneku kungapangitse akuluakulu osankhidwa kukhala ovomereza kwambiri pa zosoŵa za kuvomereza, popeza kuti kusankhidwanso kwawo kumadalira pa kusunga chichirikizo cha kumaloko. Mosiyana, madongosolo a PR okhala ndi zigawo zambiri angachotse mfundo imeneyi, kupangitsa kuvuta kuti ovotawo avomereze chipambano kapena kulephera kwa wandale wina.

Kukhazikika kwa Boma Lalikulu

Madongosolo a SMD amapanga chiŵerengero cha zipani zocheperapo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku maboma ambiri amodzi. Kukhazikika kumeneku kumayamikiridwa ndi ochirikiza ulamuliro wamphamvu: maboma ambiri angapereke malamulo mofulumira, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo anthaŵi yaitali popanda kukambitsirana kwa nthaŵi zonse, ndi kupereka zotulukapo zowonekera bwino. Kwa osankha ambiri, kukhoza "kutaya ma rascal" ndi kulowa mmalo boma limodzi ndi lina lokha ndilo mbali yofunika kwambiri ya demokrase ya democracy. Mayiko onga United Kingdom ndi Canada adasangalala ndi malamulo a Spanishial, maboma ambiri pansi pa malamulo a SMD.

Kupanga Mkupiti ndi Kuthandizana

Chifukwa chakuti chigawo chirichonse chiri chaching'ono kwambiri (chogwirizana ndi dziko lonse) chimene opita ku mavoti angakumane ndi iwo eni, SMD amalimbikitsa mtundu wa udzu wa kukonza. Ophunzira ayenera kulongosola nkhani za kumaloko, kupezeka pa zochitika za chitaganya, ndi kupanga mtundu wapadera kuchokera ku chipani chawo. Zimenezi zingapangitse makampani a chisankho kukhala okhoza kuchititsa anthu ambiri kugawana pamlingo wa kumaloko ndi kulimbikitsa andale zadziko kumvetsetsa zosoŵa zenizeni za chigawo chawo, kuyambira ntchito za zomanga maziko kufikira ku makampani a sukulu.

Kutengeka Maganizo Koipa ndi Mapwando Opulupudza

M'malo onse opambana, maphwando aang'ono okhala ndi chichirikizo chofalikira sapambana mochepera pokhapo ngati ochirikiza awo ali osumika maganizo kwambiri m'zigawo zakutizakuti. Ntchito zamphamvu zimenezi monga chopinga cholimbana ndi zigaŵenga kapena zipani zotsutsa dongosolo la zinthu, zimene zimalimbana kupyola m'khofi ya SMD. Zotsatira zake, nzandale zocheperapo, chifukwa chakuti magulu ayenera kukopa kwa wovota wa nyuzi m'chigawo chilichonse kuti apambane. Chisonkhetso chimenechi cha kulinganizika kwa kukhoza kuchepetsa ndi kukulitsa mgwirizano mosavuta pamene palibe gulu la anthu lotchuka.

Mavuto ndi Kusuliza kwa Dongosolo la SMD

Kuwononga Pakati pa Malo ndi Madzi

Chisulizo chachikulu cha SMD ndicho chikhoterero chake cha kutulutsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mipando yotchuka ya chipani ndi mbali yake ya mipando yalamulo. Kusiyana kumeneku kuli chotulukapo cha kupambana kwa malingaliro onse: gulu limene lipambana 40% ya voti koma lili patsogolo kwambiri m’madera ambiri likhoza kupambana mipando yaikulu, pamene gulu la 20% la ovotawo lofalikira dzikolo silingapeze malo alionse. Malinga ndi phunziro la Electoral Reformation Society, UK yaona chisankho cha chisankho cha Conservate .

Malonda Otayidwa ndi Ntchito Zabwino

M'chosankha cha SMD, voti iliyonse yoikidwa kwa wofunsira amene walephera ndi "yoimbidwa bwino" m’lingaliro lakuti siithandiza kusanthula woimira. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kufalikira kwa chivoti , kumene ovota amasiya munthu wokonda kuchirikiza wotchuka woposa wina wosiyana ndi amene amalephera kupambana. Chochitikacho chimatsendereza kusankha wosankha, kukweza kuchirikiza magulu aŵiri aakulu, ndi kutsata ochirikiza a magulu aang'ono amene amamva kuti kuvota kwawo sikuli kanthu. Voter sumaout mu SDD imakhala yotsika kwambiri kuposa m'madongosolo a PR, makamaka pakati pa magulu amene amalingalira kuti akuchotsapo kuimira.

Kuperekedwa kwa Zigawo ndi Akazi

Chifukwa chakuti machigawo a SMD amasankha woimira mmodzi yekha, magulu a anthu ochepa ofalikira m’madera ambiri kaŵirikaŵiri alibe chiŵerengero cha anthu chofunikira kusankha wofunsira. Ngakhale pamene magulu ochepa ali ofala, angapatsidwe m'zigawo zimene zimagaŵa mphamvu zawo zovotera kapena kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chawo. Kufufuza kuchokera ku Brennan Center for Justice kwasonyeza kuti zigawo za anthu amodzi m'dziko la United States zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kusanthula kwa anthu a mafuko ndi mafuko ochepa, kachitidwe kamene Vong Rights Act ya 1965 ikufuna kukapereka. Mofananamo, akazi amayesedwa m'madongosolo a PDS, mbali imodzi chifukwa chakuti magulu safuna konse kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kusankhana kwa akazi mpikisano, opambana m'madera onse.

Gerrymandering

Chizoloŵezi cha kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo kuti apeze phindu landale ndi chitokoso chosatha m'madongosolo a SMD. Mwakukopa zigawo kuti "pack" adani awo akhale pamipando yochepa kapena "crack" ochirikiza awo m’madera ambiri, mabungwe olamulira angapereke mphamvu zawo ngakhale atataya chivoti chotchuka. Chisankho cha 2012 cha Nyumba za United States ndi chitsanzo choopsa: Ngakhale kuti Democrates anapambana mavoti ambiri kuposa Republican, Republican adasunga unyinji wa anthu achiwawa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa gerrymanning pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa 2010. Gerryderman amadzing'aa amadalira anthu onse pa kusankhidwa pa masankhoti ndipo akhoza kupambana mpikisano, kupanga masankhoti opikisana.

Kusintha Madera ndi Malo Ozungulira

Madongosolo a SMD angafutukutse malo ndi mapwando ofupa kwambiri amene alandira chichirikizo cha chigawo pamene akuyang'anira awo okhala ndi chichirikizo chachikulu koma chosazama. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku malo andale olamulidwa ndi zipani zachigawo ndi kuchepetsa kuimira kwa malingaliro a anthu ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Canada, Bloc Québébécois adapambana mipando yaikulu kuchokera ku Quebec ndi ochepera 10% a voti ya dzikolo, pamene Green Party, ndi chichirikizo chofanana cha mtunduwo, yapeza mipando yoŵerengeka chifukwa chakuti kuvota kwake nkwamwanyika. Mphamvu zoterozo zingapangitse kukonza malamulo okongola ndi osalabadira kwambiri a maiko ena a kunja kwa zigawo zovotera.

Kuyerekezera ndi Madongosolo a Zoimira

Kusiyana Kofunika pa Zotsatirapo

Otsutsa SMD kaŵirikaŵiri amanena kuti kuimira kwapamwamba kukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Madongosolo a PR, monga kuimira gulu la anthu kapena voti imodzi yosamutsidwa, amaika mipando molondola kwambiri mogwirizana ndi mavoti, kuchititsa mavoti ochepa otayidwa ndi malongosoledwe owonjezereka a akazi ndi anthu ochepa. PR imapanganso madongosolo ambiri, amene angayambitse maboma a mgwirizano amene amasonyeza malingaliro osiyanasiyana andale. Komabe, PR nthaŵi zina amasulizidwa kuti atsogolere maboma osakhazikika, chifukwa kusintha kwa magulu a anthu kumachititsa kuti malamulo asinthe pang’onopang'ono ndi osadziŵika bwino.

Kuyerekezera Kukhazikika ndi Kuyanjana

Ochirikiza SMD amanena kuti malonda a kuchotsa kusokonezeka kwa dziko ndi kukhazikika kwa boma. Pamene PR ingatulutse nyumba za malamulo zimene zimaoneka ngati zosankhidwa ndi anthu, iwo angakhozenso kuchititsa magulu a anthu kukhala ndi zolinga za palamente ndi kusunga maboma aukapolo. Madongosolo a SMD, poyerekezera, amayambitsa opambana ndi kusintha mphamvu, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kutseguka kwa pulojekiti. Kusankha pakati pa SMD ndi PR kumaphatikizapo chigamulo chofunika kwambiri ponena za zimene zili zolinga zofunika kwambiri: kuimira molondola za malingaliro osiyanasiyana kapena kuyendetsa kogwira ntchito bwino ndi kuŵerengera kwaudindo koonekera bwino.

Kufufuza za Mlandu: SMD Yochita Kachitidwe

United Kingdom

Bungwe la UK lagwiritsira ntchito SMD kuyambira 1885, ndi kupenda malire kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti agwirizane ndi kusintha kwa anthu. Dongosolo lapanga mavoti odziŵika kwambiri: mu 1951, bungwe la Conservative Party linapatanso mipando yambiri pamene linalandira mavoti ochepa kuposa Labour, ndipo mu February 1974, Labour adapata malo ambiri pamene ogwirizanawo anapambana mavoti ambiri. Chisankho chachikulu cha 2015 ndi 2019 chinasonyezedwanso kuchotsapo padera. UK’s Elctoral Reformation Society adachirikiza nthaŵi zonse kuti asinthe kuti agwirizane ndi njira yoyendera, koma magulu aakulu atsutsa chifukwa cha kudzidalira. Mu 2011, kufotokoza kwa anthu odziimira pa mavoti a Voumete (osakhala a protection) adakananso kutchuka kwambiri.

United States

Bungwe la US House of Declarations mwina ndilo chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri cha SMD m'dziko. Zaka ziŵiri zilizonse, magawo 435 osankhidwa ndi oimira osankhidwa pa kuvota. Dongosolo lakhala logwirizana ndi lamulo la boma ndi lamulo lalamulo, ngakhale kuti lasinthidwa ndi Court Rights Act yotsimikizira kuti kagulu ka anthu kakang'ono kakhala nkhani ya mkangano waukulu, ndi magulu aŵiri onse ogwiritsa ntchito zida za mamepu otchuka kujambula mapu ovomerezeka. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti Court Gegerrymerdering ndi funso landale loposa kufika ku makhoti a boma, kusiya chisinthiko cha kusintha zinthu ndi mabungwe odziimira.

Canada

Chisankho cha boma la Canada chimagwira ntchito SMD ndi mipando yosavuta, mbali yotengedwa kuchokera ku choloŵa chake cha Briteni. Chisankho cha 2015 chinaona bungwe la Liberal Party liwina 39.5% ya voti ndi 54.4% ya mipando, pamene New Democratic Party inalandira 19.7% ya mavoti koma 10.9% yokha ya mipando, ndi Green Party, ndi 3.4% ya voti, inapata mpando umodzi (09%). 2019 ndi 201 anapitirizabe kutulutsa mavoti a Bloc québébéis ndi kutembenuzaidwiratus pamene boma lingabwezeretsedwe. Poyankha, nduna yaikulu Justin Justin Thurdeo pulote wosantor mu 2015 koma pambuyo pake analeka ntchito yosanja. Anatchula za kulephera kuvomereza kuti Bloza bwino la Blo la Blo.

Kusintha ndi Njira Zina Zotsatira SMD

Njira Zolumikizira za MMber Proportigaal (MMP)

Maiko angapo atengera madongosolo osanganizana a SMD ndi mipando ya ndandanda ya mipando yotsatizana kuwongolera kusanthula kwa gulu. Germany, New Zealand, ndi Scotland ali zitsanzo zotchuka. Voters amaponya maboloti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira wa kumaloko mu SMD ndi mmodzi wa mndandanda wa gulu. Mipandoyo imagawidwa kutsimikizira kuti kugaŵidwa kwa mipando kumayenderana ndi mbali ya gulu lililonse la chivoti. MMP imasunga kugwirizana kwa malo a dzikolo pamene imapeŵa kupotopetsa SMD. New Zealand inatengedwa pambuyo pa ndandanda ya gulu mu 1992 ndi 1993, ndipo kufufuza ndi New Zealand Elector Commis imasonyeza kuti yodzikhutiritsa ndi yoimira akazi ndi Māray imakhala ndi njira yatsopano.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) ku chigawo chimodzi

Kusintha kwina ndiko kugwiritsira ntchito kusanthula kokhala ndi malo apadera (kudziŵikanso monga kuvota kwamwamsanga kwa kamodzi) m'zigawo chimodzi. M'dongosolo lino, ovota osankha ndi oyenerera kusankhidwa. Ngati palibe wosankhidwa amene alandira mavoti ambiri apadera, wosankhidwa wotsika kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amasamutsidwira ku chinthu china, mpaka munthu mmodzi wa m'modzi ali ndi unyinji. RCV amachotsa "spoiler project" ndi kulimbikitsa kuvomereza projekiti yachiŵiri yovomerezeka kwa opikisana. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Australian House of pressives ndi masankhoti osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo San Francisco ndi New York. Pamene RCV imawongolera ku SCDD kupambana kwa anthu ambiri, ndipo saichotsa mlingo wa dziko lonse.

Ntchito Zodziimira Payekha Zobwezeretsa

Kuti agonjetse kuletsa, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa makampani odzisankhira opanga mapangano osankha amene amapanga malire osakhala andale pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo monga kugwirizanitsa, kulingana kwa anthu, ndi kulingana kwa anthu. California, Arizona, ndi Michigan ku US atengera ntchito zimenezi, ndi Canada amagwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera makampani a makampani a pulogalamu osankhidwa a chigawo chilichonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti sikusintha kwa dongosolo la SMD yeniyeni, ntchito zimenezi zimathandiza kubwezeretsa chilungamo ndi mpikisano ku zigawo chimodzi mwa kuchotsa malire a chigawo chimodzi.

Kumaliza

Chigawo cha Meseber system ya Gawo limodzi ndi Meseber idakali yamphamvu ndi yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri, yoyamikiridwa kaamba ka kupepuka kwake, kuŵerengera kwake kowonekera bwino, ndi kukhoza kupanga maboma okhazikika. Komabe, mapindu ameneŵa amabwera pamtengo wotsika: kusagwirizana pakati pa mavoti ndi mipando, kuchuluka kwa mavoti otayidwa, kuikidwa kwa anthu ochepa ndi akazi, kutsenderezedwa ku ku kutsendereza, ndi kuchirikiza kugaŵikana kwa zigawa zandale za chigawo. Kusankha pakati pa SMD ndi madongosolo ena, monga kuimira kapena kusanthula kwapadera, kumadalira pa zimene anthu ambiri pa masankhoti awo, imasonyeza kuimira ndi zotulukapo za kumaloko kapena kulinganiza kwachikhalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa .

Kuzindikira mamakanika, mphamvu, ndi kufooka kwa SMD nkofunika kwambiri popanga pangano la anthu odziŵa. Opanga malamulo mofananamo ayenera kupenda mmene dongosolo lawo la osankhidwa likusinthira osati kokha kupanga nyumba yawo yosankha komanso mtundu wa demokrase yawo. Kuŵerenganso, ACE Electoral Knote Wystem imaperekera chuma chachikulu pa kapangidwe ka dongosolo losankhira zinthu, [[FLT:] Elector Reformation Society [[FLT: 1] imayang'anapotolera pa SMD proportiontial, ndi [FLT:] Bnnanan Center ya Chigawo cha Chigawo cha Malamulo cha Chilungamo cha [FL:] kupenda [GUP] ndi ziyambukiro zake mu United States. Zidawo zingathandize kukambirana ndi kutsutsana kwa SCPTRP /et-s producesssssssssssssssssss of serth Centation