Misonkho ndi maziko a ulamuliro wamakono, kukhazikitsa maziko a zachuma amene anthu amamangako mautumiki ofunika, maziko, ndi maprogramu. Kuchokera ku laibulale yakumaloko mpaka kuteteza dziko, ndalama zimene zimaperekedwa mwa kukhoma msonkho zimasintha moyo wa munthu aliyense. Kumvetsa kufunika kwa misonkho kumaposa kuzindikira kuti ndi udindo walamulo; kumaphatikizapo kuzindikira mmene ndalama zimenezi zikusonkhanitsidwira, kugawidwa, ndi kuthetsedwa kuchirikiza madera onse aŵiri a m'deralo ndi dziko lonselo. Nkhaniyi imafufuza za ntchito za misonkho, ntchito zake za ndalama, mapangano a zachuma, ndi mikangano imene imapanga malamulo a msonkho lerolino.

Kodi Misonkho Nchiyani?

Pakatikati pake, msonkho ndi ndalama zofunikira zoperekedwa ndi boma pa anthu, mabizinesi, kapena katundu. Mosiyana ndi malipiro aufulu kapena ndalama za ntchito zina, misonkho njokakamiza ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri siikuphatikizapo phindu lachindunji, la mwamsanga kwa wopereka. Mmalomwake, amaikidwa m'thumba lachisawawa kuchirikiza katundu wa onse ndi mautumiki amene amapindulitsa anthu onse. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zonse kuyambira pa magetsi a m’khwalala kupita ku chisungiko cha dziko. Misonkho imaso ku magawo osiyanasiyana a boma / malo, boma, ndi boma, ndi malamulo akeake, ndi zifuno.

Mfundo ya msonkho ndi yakale, ndi zolembedwa zosonyeza kusonkhetsa msonkho ku Mesopotamiya zaka 4,000 zapitazo. M'zachuma zamakono, misonkho imagwira ntchito zambiri: imabweretsa ndalama, kufalitsa chuma, kulephera kuwongolera malonda (mwachitsanzo misonkho ya kuipitsa,), ndi kusonkhezera mkhalidwe wa zachuma. Kusiyanasiyana kwa misonkho ndi mitengo imasonyeza makhalidwe a chitaganya, zofunika, ndi malonda pakati pa chipambano, kuyenera, ndi kufeŵetsa.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Misonkho

Kumvetsa mitundu imeneyi kumathandiza kumvetsa mmene ntchito yopereka ndalama zimafalitsidwira m’mayiko onse a zachuma.

  • Msonkho wolandiridwa: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . khoma ndi kampani ya boma yopanga ndalama zambiri yopanga ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, yosonkhanitsidwa ndi bungwe la Internal internation SERV (IRS) pansi pa khowudi ya UNICE.
  • Msonkho: Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugulitsa katundu ndi mautumiki pamapeto a kugula. Misonkho imabwerera kumbuyo kwenikweni chifukwa chakuti mabanja olandira ndalama zochepa amawononga mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zawo pa zinthu zolipiridwa. Maboma ambiri amasankha zofunika monga chakudya ndi mankhwala kuti achepetse mtolo pa mabanja otsika opeza ndalama.
  • Msonkho wowonetsera: yozikidwa pa mtengo woyeneretsedwa wa malo, kuphatikizapo malo ndi nyumba . Misonkho ya katundu kwakukulukulu ili magwero a ndalama za boma, ndalama zothandizira sukulu za boma, madipatimenti a moto, ndi mautumiki a kampasi. Msonkho wa msonkho umakhazikitsidwa ndi maboma a kumaloko ndipo umasiyanasiyana mwa kuyang'anira.
  • Throwa ya kampani: Imaikizidwa pa phindu la mabizinesi. Kuchepetsa msonkho ndi malamulo kusonkhezera zosankha za kuikizira ndalama, ntchito, ndi kumene makampani amasankha kupeza. Otsutsa amanena kuti misonkho ya kampani ingatsogolere ku kuŵirikiza kaŵiri msonkho (kungoyambira pamene malipiro amakhometsedwanso monga malipiro aumwini), pamene ochirikiza amanena kuti iwo amatsimikizira makampani a phindu kukhala othandizira ku zinthu zabwino za anthu onse.
  • [[MFUTO:0] Misonkho ya Exce: Msonkho wonena za katundu wina, monga petulo, moŵa, fodya, ndi mfuti. Nthaŵi zambiri imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zovulaza (misonkho ya uchimo) kapena kusungitsa ndalama zoyendera ndi malo amodzi (misonkho yangalaŵa).
  • Kulipira Misonkho: Kusintha kuchokera ku malipiro ndi kusungitsa maprogramu a inshuwalansi ya anthu onga Social Security ndi Medicare ku United States zonse ziŵiri antchito ndi mabwana amathandizira, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri misonkho imeneyi imapidwa pamlingo wakutiwakuti wa ndalama.
  • Catestate ndi Msonkho: Misonkho yopatsira chuma kuchokera ku mbadwo wina kupita ku wina. Misonkho imeneyi njovuta koma imachita mbali m’kuchepetsa chuma.

Pokonza misonkho, anthu ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti misonkho iliyonse ndi yoyenerera komanso yosakondera.

Mmene Malipiro a Misonkho Akukhalira M’malowo

Maboma akwanuko /_mayiko, magawo a sukulu, ndi magawo a sukulu, amawononga ndalama zambiri za misonkho ya katundu, msonkho wa malonda, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zimene zimakhudza moyo wa anthu a m’dzikolo. Popanda ndalama zambiri zimenezi, anthu amayesetsa kuti asunge zinthu zofunika kwambiri za boma.

Malo a msonkho akakhala ndi ndalama zambiri, anthu amakhoma msonkho wochuluka, ndipo anthu amawononga ndalama zambiri.

Mmene Mautumiki a Maboma Osamalira Misonkho

Pamlingo wa boma, maprogramu a misonkho ndi mautumiki amene amasamalira dziko lonse ndi zinthu zofunika za dziko. Boma la boma limadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya ndalama ya ndalama (yokhala ndi yokha ndi kampani) ndi kulipirira msonkho wa pepala kuti apange ndalama mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri zofunikira chaka chilichonse. Ndalama zimenezi zimaperekedwa kupyolera m’dongosolo la bajeti ya chaka ndi chaka, zimene zimasonyeza zolinga za dziko ndi mapangano a kakhalidwe.

  • National Defense and Security: Gulu la ndalama zopitira kulamalamulo mu bajeti ya United States ndilo chitetezo. Ndalama za thumba kulipirira asilikali (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Space Force), mabungwe a luntha (CIA, NSA), chisungiko cha dziko lakwawo, ndi mapindu anthaŵi yaitali. Kusunga chitetezo cha dzikolo kuli chimodzi cha ntchito zazikulu za boma, monga momwe kwandandalitsidwa m'kaikizo. Dipatimenti ya Ndalama za Superstance ya zaka 2024, yoposa pafupifupi $800,000,000,000, yochirikizidwa kotheratu kupyolera ku ndalama za boma ndi kubwereka.
  • Ulozansi : Maprogramu a msonkho wa Federal amathandiza ntchito zazikulu zaumoyo kuphatikizapo Medicare (akulu ndi anthu ena opunduka), Medicaid (ya anthu opeza ndalama zochepa ndi mabanja), ndi Ana a Health Inshuwalansi Program (CHIP). Maprogramu ameneŵa amapereka ndalama zaumoyo kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America. Kuwonjezerapo, misonkho ya ndalama ya National Institutes of Health (NIH) yofufuza zamankhwala, Centers for Diseaselse Control and Deutting (CDC) kaamba ka thanzi la anthu onse, ndi Food and Drug Ad Ad Administration (F) kaamba ka chitetezo).
  • [[FLT: 0] Security : Imayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi misonkho, Kutetezedwa kwa Mayanjano kumapereka ndalama zopuma pantchito, mapindu opulumuka, ndi inshuwalansi ya inshuwalansi ya boma yotchuka kwambiri ndi yofunika kwambiri. Ndi imodzi ya maprogramu a boma onyamula anthu achikulire mamiliyoni ambiri ku umphaŵi. Ndalama ya Social Security Trust imalandira ndalama zoperekedwa za msonkho, zimene zimalipiridwa kwa oloŵa malingana ndi ndalama zimene amapeza.
  • Infractive ndi Transportation: Boma limaikizira ndalama m'misewu ya dziko (makwalala a Interstat system), mabwalo a ndege, njanji (Amtrak), madoko, ndi mitsinje. Higway Trust Fund, yochirikizidwa ndi misonkho ya gasi ya boma, misewu ndi maulalo. Federal imapatsanso chithandizo ndi malo amamanga maprojekiti aakulu a kampani ya zomanga.
  • Kuphunzitsa ndi Kufufuza: Ngakhale kuti maphunziro ali kwakukulukulu thayo la boma ndi la kumaloko, boma limapereka ndalama zazikulu kupyolera mwa ndalama zoperekedwa, ngongole za ophunzira, ndi maprogramu ofufuza. Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro imagaŵira Ndalama za I ku sukulu zolandira zotsika, ndi National Science Foundation ndi mabungwe ena achilikiza kufufuza kwa sayansi pa mayunivesite.
  • Maprogramu a Infite Security and Welfare: monga Service Nutrition Appive Program (SNAP, zidindo za chakudya), chithandizo cha nyumba, inshuwalansi ya ntchito, ndi malipiro a msonkho wa ndalama za msonkho wa boma. Maprogramu ameneŵa amapereka chitetezo kwa anthu ovutika ndi kuthandiza kukhazikitsa chuma panthaŵi ya mavuto.
  • Trutho ndi Lamulo: Makhoti a Federal, ndende, FBI, Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), ndi mabungwe ena osungitsa lamulo amachirikizidwa ndi ndalama za $. Mabungwe ameneŵa amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma, apandu ozenga mlandu, ndi kutetezera chisungiko cha dziko.
  • International Affairs: Aunt , mamishoni a zautsamunda, zopereka ku magulu apadziko lonse (monga ngati United Nations), ndi njira zaumoyo padziko lonse zimayendetsedwa ndi misonkho. Ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kukangana, kuikizira ndalama zimenezi kungachirikize bata ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chuma kunja, kumene kungapindulitse zikondwerero za U.S.

Kugaŵiridwa kwa ndalama za msonkho wa boma kuli nkhani ya mkangano wa ndale zadziko wopitirizabe. Ena amatsutsa kaamba ka kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zowonongedwa pa maprogramu a kakhalidwe ka anthu, pamene ena amaika patsogolo chitetezo kapena kuchepetsa msonkho. Mfundo yaikulu njakuti popanda ndalama za msonkho, palibe mautumiki a dziko ameneŵa omwe akakhalapo pamlingo wawo wamakono.

Kusintha kwa Misonkho M’zachuma

Misonkho si njira yopezera ndalama zokha; imakhudza kwambiri khalidwe la zachuma ndi zotsatirapo zake.

Ndalama Zimene Anthu Amagula ndi Zosafunika

Misonkho ya malipiro a munthu imathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa ndalama zimene amataya . Ndalama zimene mabanja atsala atakhoma misonkho. Msonkho wa malipiro ambiri umaperekedwa kwa anthu opeza ndalama zambiri, pamene msonkho wa m’mafakitale kapena wobwezera umatenga mbali yaikulu kwa olandira ndalama zochepa. Kusintha kwa ndalama za msonkho kungasinthe: msonkho wochepetsedwa ungawonjezere kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ndalama kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, pamene kuwonjezereka kwa msonkho kungachepetse kufunidwa. Kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama kumatanthauza kusintha kwa ndalama zowonongedwa m'zachuma, kukhudza mabizinesi ndi ntchito.

Makampani amalonda amagulitsanso misonkho. Misonkho yogulitsa kwambiri zinthu zina (monga zinthu zapamwamba) ingachepetse kugula kwawo, pamene kuli kwakuti kusakhoma ndalama zofunika kumathandiza mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa. Chifukwa chakuti anthu olandira ndalama zochepa amawononga ndalama zambiri pa ndalama zawo, misonkho ya malonda imaonedwa kukhala yotsika pokhapokha ngati angowabweza ngongole kapena osawachotsa.

Kuyendetsa Mabizinesi ndi Kusunga Makhalidwe

Chiyambukiro cha misonkho ya opaleshoni kumene makampani amasankha kupeza, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene amawononga, ndi zosankha zawo za ntchito. Mitengo yapamwamba ya makampani yokhudzana ndi maiko ena ingachititse kusinthika ku malamulo a msonkho wotsika, chochitika chotchedwa kuchotsa msonkho. Kumbali ina, zisonkhezero za msonkho zowoloŵa manja . Zonga ngati kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama, kufufuza ndi kukwera kwa ngongole, kapena ngongole za misonkhongole ya ndalama za malonda pa mafakitale, zida, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zina.

Makomboni apeza msonkho (misonkho ya phindu la kugulitsa katundu ngati masheya) imakhudza zosankha za malonda. Mamalikulu ang'onoang'ono amalimbikitsa kugula zinthu ndi kugula zinthu, komanso angawonjezere kulemera kwa anthu. Tcoox Cuts ndi Jobs Act ya 2017 mu U.S. imachepetsa ndalama za msonkho wa kampani kuchokera pa 35% mpaka 21%, ndi cholinga cha kuwonjezera ndalama za mtengo. Kufufuza koyamba kunasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama za malonda, ngakhale kuti zotsatira za nthaŵi yaitali zikukayikiridwabe.

Kuchuluka kwa Ntchito ndi Ntchito

Msonkho wolandira ndalama zimayambukira zosankha za anthu ponena za kugwira ntchito, maola angagwire ntchito, ndi kaya kulondola maphunziro owonjezereka kapena kuphunzitsidwa. Mitengo yapamwamba ya msonkho ingachepetse chisonkhezero cha kugwira ntchito kapena kupeza ndalama zambiri, makamaka kwa olandira ndalama zachiŵiri m’banja. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ndalama za ntchito kumasiyanasiyana chifukwa cha gulu (m’jere, akuluakulu a ntchito zopezera ndalama. Ogwira ntchito amalandira ndalama zochepa. Ogwira ntchito atsika). Khoma la Inniedied Inhondation for forocr (EITC) ndi chitsanzo cha lamulo la kuwonjezera ntchito yogwira ntchito m’mabanja otsika popereka ngongole yokwanira pa ndalama.

Kusunga ndi Kusunga Ndalama

Misonkho pa chiwongola dzanja, mapindu, ndi kupindula ndi mamalikulu zimakhudza kusungitsa khalidwe. Maakaunti a kuleka ntchito monga 401 (k) ndi IRA amapereka mapindu a msonkho kulimbikitsa kusunga ndalama kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Kugulitsa pakati pa kulipira msonkho tsopano (msonkho wogulitsa) motsutsana ndi kulipira ndalama zamtsogolo (malipiro a ndalama zobwezedwa) ndi nkhani yaikulu m'makonzedwe a malamulo a msonkho. Akatswiri ambiri azachuma amatsutsa kutembenukira kumsonkhetsa msonkho woikitsa ndalama zoikitsa ndalama zoikidwira kuwona kuti apeŵe kusungitsa, ngakhale kuti mavuto akutsa ndalama zosungidwa adakalipo.

Kukhazikika kwa chuma kwa Macro

Kayendetsedwe ka misonkho kamathandiza kuti chuma chikhale bwino. Pamene chuma chikula, ndalama zikukwera, kukakamiza anthu kukhala ndi misonkho yochuluka ndiponso kuwonjezera ndalama zoperekera msonkho, zimene zimachepetsa kusoŵa kwa misonkho. Pa nthawi imene ndalama zotsika, ndalama zopezedwa ndi anthu ena zikutha, kuchepetsa msonkho wawo ndi kupereka mafuta. Kukonza zinthu zimenezi kumathandiza kuti bizinesi ikhale yokhazikika popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano. Kuwonjezera apo, malamulo a msonkho (m’jere, kuchepetsako misonkho) angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa chuma cha masiku ano.

Mavuto ndi Kusamalira Misonkho Yozungulira

Ngakhale kuti misonkho ndi yofunika, nthaŵi zambiri anthu amakangana kwambiri pankhani ya misonkho.

  • Kupeŵa ndi Kuletsa : Msonkho umabisa ndalama kapena katundu mwalamulo kuti apeŵe kulipira msonkho [1] maboma mabiliyoni . Msonkhetso amapeŵa, kugwiritsira ntchito zitseko zalamulo ndi malo osungira, zimachepetsanso ndalama. MPUNDO AKUYEZERA muyeso wa msonkho wa chaka ndi chaka (kusiyana pakati pa misonkhoma ndi kulipira) pa $600 biliyoni . Maakauzira a mchenga, makampani opanga, ndi nyumba zocholoŵa ntchito zimapeputsa ndi kupeŵa kusungitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa kochitidwa ndi mgwirizano kwa dziko lonse kupyolera ku OECDas Eunion ndi Exbion (BPS).
  • Ubwino ndi Equity: Funso la amene ayenera kusenza msonkho ndilo likulu. Lingaliro la kukwera kwa kulemera limapereka lingaliro lakuti awo amene ali ndi mphamvu yokulirapo ya kupereka ndalama zambiri (misonkho yowonjezereka). Kuyankhulira kumatanthauza kuti anthu okhala m’mikhalidwe yofananayo ayenera kulipira ndalama zofanana. Otsutsa amanena kuti dongosolo lamakonoli limakonda olemera kupyola pa mapindu a ndalama za ndalama ndi kunyamula chiwongola dzanja, pamene mabanja otsika ayang'anizana ndi misonkho yopindulitsa yopindulitsa kwambiri kuchokera ku msonkho ndi ku malonda. Kutsutsana pakati pa misonkhoma, misonkho yoma, ndi kulipira misonkho yowonjezereka, ndi kulipira misonkhoma.
  • Kupereka ndi Malo Oyambirira a Malamulo a Malamulo: Mabungwe a misonkho amasonkhezeretsa maprogramu a boma, koma kusagwirizana pa kukwera kwa ndalama ndi zofunika nzosapeŵeka. Ena amatsutsa kuti misonkho yochuluka imatsendereza kuwonjezereka kwa makampani aumwini, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amatsutsa kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za boma m'maphunziro, zaumoyo, ndi zowonjezera chipambano. Mlingo wa dziko ndi kupereŵera zimakhudzanso makambitsirano a misonkho.
  • Kulinganiza ndi Kuŵerengera: Malamulo a msonkho a United States ngocholoŵana kwambiri, ndi masamba zikwi zambiri a malamulo ndi mitundu yosaŵerengeka. Anthu ndi mabizinesi amathera nthaŵi ndi ndalama zambiri pokonza msonkho ndi kulinganiza. Teach Foundation imayerekezera kuti anthu a ku America amathera maola 8.1 biliyoni pachaka mogwirizana ndi malamulo a msonkho, kuwonongetsa chuma mabiliyoni ambiri. Malamulo ogwirizana, monga ngati msonkho wokha kapena dongosolo lakubwezera, kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chandale kuchokera ku magulu opindulitsa ndi chiwongola dzanja.
  • Malamulo a Pritation: Malamulo a msonkho ndi andaleya, ndi zipani ndi ofuna kulowa malo pa misonkho, kuwonjezereka kwa msonkho, ndi kusintha. Trade-ecoff pakati pa misonkho yochepetsa kukula ndi kusungitsa ndalama za maprogramu ndi mutu wa pulogalamu. Kaŵirikaŵiri ma Voter amasonyeza kuchirikiza misonkho yotsika kwambiri pamene akutetezera maprogramu awo, kutsogolera ku ku kuchotsa kwa maphunziro ndi kuchepetsa ndi kuyendetsa malamulo.

Mtsogolo mwa Msonkho

Pamene luso la zopangapanga, chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi kayendetsedwe ka chuma kakusintha, dongosolo la misonkho liyenera kuzoloŵera kukhalabe logwira ntchito ndi loyenera.

Kumaliza

Misonkho ndi yoposa kwambiri pa ndalama zimene anthu amalipira chaka chilichonse. Imeneyi ndi njira imene anthu amagwiritsira ntchito posonkhanitsa ntchito ndi zinthu zofunika zimene zimathandiza moyo wamakono. Kuyambira pa sukulu yakumaloko mpaka kukafika pa kampani yoteteza dziko, ndalama za msonkho zimatheketsa anthu kukhala ndi katundu amene sangakhaleko pa malonda a anthu okha. Kumvetsa kufunika kwa misonkho kumafuna kusamala kwambiri pakati pa kukwera ndalama zokwanira ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chuma, ndiponso pakati pa chilungamo ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu.

Kugwirizana ndi malamulo a msonkho . Kungakhale mwa kuvota, ndemanga ya anthu, kapena kutsutsana kwa anthu. Gawo la misonkho lokonzedwa bwino lingachirikize kukula kwa chuma, kuchepetsa kusalingana kwa anthu, ndi kuchirikiza mautumiki amene amawongolera moyo. Monga momwenso chuma chikusinthira, kusinthira ku tekinoloji yatsopano, mavuto apadziko lonse, ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu. Mwakuyamikira mapindu ndi kuchuluka kwa misonkho, nzika zingathandizire ku mtsogolo mopindulitsa ndi mosalakwika.