Maziko a Nkhondo: Mavuto

Kuti munthu amvetsetse bwino tanthauzo la Msonkhano wa Northern Ireland, choyamba ayenera kuzindikira nkhondo yaikulu yomwe inayambitsidwa kuti ithetse. Mavuto, nyengo ya kuchuluka kwa dziko, maganizo, ndi chiwawa cha magulu amene anakhalako kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1960 mpaka ku Ireland, Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu cha 1998, chinapha anthu oposa 3,500 ndipo chinasiya choopsa kwambiri. Nkhondo yachipolotesitanti yomwe inayambika kwambiri, yomwe inafuna kuti Northern Ireland akhalebe mbali ya United Kingdom, ndi Akatolika ambiri, amene anafuna kuti dziko lawo likhale logwirizana. Kulimbana ndi dziko lonse la Ireland, kutsendedwa kwa ndale, ndale, kutsendereza, ndi tsankho m'nyumba ndi ntchito yolimbikitsa chiwawa ndi magulu ankhondo a ku Irelandn Republic (IRA) ndi okhulupirika, pamodzi ndi gulu la asilikali ankhondo la Britain.

Zoyesayesa za kukhazikitsa mtendere zinayamba mwamphamvu m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, koma zinalephera mobwerezabwereza. Chipangano cha Anglo - Irish cha 1985 chinapereka ntchito yofunsira ku Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland, koma chinakanidwa ndi ogwirizana. Njira ya mtendere inakula m'ma 1990, ikumayendetsedwa ndi nkhani zachinsinsi, kutha kwa moto, ndipo atsogoleri monga John Hume, David Trimble, Gerry Adams, ndi Albert Reynolds adagwirizana pomalizira pake pa 10 April 1998, wodziŵika monga Good Agreement (Chipangano Chachisanu chotchuka kwambiri) adasainidwa ndi Britain ndi maboma asanu ndi asanu ndi atatu andale kuchokera ku Northern Ireland.

Panganolo linavomerezedwa ndi mamesenti: 71% a ovota ku Northern Ireland ndi 94% mu Republic of Ireland. Chilamuliro cha demokrase chimenechi chinali chofunika kwambiri. Chikalata cha Good Friday Agreement chinakhazikitsa nyumba zitatu: Strand One adapanga msonkhano wa Northern Ireland ndi Universe Conference (boma la Devolved mkati mwa UK); Strand II adakhazikitsa Msonkhano wa North-Southal Estudeal Council kuti ugwirizane ndi boma la Ireland; ndi Strand Threath adapanga British-Irish Conference ndi Britain-Irish Conference. Motero msonkhanowo ndiwo mfungulo wa ulamuliro wa pakati pa dziko la UK, wolinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti onse aŵiri asunge masungwe a mgwirizano ndi a dziko ndi audindo aunziko.

Maziko a Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu

Good Lachisanu Agreement ndi pangano locholoŵana, lamtendere wamitundumitundu lomwe lili ndi malamulo ambiri: kuvomereza, mphamvu, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ulemu. Kuvomereza kumatanthauza kuti Northern Ireland imakhala mbali ya UK kufikira anthu ake ambiri atavota. Lamulo la mphamvu zolamulira limatsimikizira kuti munthu wamkulu ndi waunyinji wa dzikolo amapanga boma limodzi. Chipanganochi chimaphatikizaponso makonzedwe aakulu okonza zinthu, kuchotsa zida zankhondo, ndi kutulutsa akaidi. Chimateteza ufulu wa anthu kudzera pa Msonkhano wa ku Ulaya pa ufulu wa anthu ndi kulenga bungwe la Northern Ireland loona za ufulu wa anthu ndi kulinganiza bungwe la Euthont.

Chiyambi cha maziko ndi chigwirizano cha lamulo cha bungwe la Olamulira. Nduna Yoyamba ndi wachiŵiri wa Nduna Yoyamba amasankhidwa ndi Msonkhano pa maziko a mtanda, kufunikira chichirikizo kuchokera kwa onse aŵiri a bungwe logwirizana ndi autundu. Msonkhano wa 11 wa zotumikira umagawiridwa kwa magulu kugwiritsira ntchito njira ya d'Hondt, yozikidwa pa kugawana kwawo mipando m'Asonkhani. Imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti ngakhale magulu amene sanapambane mipando yambiri atenga ntchito mu boma ngati agwirizana ndi chigwirizano. Msonkhano weniweniwo umagwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wa mgwirizano wofanana (ochuluka a aŵiriwo ndi a chiŵalo cha dziko) ndi kulemera kwa anthu ambiri (60 peresenti ya onse pamodzi ndi 40% ya zigawo zonse) pa mfundo iliyonse ya lamulo, kuletsa aliyense wa gululo kuti asakhale pampando wina aliyense pa chigawalo.

Actine Council inayambitsanso gulu latsopano la malamulo: "zigamulo zapadera" zimene zimafuna chichirikizo choyendera limodzi. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kusankhidwa kwa Speaker, kusintha kwa malamulo okhazikika, ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa bajeti. Njira zimenezi nzolinganizidwira kukakamiza kulolera ndi kugwirizana. Kuchotsedwa kwa zida zankhondo kunali nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri, yokhala ndi nkhani yokayikitsa, yochitidwa pomalizira pa 2005 pansi pa ulamuliro wa mabungwe odziimira. Polishina anasinthidwa ndi kupangidwa kwa Mapulice of Northern Ireland (PNI) ndi kuperekedwa kwa Patten Report, kuimira ndi kuyambitsa ntchito kwachikatolika.

Ntchito ya M’chigawo cha Northern Ireland

Msonkhano wa Northern Ireland ndi unicara pa nyumba ya malamulo yokhala ndi Mamembala 90 a Legislative Assembly (MLS), wosankhidwa ndi voti imodzi yosamutsidwa (STV) kuchokera pa makhoti 18 a ziŵalo zisanu. Msonkhano uli ndi kukhoza kwa lamulo pa "kusamutsidwa" nkhani: ulimi, maphunziro, mautumiki athanzi, mautumiki a zaumoyo, nyumba, boma, malo okhala, kupita patsogolo kwa chuma, chikhalidwe, ndi maseŵera. Ikhozanso kupanga malamulo pa "Kusunga" nkhani (monga kuweruza kwaupandu ndi polisi ya UK, ndi "kugwirizana ndi nkhani za m'dziko lina, kutetezera, ndi kulipira msonkho) zokhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa Westminstern.

Msonkhanowo ukupenda ntchito ya Olamulira kupyolera mwa makomiti amene amaimira dipatimenti iriyonse ya boma. Makomiti ameneŵa amasanthula mafaindi, kulingalira lamulo, ndi kuŵerengera atumiki. Msonkhanowo ulinso ndi Mapempho a Chanchour system system, amene amalola 30 AML kufuna chivoti cha bungwe logaŵidwa pa lamulo lolinganizidwa, kuletsa anthu wamba ambiri kusachirikiza zikondwerero za anthu ochepa. Zimenezi zagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kuletsa lamulo lachiwawa, makamaka pa ukwati ndi kuchotsa mimba, kufikira kusintha kwa malamulo a Westminster.

Pambuyo pa malamulo, Msonkhano umapereka msonkhano wa anthu kaamba ka nkhani zandale, kuimira malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Umachititsa mafunso, kupenda mapangano a anthu onse, ndi nkhani za mkangano za kufunika kwa dziko monga ngati chiyambukiro cha Brexit. Woyang'anira (Alankhuli) amatsimikizira kupanda tsankho. Bungwe la Msonkhano limayang'anira katundu wa bungwe, antchito, ndi bajeti. Msonkhanowo ulinso ndi mbali m'maunansi a mitundu yonse, makamaka kudzera mu Msonkhano wa Palamende wa Britain ndi kugwirizana ndi European Union.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu: Wolamulira

Mtsogoleri woyamba ndi wachiŵiri wa Nduna Yaikulu ya Northern Ireland amasankhidwa ndi nduna yoyamba, wachiŵiri kwa Nduna Yoyamba (imene ili atsogoleri a boma), ndi atumiki 10 audindo oikidwa ndi d'Hondt. Mtumiki woyamba ndi wachiŵiri wa Mbusa Woyamba amasankhidwa pamodzi ndi Msonkhano pa chisankho cha mtanda. Iwo ali ndi malo ofanana ndi kuchita mogwirizana pa zosankha zambiri, monga ngati kulinganiza bajeti kapena kukhazikitsa atumiki. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amasonyeza mfundo yofunika yakuti chitaganya sichingalamulire china.

Bungwe loyang'anira lingapangike kokha ngati zipani zazikulu za bungwe ndi zautundu zivomereza kutengamo mbali. Ngati chipani chimodzi chileka, kutha konse. Zimenezi zachitika kangapo: nyengo zotchuka kwambiri za kuveka zinachitika mu 2000, 2002-2007, ndipo posachedwapa kuchokera mu 2017-20 kuchokera ku Revucat Intentive (RHI) yochititsa manyazi. Tsoka lililonse linkafuna kukambirana kwambiri pakati pa maboma a UK ndi Ireland kuti abwezeretse mabungwe. Mphamvu za mphamvu, ngakhale kuti ndi zofooka, zakakamiza anthu kugwirizana ndi malamulo a ku London, zimene sizidziwika kwambiri.

Zosankha za mabanki nzovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti Woyang’anira ayenera kulinganiza zinthu m'madipatimenti onse aŵiri pamene akukhutiritsa madera onse aŵiri. Kusoŵa kwa chitsutso chachindunji m'chitsanzo choyambirira kunasulizidwa, koma 2022 Deti la Zaka Khumi la New, pangano latsopano linayambitsa chitsutso chalamulo kwa magulu amene amasankha kusachita ntchito zautumiki. Zimenezi zalola kufufuza ndi kuŵerengera kwamphamvu.

Kupanga ndi Kupanga Makina

ML monga momwe ayenera kudzitchulira okha kukhala chigwirizano, chidani, kapena china pamene asaina ndandanda ya ziŵalo. Izi zimayendetsa dongosolo la kuvota kwa mtanda ndi gulu. Kuti lamulo likhale ngati "chosankha," liyenera kulandira (a) mamembala ambiri kuphatikizapo unyinji wa mamembala a mgwirizano ndi a Nationalism (chivomerezo cha chivomerezo) kapena (b) pafupifupi 60% ya ziŵalo zonse zokhala ndi chifupifupi 40% ya chilolezo chilichonse (ochuluka). Malamulo ameneŵa ayenera kukambitsirana mogaŵana. M’kugwiritsira ntchito, malamulo ambiri amatsata mbali zambiri zotchuka, koma nkhani zotsutsana monga mbendera, masiteshoni, ndi chizindikiritso cha chikhalidwe kaŵirikaŵiri chimayambitsa chiyeneretso cha mtanda wa a communony.

Dongosolo la kutchula lakhala likusulizidwa kaamba ka kugaŵana kwa magulu ampatuko, monga MMAS imakakamizidwa kulengeza chizindikiritso cha onse mmalo mwa chiphunzitso chimodzi. Magulu ena, mofanana ndi Alliance Party, atsutsa kaamba ka kuchotsedwa kwake. Komabe, dongosololo lidakali maziko a pangano, kugaŵira khoka la chitetezo kwa anthu ochepa. Makalata a Concer project , amene amalola 30 MMAS kupempha chisankhoti cha mtanda cha commonity pa nkhani iliyonse, agwiritsiridwa ntchito mwalamulo; mwachitsanzo, Democratic Union Party (DuP) inagwiritsa ntchito kutseka ukwati wofananawo kwa zaka zambiri, kufikira Westminstern.

Mavuto ndi Maupandu: Kutha kwa Madzi, Kutha kwa Mazira, ndi Kubwezeretsedwa

Msonkhanowu wakumana ndi mavuto angapo. Kusintha koyamba kunachitika mu May 2000 patangopita miyezi yochepa kuchokera pamene mabungwewo analanda ulamuliro, chifukwa chakuti IRA sinakhale ndi zida zomangira. Pambuyo pa kulephera kwa Mitchell Review, Peter Mandelson, amene anali Mlembi wa State ku Northern Ireland, anaimika msonkhanowo. IRA inayambanso kulamulidwa ndi lamulo la kutha kwa dziko la Western Western kuchokera ku Westminburg.

Act of St Andrews Agreement ya 2006 inatsegula njira yokonzera zinthu, ndipo inafuna kuti Dupus ilandire mphamvu mu 2007 ndi Sin Féin kuti ichirikize ntchito yapolisi ndi chilungamo. Gulu la Democratic Unionism Paisley, lotsogozedwa ndi Ian Paisley , ndi Sinn Féin, lotsogozedwa ndi Gerry Adams, linagwirizana ndi mphamvu, ndipo Msonkhano unagwirizananso mu 2007 ndi Paisley monga Mtumiki Woyamba ndi Martin McGuins monga wa nduna yoyamba ya Nduna Yoyamba. Nthaŵi imeneyi ya chikhazikitso chogwirizana ndi kubwereranso kwa Hatcentive Inteved inagwa pansi pa chigawa cha mphamvu yachikulu. Anthu opereka ndalama zapamwamba mazana ambiri a makilo.

Kulephera kwa zaka zitatu kunachitika ndi nyengo yaitali kwambiri popanda boma. Maboma a UK ndi Ireland anasokoneza zaka makumi khumi za kugwirizana kwa New Approach mu January 2020, kumene kunabwezeretsa mabungwewo ndi kusintha kolimba kuphatikizapo chitsutso, chilankhulo chatsopano ndi thumba la chikhalidwe (kuphatikizapo chitetezo cha chilankhulo cha Ireland ndi kositimenti ya Ulster-Scots), ndipo kusintha kwa bungwe lofuna kuletsa nkhanza. Msonkhano unayambiranso pa 11 January 2020.

Brexit adayambitsa chitokoso chachikulu ku Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu. Kuchoka kwa UK ku EU kunapanga malire ovuta pa chisumbu cha Ireland, chomwe chinasokoneza mtendere. Pangano la Northern Ireland, pambuyo pake linalowedwa m'malo ndi Windsor Framework , linasunga Northern Ireland ndi malamulo ambiri a EUC, kupanga malire a m'mafakitale ku Ireland. Mabungwe a United States, makamaka Dupu, anaona zimenezi kukhala chiwopsezo ku Northern Ireland ku UK ndipo linagwiritsira ntchito Preand of ContenForsed ndipo pomalizira pake mwana wamwamuna wa msonkhano kuti atsutse. DUP' analetsa kupangidwa kwa bungwe la Deuccoties Deuc ku Deult Deult 20222, pamene anavomerezana kukambirana kwatsopano "Unigamu ya kuchepetsa malamulo a Ulland" ndi kugawa kwa m'malamulo a m'tsogolo.

Pamavuto onsewa, msonkhano uliwonse wasonyeza kulimba mtima. Kubwezeretsa kulikonse kumatsimikizira kuti zipani zonse zimagwirizana ndi mfundo za Protocol – ngakhale zija zotsutsa Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu. Bungwelo lapulumuka chifukwa chakuti palibe njira ina yodalirika. Lamulo lachindunji limaonedwa kukhala kulephera kwa demokrase ya kumaloko, ndipo anthu akuchirikizabe kwambiri kuchotsa chisinthiko.

Kukhudza Makhalidwe ndi Chuma

Kukhalapo kwa Msonkhanowo kwakhala ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu kuposa ndale zadziko. Kugaŵanitsidwa kwa mtendere kwabweretsa malonda aakulu a chuma, kuwonjezereka kwa zoyendera, ndi chitukuko. Mzinda wa Belfast wasinthidwa, ndi mahotela atsopano, malesitilanti, ndi malo a chikhalidwe monga Titanic Karttoria. Bungwe layang'anira ntchito zazikulu za zomangamanga, kuphatikizapo zoyendera ziŵiri ziŵiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa Belfast City Airport . Kusintha kwa maphunziro, kupititsa patsogolo kwa zaumoyo, ndi maprogramu a za kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka nzika zapindula mwachindunji kwa nzika.

Komabe, kugaŵanikana kwa magulu kumakhazikika m'nyumba, maphunziro, ndi moyo wa anthu. Pafupifupi 90% ya ana amaloŵa m'maboma (ochuluka a Protestanti) kapena m'sukulu za Katolika. Zipupa za mtendere zikugaŵanitsabe anthu mu Belfast. Msonkhano wayesa kuthetsa nkhani zimenezi kupyolera mu Tomato Onse: Kumanga Komiti ya United Community ndi ndalama zothandizira ntchito zopitira kwa otsata. Ofesi ya Minisitala Woyamba ndi wa Mbusa Woyamba amagwirizanitsa programu ya Cohesion, Survation, ndi Integration.

Msonkhanowo waperekanso lamulo lothandiza pa nkhani zimene zinatsekerezedwa ndi Pempho ya Concer , monga ngati ukwati wa kugonana (wovomerezedwa ndi lamulo mu 2020 pambuyo pa kuloŵerera kwa Westminster) ndi kuchotsa mimba (yokhalanso yomasuka ndi Westminster). Kusoŵa kwa Wolamulira kwa nyengo zambiri kunatanthauza kuti nkhani zambiri za kakhalidwe sizinathetsedwe, koma zitabwezeretsedwa, Msonkhanowo wasonyeza kuti ukhoza kusintha nkhani zapafupi pamene kuli kofunika.

Ziyembekezo Zamakono

Kufikira 2025, Msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland umagwira ntchito pambuyo pa chipani chokhalitsa. Nduna Yoyamba yamakono ndi Michelle O'Neill (Sin Féin) ndi wachiŵiri wa Mbusa Woyamba ndi Emma Little-Pengelly (Dup), kusonyeza chipambano cha Sinn Féin's monga gulu lalikulu kwambiri m'masankho 2022. Woyendetsa ntchito yathanzi, mindandanda yoyembekezera, mavuto a nyumba, ndi kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu. Zotsatira za mavuto za anthu zikali zosathetsedwa, ndi magulu a anthu ofuna kupambana kuchokera ku Reviation Act (inali kuchitidwa ndi Westminster koma anayang'anizana ndi mavuto alamulo).

Windsor Framework ndi 2024 "Kuteteza Union" kwachepetsa zidandaulo zina za mgwirizano, koma kusagwirizana kwakukulu kukupitirizabe. Thupu ikali kuchenjera ndi malamulo a EU, ndipo Sin Féin akupitiriza kukonzanso mayeso a malire a Ireland. Msonkhano ndiwo bwalo limene masomphenya opikisana ameneŵa ayenera kuyanjanitsidwa. Kukhoza kwake kugwira ntchito kumadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa magulu onse kugwira ntchito m'mabwalo a Good Wender Aumbre.

Kudalira boma n’kochepa. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri ku Northern Ireland amakhumudwa ndi kusakhazikika kwa ndale. Komabe, msonkhanowu ndi umene umayendera bwino boma lotha kulowa. Kukhalapo kwake kumalepheretsa kuti boma lizilamulira molunjika ndipo, limodzi ndi zimenezi, kuopsa kwa chiwawa chatsopano. Peace Procession siitha; imafunika kuikonza nthawi zonse. Msonkhano ndi umene umathandiza kuti dziko likhale lolimba, ndipo likhalebe ndi moyo wodalirika kuti likhale ndi mtendere, likhale ndi mtendere, ndiponso kuti likhalebe ndi moyo ku Northern Ireland.

Mapeto ake: Ntchito Yosatha

Chigawo cha Northern Ireland Assembly si bungwe la malamulo chabe; ndi chizindikiro cha chipambano cha Malamulo a Good Wear Agreement kutembenuza chitaganya chopasulidwa ndi nkhondo kukhala chija chokhoza kukhazikitsa mtendere. Chilichonsecho chitakhumudwa, kugwedezeka, ndi kugwedezeka pambali, sichinalephere konse. Vuto lililonse lakhala ndi kukambitsirananso kwatsopano, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo maboma a Britain ndi Ireland ochita ngati aguantres. Mphamvu za Msonkhano wa kulinganiza, wozikidwa pa malamulo a kuvomerezana ndi kulemekezana, latsimikizira kukhala lolimba mokwanira ku nyengo ya Bregin, kuphana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi maupandu aakulu a anthu.

Msonkhano suthetsa magaŵano onse ku Northern Ireland. Ndi njira yoyang'anira nkhondo, kuchititsa mkangano ku nyumba ya malamulo ndi boma logwirizana m’malo mwa chiwawa. Anthu a ku Northern Ireland, msonkhano umapereka mawu – opanda ungwiro, okhumudwitsa, ndipo osokoneza, koma mawu. Malinga ngati mawuwo anena miyambo yonse iŵiri, Chipangano Chabwino pa Lachisanu chidzapitiriza. Msonkhanowo suli chabe choloŵa cha mtendere; ndilo lichitidwe la mtendere tsiku ndi tsiku.

Chipanganocho si chigwirizano koma ndi njira yothetsera mavuto, si njira yothetsera mavuto koma ndi njira yopezera zinthu. Msonkhano ndiwo umene ukuthandiza kuti anthu aŵiri, miyambo iŵiri, ndi zolinga ziŵiri zichitike.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani pawebusaiti ya ya Northern Ireland Assembly [FLT :1], [[FLT ] Malemba a Chipangano Osatha [[FLT: 3], ndi kusanthula kuchokera ku [[FLT:] Times Good Wear Aproduct .

Mtsogolomu mudzayesanso Msonkhanowo – ndi kufufuza kwa malire, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi choloŵa cha Brexit . Koma ngati mbiri yakale ili yotsogolera, mabungwewo adzasintha. Msonkhano wa Northern Ireland udakali maziko a dongosolo la mtendere, umboni wa zimene zingatheke pamene utsogoleri wandale usankha ulamuliro womalamulira mphamvu, ndi pamene anthu asankha kumanga mtsogolo mogawikana.