Zigamulo za boma ndizo mphamvu yosaoneka imene imapanga dziko lapansi tsiku lililonse — kuyambira pa mawilo osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a makampani, ndi opanga malamulo. Zosankha zimenezi zimakhudza kwambiri chuma, chitetezo cha anthu onse, thanzi la chilengedwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kumvetsa mmene ntchito za boma zimathandizira zinthu zachilengedwe si luso lamaphunziro chabe; n’kofunika kwa anthu okhala m’madera osiyanasiyana amene akufuna kulimbikitsa anthu anzeru, otchuka, ndi oyendetsa zinthu zina. Nkhaniyi imafufuza za ntchito yofunika kwambiri m’boma, kuteteza zachilengedwe, ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe, ndiponso kuyendetsa zinthu zachilengedwe.

Kufunika kwa Maphunziro

Madongosolo a zinthu amathandiza kuti zinthu zikhale bwino tsiku ndi tsiku monga misewu, milatho, ngalande, madzi, njira zochotsera madzi, magetsi, ndi zipangizo zoyendera anthu. Madongosolo ameneŵa akagwira ntchito modalirika, amathandiza anthu kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga, ndiponso kuwongolera moyo. Komanso, kulephera kwa zinthu zofunika pamoyo kumawonongetsa nthaŵi yotha, ngozi zowonjezereka, ndiponso kuchepa kwa mpikisano wa zachuma.

Bungwe la American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) limafalitsa Kadi ya Infrablicture Yosatha Yamagazi Kadi yomwe ya magiredi a United States m'magulu 17. Pofufuza posachedwapa, America anapeza C, kusintha pang'ono kuchokera zaka zapita koma chizindikiro chomveka chakuti ndalama mabiliyoni a madola akufunika. Malinga ndi ASCE, kusiyana kwa ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu pamwamba kokha kumaposa madola 10,000,000,000 m’zaka khumi zotsatira. Ziŵerengero zimenezi zikusonyeza mphamvu yeniyeni ya zosankha za boma — kaya kukonza, kukonzanso chuma chamakono, kapena kukonzanso katundu wamakono.

  • Trade ndi malonda [1] — Misewu ndi madoko a Efficing imachepetsa mtengo wa zinthu, kutheketsa mabizinesi kuyendetsa katundu mofulumira ndi wotsika. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera ya U.S. ikuyerekezera kuti kuchuluka kwa magalimoto aakulu kumawononga chuma choposa madola 60 biliyoni chaka chilichonse.
  • [[FLT : 0] Kutetezeka kwa polisi [1] , , milatho ndi misewu yokhala ndi malo abwino imathandiza kuchepetsa ngozi ndi kulephera kwa zomangamanga. Kugwa kwa mlatho wa Mtsinje wa I-35w Mississippi, umene unapha anthu 13, kunali chikumbutso chomvetsa chisoni cha zimene zimachitika pamene zosankha zosamalira zalephera.
  • Ufiki ndi kuyenda — Kusintha ndi kuchititsa zinthu kumasankha amene angapeze ntchito, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi zosangalatsa. Anthu a m’madera akumidzi nthaŵi zambiri amayang'anizana ndi “zipululu zopatukira misewu yochepa yoyenderana ndi anthu.
  • Kuyankha kokhazikika — Mkati mwa masoka achilengedwe onga ngati mikuntho kapena moto wa magetsi, mkhalidwe wa njira zopulumukira ndi kulimba kwa mizera yamphamvu kukhoza kutanthauza kusiyana pakati pa moyo ndi imfa.

Malo a Boma m’Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ziphunzitso

Kuphunzitsa zinthu sikumangochitika mwangozi.

Kuloŵetsedwamo kwa Boma Launi

Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malo oyamba a dziko, limakhazikitsa miyezo ya zachitetezo, ndi kupereka chichirikizo chachikulu cha zachuma kupyolera m'maprogramu onga Federal Highway Act ndi Bipartisan Infrastructive Law . Zipani zonga Federal Highway Administration (FWA) ndi Federal Transtit Administration (FTA) imagaŵira ndalama, kuyang'anira mapendedwe a malo okhala, ndi kutsata kulinganiza. Mwachitsanzo, kampani ya FHA’S Highway Tchay Fund, yochirikizidwa ndi misonkho ya boma, imapa Khirisi ya madola mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse kaamba ka mapangano a misewu ndi mabwalo. Kutenga malingana kwa boma kutsimikizira malingana a dziko lonse — kulingaliridwa kwakukulutsidwa kwakukulu kwa zamalonda ndi chitetezo cha dziko.

Malamulo aposachedwapa, kuphatikizapo Infrablic Resultment and Jobs Act (IJA) adasainidwa mu 2021, atsogolera kuchuluka kwa ndalama za m'mbiri ya misewu, milatho, kudutsa kwa anthu onse, kumangidwa, ndi galimoto zoyendetsera magetsi. ISJJA imagula ndalama zokwana madola 550 biliyoni powononga zinthu zatsopano, ndi madola 10 biliyoni opatulidwa ku misewu ndi milatho yokha. Zosankha zimenezi sizimapangidwa kokha komanso mmene ntchito zimathandizira kukonza nyengo, kukonzanso makampani, ndi kukonza ntchito.

Zopereka za Boma ndi Za boma

Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) ndi mabungwe a boma ali ndi ntchito yaikulu yokonza mapulani, kupanga mapulani, ndi kukonza zinthu. Maboma a DOT amayang'anira misewu, kuyendetsa ndalama za boma, ndiponso amakhazikitsa ntchito zofunika kwambiri malinga ndi zosoŵa za madera. Maboma a m’maderawa — mizinda, magawo, ndi mabungwe olinganiza za m'matauni — amayang'anira misewu yakwawo, njira zoyendera anthu, ndi mawindo a njinga. Zosankha zawo zimakhudza mwachindunji kukwera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku la moyo wa anthu a m’deralo.

Mayiko amathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito za kampani komanso ndalama. Maboma ambiri amadalira misonkho ya mafuta, ndalama zolembera galimoto, ndalama zolipirira ndalama, ndiponso mgwirizano wa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za kampani. Mayiko ena akweza misonkho ya gasi kapena kupanga zipangizo zatsopano zothandizira anthu kuti azikhala ndi ndalama zochepa. Maboma ambiri amavutika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti ali ndi udindo womanga nyumba zambiri monga misewu yakwawo komanso madzi a m’nyanja.

Kupanga Chosankha: Mmene Ntchito Zimachokera ku Idea Kukaloŵa m’Nyengo

Kumvetsa bwino ntchito imeneyi kumathandiza anthu kumvetsa chifukwa chake ntchito zina zimapita patsogolo mwamsanga pamene ena akuvutika kwa zaka zambiri.

Kulinganiza ndi Kulinganiza

Zigamulo zopereka malangizo zimayamba ndi kulinganiza. Mabungwe a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPOS) amapanga mapulani a zoyendera aatali amene amaneneratu za kukula kwa anthu, kufunika kwa maulendo, ndi kusintha kwa zachuma. Boma DOTs limatulutsa pulogalamu zonse zoyendetsedwa ndi chigawo cha boma zothandizira kukonza zinthu za madera osiyanasiyana za madera osiyanasiyana. Makonzedwewa amakonzedwa nthaŵi ndi mabungwe a boma kuti apeze ndalama. Kulinganizaku kumaphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa, kukonza mikhalidwe yamtsogolo, ndi kukambirana pakati pa zinthu zopikisana — mizinda yolimbana ndi misewu ya kumidzi, kuteteza ndi kuwonjezeka kwa makampani.

Kupenda Malo ndi Chidziŵitso cha Anthu

Mabungwe akuluakulu amafunika kunena za malo okhala (EIS) pansi pa National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Kufufuza kumeneku kumasintha mpweya, madzi, malo okhala nyama, mbiri yakale, ndi madera ozungulira. Kufunanso kuti anthu amve ndi kuyankha, kupatsa anthu mawu ogwirizana ndi zimene zidzakhudza malo awo okhala. Ngakhale kuti kupenda NEPA n’kofunika kuti ateteze malo ozungulira, kungachititsenso kuchedwa. Avereji ya EIS imatenga zaka zingapo kuti ithe, ndipo magulu otsutsa angawonjezere nthaŵi. Kubwereza zimenezi kumakhala ndi vuto lotsutsana ndi anthu ena.

Kupereka Ndalama, Kulola, ndi Kumanga

Pamene ntchito yakonzedwa ndi kuthetsedwa, ndalama zosungidwa kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala chopinga china. Maboma ayenera kulinganiza ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama, mapangano, kapena kufunafuna ndalama za boma, kapena kuloŵa m'mapangano a P3. Kulola pamlingo wa kumaloko — zilolezo zomanga, zilolezo, zowonjezera . Kumanga kwenikweni kumayang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe a boma kapena mabungwe awo, ndi chitsimikizo chabwino ndi chisungiko kupyola. Nthaŵi yonse kuyambira pathupi mpaka pamapeto ingathe zaka 10 mpaka 20 za kukonzanso kapena kumanga kwa misewu yaikulu.

Kusintha kwa Zosankha pa Anthu

Maboma amapanga zosankha zokhudza malo ndi mmene angayambire kumanga nyumba zapamwamba, ndipo zimenezi zimasinthanso zinthu zina osati kungoyendera zinthu zinazake, kukonza zachuma, kuteteza chilengedwe, ndiponso kuyenderana kwa anthu.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chuma

Nyumba zapamwamba zokonzedwa bwino zimakopa anthu kugula ndalama ndi kuyambitsa ntchito. Makwalala atsopano angachepetse mitengo ya zotengera za anthu, angatsegule malo kuti apite ku misika ya antchito. Komabe, misewu yosasamalidwa bwino imaletsa mabizinesi ndi kukweza ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kufufuza kwa Economic Policy Institute kunapeza kuti K14,000,000,000 alionse amene aikidwa pa zipangizo zamakono amayambitsa ntchito zachindunji ndi zosaonekera. Komabe, malo amene anthu opanga ndalamazo: msewu watsopano wolumikiza malo antchito ku madera akumidzi angakulitse kukula, pamene kuyendetsa kwa mkati kwa maofesi a makampani angagawagawa ndi kuchotsa anthu okhala m’malo osungiramo zinthu.

Kusungika kwa Malo Okhala

Zosankha za kukonza malo okhala zingachepetse kapena kuwonjezera mavuto. Kuwonjezera mphamvu ya msewu kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonkhezera kuyenda kwa galimoto, kuwonjezereka kwa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko ndi kuipitsa mpweya. Kumbali ina, kuikizira ndalama poyenda, njira za njinga, ndi zoyendera pansi pa miyendo kungachepetse kudalira kwa magalimoto. Maboma akuwonjezera kudalirana kwa njira zokhalira ndi moyo posankha zinthu zoyendera — mwachitsanzo, kufunikira kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zowonjezera manyukiliya obiriŵira, kapena kusungitsa malo okhala. Federal Highway Administration’s Sumable Pavements Program imalimbikitsa umisiclatesyst trans yomwe imachepetsa kudalira kwa carbon kumanga misewu.

Kuyenera kwa Mayanjano

Malamulo adakali chida chakutsekereza zonse ziŵiri kuphatikizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa. Chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20, maprojekiti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapangidwa m'malo a anthu akuda ndi otsika, kuchotsa mabanja ndi kuchotsa maunansi a anthu. Choloŵa cha zosankha zimenezi chikupitirizabe lerolino monga zopinga zakuthupi, mapindu a katundu, ndi kuchepa kwa thanzi. Mapangano amakono opanga zosankha amagogomezera kwambiri kuchuluka — kutsimikizira kuti m'mbuyomu madera osungidwa alandira gawo lokwanira la mapindu a chuma. Chilungamo cha Biden cha Budge 40 peresenti ya mapindu kuchokera ku nyengo ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za anthu osauka.

Kufufuza Zosankha Zosafunika

Njira Yodutsa M’madzi

Pulezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower anasaina Federal-Aid Highway Act ya 1956, kuyambitsa ntchito yaikulu koposa m'mbiri ya America. Dongosolo la state, lokhala ndi makilomita 4,000, kukonzanso malo a dzikolo. Inachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa malo a m'deralo, kutheketsa kukwera kwa malole monga njira yonyamula katundu, ndipo inathandiza kuyenda ulendo wautali wa pa misewu yakuda. Komabe zosankha zozungulira kugonjetsa kwake ndi kumanga zinalinso ndi mbali zakuda. M’mizinda monga Baltimoremone, Miami, ndi Detroit, zinakhala zopitira dala kudutsa m'dera la Akuda — mchitidwe wodziŵika monga “mtunda wokwera kwambiri wa gagantomachy. kapena“ wa misewu yakuda ku madera akudansi. Zosankhazo zinawononga ndi kuthandizira kutsata chuma cha mafuko ena. Lerolino, mizinda inachotsapo zikhoma za kutuluka m'malo olansi, ku Syrase.

Chida Chachikulu cha ku Boston

Central Artery/Tunnel Project, yodziŵika bwino monga Big Dig, imakhalabe imodzi ya ntchito zapamwamba ndi zotsutsana m'mbiri ya United States. Yolinganizidwa poyamba kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa masiteshoni a Boston pa Central Artery yokwezeka, projekitiyo inabisa I-93 pansi panthaka, inawonjezera ine 90 mpaka ku Logan Airport , ndipo inawonjezera Ted Williams Tunnel . Zosankha za boma zinayendetsa mbali iliyonse: kusankha kugwiritsira ntchito njira zatsopano zogonjetsera, chosankha cha kulondola njira yomangira, ndi kukwera mtengo kwambiri kumene kunawonjezera mtengo womalizira kupitirira $1. [4,6,000,000]. Ngakhale kuti zinawonjezera mtengo wake waukulu, kuchedwa ndi kutsegulidwa kwa anthu ambiri pamwamba pa nthaka, mofanana ndi Green Kennedy. Komabe, ntchito yopanga mbiri yowonongeka, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chigawa, kuyang'onong'onong’onong'

Rail Yapamwamba ya ku California

Poikidwa monga njira ya sitima yowongoka yoyambirira yowongoleredwa ndi zitsulo ku United States, ntchito ya sitima yapamtunda ya California imasonyeza mmene nkhondo zandale ndi zamalamulo zingaletsere ntchito. Poyamba yovomerezedwa ndi voti ndi mu 2008 ndi kulinganiza kwake, ntchitoyo yakhala ndi kuŵerengera kosatha, ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Zigamulo za boma — kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa utsogoleri wa boma, milandu ya malo okhala, ndi kusamvana kwa kutsatsa malondawo — zaimitsa ntchitoyo pa zaka zambiri ndipo ndalama zopitidwa ndi opitirira $3 biliyoni kufika pa $100,000,000 [$3 biliyoni] m’kuyerekezera ndi kumangidwa kwa Central Valley, kugwirizanitsa kwake kotheratu pakati pa San Francisco ndi Los Angeles zikukhalabe zosatsimikizirika. Zimenezi zikugogomezera vuto la kulephera kwa kuyendetsa kwa ndale ndi kuthamanga kwa ndale ndi kuthamanga kwa .

Mavuto Amene Akukula

Ngakhale kuti pakufunikadi njira zamakono zopezera zinthu zofunika, mavuto opitirizabe amalepheretsa kupita patsogolo.

Kupeza Zosoŵa

Chopinga chotchulidwa mobwerezabwereza ku kusungitsa ndalama za za zoyendetsera zinthu ndi zochepa. Msonkho wa petulo wa boma, gwero lalikulu la Highway Trust Fund, sunakwezedwe kuyambira 1993. Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu ndi kuyendetsa bwino mafuta a galimoto, mphamvu yake yogula yatha ndi 40%. Panthaŵi ino, mayiko akulimbana ndi ndalama zawo. Ambiri asintha ndalama zolipirira antchito, ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, ndi mabizinesi a anthu kuti awonjezere kugula ndalama. Infracure Informure Invementive Invementalmentalmentalmentation and Jobs Act Act imapereka ndalama zothandizira ndalama kwa kanthaŵi kochepa koma osalandira ndalama. Popanda chithandizo chatsopano cha ndalama — monga momwe galimoto yoyenda makilomita ambiri (M) — ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zidzapitiriza kuwonjezera.

Mikangano ya Zandale

Malamulo a zachuma amachititsa kuti ntchitoyi ichedwe. Ngakhale ntchito itakhala yoyendetsedwa, nkhondo zandale — monga malo atsopano kapena a misewu — zingayambitse nkhondo.

Chitsutso cha Anthu Onse ndi Kutsutsa

Anthu a m’deralo amatsutsa ntchito za maziko zimene amaona kuti n’zosokoneza malo awo okhala — chinthu chodziŵika monga “Kupanda Pambuyo Pake”. Kudera nkhaŵa za phokoso, chuma, kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, ndi kuchedwa kwa ntchito zomanga kungayambitse chitsutso cha anthu chimene chimawononga ntchito kapena mphamvu zowonjezera. Pamene kuli kwakuti kutengamo mbali kwa anthu kuli kofunika, kuchuluka kwa chiNIMBYism kungaletse ntchito zothandiza kupita patsogolo. Kulinganiza mfundo za chigawo ndi kufunika kwa chigawo ndiko kutsutsana kosasintha kwa dongosolo la zomangamanga.

Tsogolo la Zinthu Zofunika: Kusintha

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, zosankha za maziko a zinthu ziyenera kuchititsa kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo Zamakono

Maboma ayamba kufuna kuti ntchito zatsopano ziphatikizepo zipangizo zamakono zoyendera, monga ma transports (ITS). Magalimoto odziimira okha angasinthenso zinthu zofunika, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito galimoto komanso kusintha kwa njira zoyendetsera. Komabe, nthawi yoyendera sitima zamakono imakhala yosadziwika bwino, ndipo maboma ayenera kukhala osamala kuti asayendetse zinthu zoyendera pa Intaneti.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo — mikuntho, kusefukira kwa madzi, mafunde amoto, ndi ma flueve — zikuyesa zinthu zamphamvu kuposa ndi kale lonse. Misewu yolimba pansi pa kutentha, yosefukira, ndi misewu ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja imatseguka. Federal Emergency Management (FEMA) ndi Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera imalimbikitsa “kulimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito misewu yoyenda pansi pa nthaka, kulimbitsa maulalo otetezera kugwedeza mphepo, ndi kumanga njira zosintha zoyendera. Lamulo la Bipartan Infrastrust Law limaphatikizapo mabiliyoni a ntchito za kukonzanso zinthu, monga Proventing Ressients Zotivetations, Effiententient, ndi zosungira ndalama zoyendera katundu (Procce). Maboma amene amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamakono zamakono zamakono pa nthaŵi yosachedwa.

Kupezeka Kosakondera ndi Kugaŵanika kwa Makina

Malamulo a boma akupereka ndalama zoyendetsera madera a kumidzi ndi kutsika kwa magetsi, kulumikizana kwa makompyuta n’kofunika kwambiri. Mliriwu wosonyeza kuti intaneti yosanjikizana ndi yosafunika kwambiri pamaphunziro, zaumoyo, ndi zachuma. Zigamulo za boma zomathandizira kusungitsa ntchito za ku madera a kumidzi ndi m’magalimoto otsika kwambiri — makamaka m’matauni akumidzi ndi obwera pang’ono — zingatsekeze kugaŵa mlingo wa mlingo wa magetsi. Mofananamo, kuyendetsa magalimoto ndi mawilo otetezeka kukhoza kupatsa mabanja amene sangathe kugula galimoto. Chidziŵitso cha “misewu yokwanira misewu ya anthu onse, osati magalimoto okha — kuchuluka monga njira yopititsa patsogolo ndi kusungitsa bwino zinthu ndi kusungitsa.

Kumaliza

Zigamulo za boma ndizo malo osungirako zinthu zimene misewu yathu, mabulogi, ndi madongosolo oyendera anthu onse atha kuima. Kuyambira pa kuyang'ana koyambirira kwa kachitidwe ka zinthu mpaka kumapeto kwa asphalt, njira iliyonse imaphatikizapo kusankha kumene kutsimikizira chitetezo, kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, ndi kulinganiza bwino malo ozungulira. Kufunika kwa zinthu zachuma, uyang'anira chilengedwe, ndi chilungamo cha anthu ku United States kumakhala kofunika ngati tikufuna kumanga chuma chonse cha anthu onse a ku America — osati masiku ano, koma kwa mibadwo., sinthani, mukhale ndi udindo wopanga zosankha za boma, kuyendetsa zinthu, kukonzekera bwino, kulinganiza bwino zinthu, ndi kukonza zinthu zofunikira kumanga zinthu zimene zikutumikira anthu onse a ku America, koma kwa mibadwo yambiri.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani ASCE 2021 Intrastructure Report Khadi , [[FLT] Fateral Highway Administration [[FLT:] zinthu za malamulo, ndi [[FLT:] U.S] DO’S Bipartis Inslactracture wibractal wirdective widget syst syst syst.[FL:6]