Kumvetsetsa Ufumu: Malamulo Olamulira

Unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi boma ndi maboma a dzikolo uli mbali yolongosola dongosolo landale la United States. Linayambitsidwa m'Malamulo, kugaŵikana kumeneku kwa ulamuliro kumadziŵika monga unistism. Mafuremension anapanga dongosolo limene boma la dzikolo limapereka maulamuliro pamene maboma akusunga maulamuliro onse omwe sapatsidwa mwachindunji boma kapena kukanidwa. Malamulo ameneŵa amaikidwa m'malamulo aakulu: Mfundo Yondandandalika ya Maulamuliro a Congress; Mfundo VI ili ndi Suprecy Clace, ikukhazikitsa lamulo la boma monga lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo; ndi Kusinthanso kwa khumi kwa maulamuliro osaperekedwa kwa maulamuliro kapena anthu. Kumvetsetsa dongosolo limeneli nkofunika kaamba ka kumvetsetsa malamulo ndi malire a boma a boma ndi a boma.

Mphamvu za Boma la Federal

Boma la boma limalamulira mwa magulu atatu a maulamuliro: oŵerengedwa, osonyezedwa, ndi ogwirizana. Gulu lililonse limalongosola ukulu ndi malire a chisonkhezero cha boma m’maboma ndi m’madera.

Mphamvu Zokhalako

Konsitina imapereka mwachindunji gulu la maulamuliro otchulidwa mu Article I, Gawo 8 , . Izi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko ndi achilendo, ndalama, kukhazikitsa maofesi a post ndi misewu, kukhazikitsa nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, ndi kugaŵira ubwino wa onse. Makampaniwa ndi Commerciace, amene amapereka ulamuliro wa kuyendetsa malonda "pakati pa mayiko angapo." M'kupita kwa nthaŵi, lamuloli latembenuzidwa mokulira, kulola boma kukhazikitsa ntchito zambiri zachuma zimene zimakhudza chigawo cha boma kapena malonda.

Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito ndi Zofunika ndi Zoyenera za Claus

Chithandizo cha Malamulo ndi Seader Claus [1] Chinaikidwanso m'Chigawo I, Gawo 8 , Gawongwe la Malamulo akupanga malamulo onse "ofunika ndi oyenera" pochita maulamuliro ake otchulidwa. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anali maziko a mphamvu zotchulidwa, choyamba ovomerezedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu Mclulloch v. Maryland [1819] [I]. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kukhazikitsa banki ya dziko ngakhale kuti malamulowo sanaivomerezetse, chifukwa banki inali njira yoyenera yoperekera Nyumba za Malamulo ndi mphamvu za ndalama. Malamulo ndi Classia adagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuyambira pakukhazikitsa machitidwe a boma, kuchokera kukhazikitsa mabungwe ogwirizana kwambiri kuyendetsa malonda.

Mphamvu Zamakono ndi Claus Wotchuka

Maulamuliro anthaŵi zonse ndi aja omwe ali ogawiridwa ndi maboma a boma ndi boma. Izi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, kumanga misewu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma asemphana, Supremacy Claus amalamula kuti lamulo la boma likhalepo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sizingapereke malamulo amene mwachindunji amagwirizanitsa malamulo a boma kapena malamulo, ngakhale ngati nkhaniyo ili ulamuliro wogawiridwa. Chiphunzitso cha kuchotsedwa kwa lamulo ndi boma chimasonyeza kapena chisonyezero cha lamulo la boma kuletsa kachitidwe m'madera kumene Nyumba za Ufumu zasankha kukhala ndi munda.

Mmene Ulamuliro Waudindo Umayeserera Boma

Chipulumutso ndicho njira imene lamulo la boma limachotsera boma kapena lamulo la kumaloko. Chingachitike mwachindunji mwa chinenero cha statory kapena kotheratu pamene malamulo a boma ali omveka kwakuti samasiya malo kaamba ka ntchito ya boma. Khoti Lapamwamba limazindikira mitundu itatu yaikulu ya kumasulidwa: kutsenderezedwa , pamene Congress isankha kutseguliratu lamulo la boma; kuchitidwa ndi kulephera kwa lamulo, kumene kumabuka pamene lamulo la boma lifalikira kwambiri m’munda; ndi [FLT:] kutsegulira , pamene lamulo limakhazikitsa chiletso cha lamulo la lamulo loletsa kukwaniritsa ziganizo kapena kuletsa lamulo la boma., nthaŵi zambiri limatuluka m'malo otetezera, ndi malo oloŵera, pamene limakhala ndi malo otetezera owonjezereka.

Kumira kwambiri m'kusanthula kwa m'Nkhokwe Yapamwamba, sonyezani Légal Information Institute ya chiphunzitso cha kumasulidwa.

Mphamvu Yowononga Ndalama ndi Kulamulira kwa Malonda

Chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri zimene boma la United States limagwira pa maboma ndi malo ndicho Kuperekera Claus, chimene chimapatsa Congress mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho ndi kuwonongera ubwino wa onse. Boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro umenewu kupereka ndalama zothandizira m'maboma, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe imene imafunikira kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Mchitidwe umenewu, nthaŵi zina wotchedwa "fiscalism," umalola boma la boma kuumba khalidwe la boma m’madera kumene lingakhalebe ndi ulamuliro wotsogolera.

Malo Osonyeza Malo Opatulika Ophiphiritsira

Malo a boma amabwera m’njira ziŵiri zoyambirira. Malo operekera ndalama ali opatulidwa ku zifuno zakutizakuti, monga ngati zoyendera kapena maphunziro a ophunzira olandira ndalama zochepa. Zimenezi zimapatsa boma ulamuliro waukulu wa ndalama zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Amapatsa ndalama zopereŵera , posiyanitsa, amapereka malamulo owonjezereka oika ndalama m’malo onse a , monga kutukuka kwa chitaganya kapena mautumiki a anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma block amapereka kusinthika kowonjezereka, kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera ndi ndalama zochepera ndi zofunika za boma.

Mkhalidwe wa Chithandizo ndi Malire a Mphamvu Yadziko

Nyumba ya Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri imagwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ya boma kulimbikitsa kugonjera boma ndi zonulirapo za dziko. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama za boma zapamsewu zaikidwa pa maboma okweza zaka zochepera za kumwa kufika 21 ndi kuika malire a mwazi pa 0.0.08 peresenti. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza mikhalidwe imeneyi malinga ngati ili yomveka, yogwirizana ndi chikondwerero cha boma m'programu, ndipo siigwirizana ndi boma. NFIB v. Seberius (202) , khoti linagamula makonzedwe a Affordcable Carect amene akanaletsa ndalama zonse za boma za Medicaid kuchokera ku maiko amene anakana kuwonjezera. Khotilo linaletsa kuchepetsa ndalama zoterozo kugaŵa ndalama zawo zowo zowomba ndalama zowomba kudutsa kuti ziwombana, kuswa lamulo loletsa lamulo loletsa lamulo loletsa lamulo.

Malonda a Zamalonda: Chikalata Cholembedwa M’mbiri

Mabuku a Commerce Claus akhala magwero amphamvu kwambiri a mphamvu za boma pa maboma ndi madera.

Ntchito Yatsopano Yofutukula

Pambuyo pa ma 1930, Khoti Lalikulu linali ndi lingaliro lochepa la mphamvu ya zamalonda ya Congress, likuichepetsa kuyendayenda kwa zinthu m'mizere ya boma. Kulephera Kwakukulu kunasonkhezera kuwonjezeka kodabwitsa. M’zochitika zonga Wickard v. Filburn (1942) , Khoti linalamula kuti Court ikhoza kulamulira ngakhale ntchito ya kumaloko, yosakhala ya anyumu , yonga ngati mlimi womakula tirigu kuti agwiritsire ntchito yake yaumwini [1] Ngati ntchito imeneyi mu achule ikhoza kuyambukira kwambiri malonda a dziko. Kumasulira kotakata kumeneku kunapatsa boma pafupi ndi plenarita.

Kuukira kwa Khoti

Kuyambira m'ma 1990, Bwalo lamilandu la Rehnquis linayamba kukhazikitsa malamulo a Commerce Claus. M' United States v. Lopez (1995] , Bwalo linagonjetsa Gun-Free School Counts Act, likugwira ntchito yonyamula mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu ndipo silinayambukire kwambiri malonda a mayiko. United States v. Morrison (2000). anatsatira suti, kutsutsa mbali za Chiwawawa cha Akazi. Zigamu zimenezi zinasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu, kukhazikitsanso kuti pali malire a malamulo a boma a boma ku mabungwe osakhala a dziko la dziko la .

Chiphunzitso cha Claus Chamakono Chamalonda

Chigwirizano cha pambuyo pa Lopez chikufuna kuti Congress akhazikitse ntchito mu Communist Claus, kuti ntchito iyenera kuphatikizapo njira za malonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ziŵiya za malonda a mayiko, kapena ntchito zimene zili ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi malonda a mayiko. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limasunga ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zachuma, Bwalo lamilandu likusonyeza kuti lizidzayang'anira malire pamene Nyumba za Ufumu zifika m’madera amwambo, monga lamulo laupandu, maphunziro, ndi maunansi a banja. Kupenda nkhani zambiri za malonda a Clauslaus, kuphatikizapo [FL: 0] Gonzas v. Raich (2005:] [FL.[5]])

Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Kusintha kwa Khumi

Chipwirikiti chachisanu chimagwira ntchito monga maziko a lamulo a ulamuliro wa boma, kupereka kuti "maulamuliro amene sanapereke ku United States ndi Konsichushoni, kapena oletsedwa ndi ilo ku United States, asungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Maboma ameneŵa atembenuzidwa kutetezera ulamuliro waukulu wa boma pa nkhani za kumaloko.

Mphamvu za Apolisi ndi Chiphunzitso Chosatha

[[FLT: 0] Maulamuliro a polisi ali ulamuliro wachibadwa wa maboma kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mbali zazikulu: malamulo a zaumoyo, kukonza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malo, kukhazikitsa malamulo a zaukwati, malamulo aupandu, ndi maphunziro. Boma la boma la boma limalemekeza ntchito za mwambo zimenezi, ngakhale kuti lingawasonkhezere iwo kupyolera mwa kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kutayitsa. Mliri wa chigawo cha polisi, monga momwe akazembe anaperekera malamulo a boma, zikalata zotetezera, ndi ziletso za mabizinesi, ndi ziletso zamalonda pansi pa ulamuliro wawo wamwaŵi.

Chiphunzitso Chotsutsa Lamulo

Chitetezero chowopsa cha ulamuliro wa boma ndicho chiphunzitso cha cha lamulo la United States [[FLT:]], chimene chimaletsa boma la boma kupempha malamulo a boma kapena akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a boma. Lamulo limeneli linakhazikitsidwa mu New York v. United States Holme [FLT] [FLT] [3], kumene Khoti linagwetsa lamulo la boma limene linafuna kuti likhale ndi dzina la kutaya maulamuliro a mphamvu, ndi kulimbitsa [Foctivestions] mu [Foctive] . v. United States (1997). [FLT.FLT:], limene linasunga kuti bungwe la malamulo silinalamulira kuyang'anira kumbuyo kwa Bractive Act. Chikalata chotsutsa Chilamulo cha Boolati. Chikalata choletsa chilonetsende cha Boose . Chikalata chotsimikizira kuti chilo cha boma chilosetsende m'boma la boma la Bomalamulo cha boma la United States (1997).

Ulamuliro wa Dillon ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma Lakumalo

Maboma akwawo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nkhondo za M’nthaŵi Yathuyi

Makambitsirano angapo a zalamulo amakono amasonyeza nkhondo yosatha pakati pa boma ndi boma.

Kuvomerezedwa kwa Malamulo ndi Lamulo la Mafuko

Ngakhale kuti boma limaletsa chamba kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zachigamulo za Substances Act, mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa chilolezo cha chipani cha chiphaso kuti chigwire ntchito zamankhwala kapena zosangalatsa. Zimenezi zimayambitsa mkangano wachindunji pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi boma. Boma la boma lakhala ndi njira yothetsera ndi malangizo operekedwa ndi Department of Justice , koma vuto la lamulo likutsalira. Ntchito ya boma yopereka ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, mabanki amene amagwira ntchito mabizinesi a cannabis, ndi antchito amene amagwiritsa ntchito chamba chimene chikhoza kuswa lamulo la boma. Robacquer- Far Refter Resmed Remed Remedment imaletsa Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo la Zachilungamo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuti isawonongetse ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito za boma zamankhwala, koma chitetezochimayenera kukonzedwanso chaka ndi chaka chimodzi ndipo samawonjezera ntchito kusanguluka.

Kulimbana ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Zinthu

Mwamwambo, lamulo la kugwirizanitsa ndi limakhala la boma la boma, koma maboma akhala okangalika kwambiri m'dera limeneli. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti lamulo la kumaloko ligwirizane ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m'dziko, pamene ena atengera "yansary" malamulo amene amachepetsa kugwirizana. Khoti Lapamwamba lapansi laletsa malamulo amene amayesa kuyendetsa mwachindunji kusamuka, monga Arizona v. United States (202], zimene zinawononga malamulo angapo a Arizona S.B. 1070. Komabe, zikusunga ulamuliro waukulu pa ntchito ya osamukira kudziko, kupeza mapindu a anthu obwera kudziko, ndi kulowa m'laisensi ya laibulale, kutsogolera ku malamulo a boma a boma loloŵerera.

Kusintha Malo ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Malamulo a malo okhala ndi malo okhala ndi malo ena kumene ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma umagawana. Ceaner Air Act, Cleaner Water Act, ndi malamulo ena aakulu a malo ozungulira amakhazikitsa miyezo ya boma koma kaŵirikaŵiri amagaŵira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maboma kupyolera mwa chitsanzo cha boma logwirizana. Maboma angaperekenso malamulo owonjezereka kuposa ocheperapo a boma, monga California wachita ndi miyezo ya galimoto pansi pa desiki la Deac Air Act. Ulamuliro wa kachilombo ka kapesepo wakhala malo oonetsera, ndi boma lofuna kuthetsa kuipitsa California ndi California likutsimikizira kuyenera kwake kuika malamulo oletsa kuipitsa zinthu. Kulimbana pakati pa kutulutsa mabomba ndi kuyesa kwa boma pansi pa desikiridwa ndi boma kukupitirizabe monga malamulo a nyengo.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu Kosavuta

Pambuyo pa nkhani yofutukula ya Medicaid, ACA adapanga dongosolo limene maboma ali nalo: angagwiritse ntchito inshuwalansi yawoyawo ya zaumoyo, makamaka mu NFIB v. Sebelius [1] . Kuchokera ku kuwonjezera kwa Medicaid, ACA adapanga njira zimene atha kugwiritsa ntchito inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo wawoyawo kapena kudalira pa kusinthana kwa boma; angawonjezere Mdicaid kapena kulephera kuchita motero (monga mmene maiko ambiri poyamba anachitira). Njira imeneyi "kusintha kwa kulembera" imasonyeza chizolowezi m'kapanga malamulo amene amanena kuti asinthe pamene akusunga dongosolo la dziko. Kusintha kwa lamulo ku ACA ndi kusintha kwaumoyo kukupitirizabe kuyesa masinthidwe a mphamvu za boma.

Kulinganiza Mphamvu m’Madongosolo Olimba

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma sikuli kwachikhalire. Kumasinthana pa kusintha kwa ndale zadziko, mapangano achiweruzo, magulu a kakhalidwe, ndi kusokonezeka kwa kunja monga mliri kapena mavuto a zachuma. Kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kumeneku nkofunika kwa aliyense wophatikizidwa m’kulamulira, kutchuka, kapena lamulo la anthu.

Maulamuliro andale amachita mbali yaikulu. Pamene chipani chimodzimodzicho chilamulira ponse paŵiri Congress ndi desidenti, mphamvu ya boma imakonda kufutukuka pamene maulamuliro adziko apereka malamulo apamwamba. Kugaŵanikana kwa boma kapena chitsutso cha boma kungatsogolere ku kugamulidwanso kwa ulamuliro wa boma. Mapangano a Oweruza, makamaka ku Bwalo Lapamwamba, angasinthe kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Kuikidwa kwa oweruza amene amayanja ulamuliro wa boma kapena mphamvu ya boma kungachepetse kulinganizika kwa kulinganizika kwa milandu yofunika kwambiri.

Magulu a kakhalidwe ka anthu asinthanso. Mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe a m'ma 1960 anadalira mphamvu za boma kuti agonjetse kugaŵa boma. Posachedwapa, mabungwe okhazikitsa chilolezo cha cha chamba, kulingana kwa ukwati, ndi kuteteza malo adziko agwiritsira ntchito ponse paŵiri njira za boma ndi boma kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. Kukhoza kwa maboma kutumikira monga "Maluso a demokrase" kumalola kuyesa kumene pambuyo pake kungadziŵitse lamulo la dziko.

Kaamba ka kumvetsetsa kochuluka kwa chisinthiko cha boma, Conferenceal of State Legislatures imapereka FAQ tsatanetsatane pa socialism imene imatsatira zochitika zamakono mu unansi wa boma.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma ndi madera ndi mbali yaikulu ndi yokhalitsa ya ulamuliro wa Amereka. Boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zazikulu kupyolera m'maudindo ake, mosonyezedwa, ndi mphamvu zapanthaŵi yomweyo, zogwiritsiridwa ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri kupyolera mwa Commercial Claus, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndi Suprematy Clausele . Komabe Kusintha kwa Tenth Reformation ndi chiphunzitso cha oletsa lamulo la dziko ndi kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa kudziko kutetezera ulamuliro wa boma, makamaka mphamvu za apolisi ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Kukambitsirana kosalekeza pakati pa magulu ameneŵa ndi malamulo, kuchirikiza malamulo, ndalama, ndi ntchito ya ndale zadziko kuwongolera kuyenderana bwino kuzungulira kwa American. Monga momwe dziko limayang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, kuchokera ku kusintha kwa zaumoyo kuti aumoyo ukhalebe, kuyendetsa ulamuliro pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kulongosola malamulo alamulo la boma la boma la United States.