Msonkhano: Dongosolo la Ulamuliro wa America

Congress, nthambi ya boma la United States, kaŵirikaŵiri imaoneka monga bungwe lakutali logwira ntchito ku Washington, D.C., trans. Komabe, zosankha zake za tsiku ndi tsiku zimaumba maziko a moyo wa ku America. Pa misonkho yoletsedwa pasheke ya malipiro ndi kulimba kwa mpweya umene munthu amapuma ku miyezo ya galimoto ndi mtengo wa mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito, ntchito za Congress n’zosasintha, ngati nthaŵi zina sizioneka, kukhalapo kwake. Kuzindikira mmene nthambiyi imagwirira ntchito si njira yamaphunziro ya ophunzira andale; ndi chipangizo chothandiza kuyendetsa dziko, kupanga zosankha zodziŵa bwino, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa munthu monga nzika. Chitsogonjetsochi chimaswa njira, ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya kugwirizanitsa chidziŵitso cha boma ndi mmene angachitire ndi mmene angachitire.

Chiyambi: N’chifukwa Chiyani Pali Nyumba Ziwiri?

Malo a Congress ndi chotulukapo cha kulolerana kwa Great Relation mu 1787, pangano lalikulu pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo limene linatsekereza kugaŵidwa kwa maiko aakulu ndi aang'ono. Mmalo mwa bungwe limodzi la malamulo, maFramers adapanga madamaral (mayeso aŵiri-mphompho) (malamulo): Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya malamulo. Imeneyi sinali njira yosavuta kukhazikitsa njira ya kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza * ndi nthambi yachigamu yachigamulo. Nthanga iliyonse inapatsidwa mphamvu, maulamuliro a ofesi, ndi mapangano a boma kutsimikizira kuti lamulo lidzakhala logwirizana bwino ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Nyumba ya Oimira: Nyumba ya Anthu

Nyumba ya Oimira imalinganizidwa kukhala chipinda chapafupi ndi anthu. Ziŵalo zake 435 zimagawidwa pakati pa maiko ozikidwa pa anthu, limodzi ndi chiŵalo chilichonse choimira chigawo cha msonkhano. Dongosolo limeneli limapendedwa zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pa kuŵerenga kwa mtunduwo, njira yodziŵika monga kuperekedwa kwa . Chifukwa chakuti mamembala a m’nyumba amatumikira kokha mawu a zaka ziŵiri, iwo ayenera kumvetsera nthaŵi zonse ku kusintha kwa mikhalidwe ndi zosoŵa za a a maofesi awo a dzikolo. Zimenezi zimachititsa nyumba kukhala ndi chivomerezo chachikulu kwambiri kwa anthu komanso chosavuta kuvomereza mwamwayi.

Nyumbayo ili ndi maulamuliro angapo opatulidwa amene amagogomezera ntchito yake monga woimira mwachindunji wa anthu. Mapepala onse operekera ndalama (msonkho) ayenera kuyambika m'Nyumba. Ndiponso, Nyumbayo ili ndi mphamvu yokha ya kulangiza [, kugwira ntchito monga ajuli aakulu operekera milandu kwa akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti. Nyumba imayendetsa ndi Komiti yamphamvu ya Malamulo imene imalamulira malamulo ambiri, kulola gulu la anthu ambiri kupititsa patsogolo bwino mapangano ake. Malo olinganizidwa ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amakwaniritsa bwino, kukhoza kwa ziŵalo za anthu ochepa kupereka zigamu za boma, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti.

Nyumba ya Malamulo: Wosambira Wofeŵetsa

Nyumba ya Malamulo inalingaliridwa kukhala mphamvu yadala ndi yokhazikitsa. Boma lirilonse, mosasamala kanthu za chiŵerengero cha anthu, limasankha Asayant , zimene zimatulukapo mamembala 100. Ndi mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi chigawo chimodzi chokha cha bungwe lachisankho panthaŵi iriyonse, Khoti limatetezeredwa ku zikhumbo za anthu. Oyambitsa onga George Washington analongosola Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhala "musulo wa kholo" kumene tii wotentha wa lamulo lotsatidwa ndi Nyumba ina inayenera kuchepetsedwa.

Maulamuliro a Nyumba ya Malamulo ngosiyana mofanana. Imaperekanso [[FLT: 0] ntchito ndi chivomerezo pa kuikidwa kwakukulu kwa pulezidenti, kuphatikizapo alembi a Bibit Comptain, oweruza a boma, ndi akazembe. Nyumba ya malamulo iyenera kuvomereza mapangano ndi mavoti aŵiri. Imatumikiranso monga ajuli m'mayeso. Mwambo wa nyumba ya malamulo wa mamembala wa makampani osiyanasiyana umapatsa mphamvu zazikulu. Mmodzi wa aisenator angaike "udindo" pa malamulo, ndipo kachitidwe kotsimikiza kanga kanga kangatsegule [[FLT:] ] , kopambana kutsekera mavoti a mavoti [FT:] [FFFF] [5]

Lamulo Lokhala ndi Malamulo: Mmene Msonkhano Ungakhalire Lamulo

Chithunzi cha sukulu chodziwika bwino cha "Mmene Bill Anakhala Lamulo" chimangotchula pang'ono chabe. Ulendo weniweni ndi wovuta, wokonzedwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo walephera ndi wochititsa zinthu zambiri. Kumvetsa masitepe amenewa n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene akuyesa kumvetsa kapena kusonkhezera boma.

Mfundo Yoyamba: Kuyamba Kuphunzira ndi Kubwereranso kwa Komiti

Chiŵalo chilichonse cha Congress chingayambitse lamulo. Akangoyambitsa, lamulolo limaperekedwa ku komiti yapadera [[FLT: 0] yoima imene ili ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani yake. Iyi ndi mbali yovuta kwambiri ya kayendetsedwe ka malamulo. Makomiti ndi kumene kumatukula kochuluka kwa kutumiza malamulo. Amamvetsera kuti apereke umboni, kufunsa, ndi kutsutsana mlandu m’njira yotchedwa mchitidwe, kumene mamembala amapereka kutumiza zikalata ndipo pomalizira pake kutumiza chikalatacho. Mlango ungafere m’komiti ngati chipindachosasankha. Makomitiwo amaphatikizapo Aprip, ndi Maere, ndi (Mayeso, ndi Mautumiki a ku , A.)

Sitepe 2: Zochita Zokongola ndi Mkangano

Ngati lamulo lachikalata laperekedwa kuchokera ku komiti, lipita pansi pa chipinda chake. M'nyumba, Komiti ya Malamulo imakhazikitsa malamulo kaamba ka kutsutsana, kugamula kuti ndi kukonza kumene kungaperekedwe ndi kuti kutsutsana kudzakhala kwautali wotani. lamulo lotsekedwa silimalola kukonza, pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo losinthika likhoza kulola anthu ena okha.

Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsatira njira ina. Mtsogoleri wa anthu ambiri amafunafuna chivomerezo chogwirizana kuti abweretse lamulo pansi. Ngati zinthu za senator, zikalata. Kugonjetsa zimenezi, mtsogoleri wochuluka angalembe pempho lopempha , limene limafuna mavoti 60 kuti athetse mkangano. Mpata wa 60 ndi "filibuster" m’maonekedwe ake amakono, ndipo limatanthauza kuti zikalata zambiri zotsutsana zifunikira kudutsa mu nyumba ya malamulo.

Mfundo 3: Kuthetsa Mikangano

Kuti lamulo likhale lamulo, liyenera kuchitika ponse paŵiri Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo mu *embala imodzimodzi. Chifukwa chakuti zipinda ziŵirizo kaŵirikaŵiri zimadutsa matembenuzidwe osiyana a lamulo limodzimodzilo, komiti yovomerezana ndi komiti yapangidwa. komiti imeneyi ya kanthaŵi ya makomiti aakulu a Nyumba ndi nyumba ya malamulo amene anasamalira lamulolo. Iwo amakambirana Baibulo lololera kulolera molakwa, limene liyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi voti yaikulu m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri popanda kubwezeredwanso. Ngati kulolera molakwako kulephera, chikalatacho chimafa.

Sitepe 4: Ntchito ya Mtsogoleri wa Matchalitchi

Matembenuzidwe omalizira amatumizidwa kwa Pulezidenti. Pulezidenti ali ndi njira zinayi. Chizindikiro Chikalata cha lamulo. `VEto'. ndi chikalata, kutumiza ku Msonkhano ndi zitsutso. Lolani lamulo la kukhala lamulo [[FLT:] popanda kusaina masiku khumi ngati Nyumba za Ufumu zilipo. Kapena, ngati Nyumba za Ufumu za masiku khumi amenewo, Pulezidenti angayese ndi okhoza kupha chilolezo. Congresston , chikhoza kuphadina ndi zikalata ziŵiri. Congresstion ndi zingwe zina ziŵiri, ngakhale kuti zili , kamodzi.

Mphamvu ya Kugula ndi Kuyang’anira

Kuwonjezera pa kukhazikitsa malamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi ziwiya ziŵiri zamphamvu kwambiri: mphamvu ya chikwamacho ndi mphamvu ya uyang’aniro.

Mmene Mungagwiritsire Ntchito Bajeti: Kusankha Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri

Constitution imapatsa Congress mphamvu ya msonkho ndi kuwonongera ndalama. Kachitidwe ka bajeti ka boma kakumatembenuza malo oyamba a dziko kukhala madola. Kachitidwe kameneka kamaphatikizapo masitepe angapo ofunika. Pulezidenti akupereka pempho la bajeti. Congress imatumiza zikalata zothandizira , zimene zimaika ndalama zowonongedwa ndi ndalama zimene anthu amawononga. Ndiyeno, Appropries komiti yogawa ndalama pakati pa ndalama 12 za chaka ndi chaka [[FLT:]], zimene zimasungitsa maprogramu a boma odalirika kuchokera ku ku chinjiriza maphunziro ku malo a dziko.

Pamene Congress imalephera kukwaniritsa mapepala a mapangano ameneŵa panthaŵi yake, boma limayang'anizana ndi kutsika [1]. Kupeŵa zimenezi, Congress kaŵirikaŵiri imaposa kutsimikiza kuti chigamulo (CRC) , ndalama zimene boma lili nazo pamiyeso yamakono kwa nyengo yaifupi. tsindwi la pachaka , chosiyana koma chogwirizana, ndilo lovomerezeka pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene boma lingabwezere. Mapangano okweza ngongole a pakhongo lakhala nkhondo yaikulu ya ndale zadziko.

Kutsimikizira ndi Kufufuza

Kutsimikizira kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo kuli kupenda kwakukulu pa nthambi ya akuluakulu. Chaka chilichonse, Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira zikwi za oikidwa ndi pulezidenti, kuchokera kwa oweruza a khoti la boma kwa alembi a Cabinet . Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kufufuza kosamalitsa ndi Komiti ya Nyumba ya Malamulo (kwa oweruza) kapena komiti yofunika (akuluakulu), yotsatiridwa ndi voti ya Konsoli yathunthu.

Congress Udindo ndi kupenda kopitirizabe kwa mabungwe a boma, maprogramu, ndi malamulo. Makomiti amamvetsera kufunsa akuluakulu, zikalata zapansipale, ndi kupenda kutayidwa kwa zinthu zothekera, chinyengo, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa. Ofesi ya Governtation Accouncial Office (GALT), [GALT:3], bungwe lodziimira, lopanda mbali ya bungwe limene limagwira ntchito ya Congress, limafufuza mmene ndalama zopereka msonkho zimawonongedwera ndi kupereka malipo pa kugwira ntchito kwa maprogramumboni a boma. Ntchito imeneyi imasunga mlandu kwa oimira osankhidwa a anthu.

Nyumba za Malamulo pa Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kugwirizana pakati pa kachitidwe ka msonkhano ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini nkolunjika kwambiri kuposa mmene ambiri amadziŵira. mbali iriyonse yaikulu ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku imayambukiridwa ndi lamulo la boma.

  • Ntchito ndi Wages: [[FLT: 1] Congress imakhazikitsa malipiro a boma, amalamulira chisungiko cha ntchito kupyolera m'Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugawana kupyolera m'Community Obster Option Commission (EOC). National Labortion Relations Board (NLRB), imene imalamulira masankhoti ndi kutsanatsa, ndi kukhazikitsanso bungwe la Commissioner.
  • Health ndi Well: [[FLT :1] Food and Drug Administration (FDA), imene imatsimikizira chisungiko cha chakudya ndi mankhwala, yaperekedwa ndi Congress. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) imatetezera thanzi la anthu. Programs ngati Medicare, Medicaid, ndi Affordhable Care Act (ACA) ndi malonda ali ziwitso za malamulo a malamulo a bungwe.
  • Ndalama za Mwini:[[FLT :1] Komiti ya Mwiniendial Revenue Service (IRS) imasonkhanitsa misonkho yozikidwa pa malamulo a msonkho olembedwa ndi Congress. Securentity and Exchange Commission (SEC) imayang'anira misika ya malonda. The Consumer Finial Protection Bureaual (CFPB), yopangidwa ndi Dodd-Frank Act , kutetezera ogula ku kubwereketsa ndi chinyengo cha ndalama.
  • Infractive and Community: [[FL:1] Ndalama zoyendetsera misewu, milatho, kudutsa kwa onse, mabwalo a ndege, ndi madongosolo a madzi zimadutsa ku zikalata za approps. Federal Commissions Commission (FCC) imalamulira kufalikira kwa mpweya ndi intaneti.

Koma ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo yalephera kuchita kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo losakonzedwa bwino, anthu amakumana ndi zotsatira zake pa nkhani zimenezi.

Buku Lanu la Masewera: Kugwirizana ndi Mabungwe

Mwamwaŵi, dongosolo limodzimodzilo limene limapanga Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhala yocholoŵana limaperekanso nsonga zambiri zoloŵera kwa nzika kuti mawu awo amvedwe.

Dziŵani Oimira Anu

Njira yoyamba yopezera pangano logwira mtima ndiyo kudziŵa amene akuimira inu. Nzika iliyonse ili ndi woimira mmodzi m'Nyumba ndi Asator aŵiri. Maofesi awo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuthandiza anthu. Kuwapeza nkosavuta: kuchezera [[FLT: 0]. Gov kapena USUSA. Gov. [FLT:] ndi kuloŵa mu zikalata za zipupalensi.

Muzimva Mawu Anu

Maofesi amasamala za kulankhulana kwa bungwe. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kuimbirana telefoni kapena kutumiza uthenga wachidule kapena kalata. Kugwiritsa ntchito mameseji a mkupiti sikukhudza kwambiri. Kupezeka pa misonkhano ya m’tauni pamene chiŵalo cha Congress chili panyumba ndi imodzi mwa njira zomveka kwambiri zofunsira funso ndi kuyankha poyera.

  • Kuitana kwa FON: ] kothandiza kwambiri posankha mavoti amene akubwera. Wogwira ntchito akuloza malo a woimba foniyo.
  • Makalata olembedwa mwaumwini/Emails: Yabwino koposa kulongosola mtengo waumwini m’kope locholoŵana. Nkhani imodzi, yolembedwa bwino ingakhale yokopa kwambiri kuposa zilembo mazana ambiri.
  • Mu Msonkhano wa Pansi: [[FLT :1] ogwira ntchito m'maofesi a maofesi angakonzere misonkhano kaamba ka opanga. Imeneyi ndi njira yamphamvu yomangira unansi.

Tsatirani Ndalamazo

Kuzindikira chisonkhezero cha ndalama m'ndale nkofunika. Zopereka za mpikisano sizigula mavoti, koma zimagula kulowa. Magulu onga OpenSET .org] zopereka za mkupiti ndi zopititsira patsogolo, kulola ovota kuona maindasi ndi zikondwerero zimene zikuchirikiza akuluakulu awo osankhidwa. Kuwonekera kumeneku kuli chiŵiya champhamvu kaamba ka kuŵerengera.

Khalani Odziŵa ndi Omva

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya nzika m'dziko la democracy yoimira oimira ndiyo kukhalabe wodziŵa ndi kuvota. Kupenyerera ziweruzo pa C-SPAN , kuŵerenga nkhani za m’malo a woimira, ndi kufufuza malo oyendera mfundo kumapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kuti apereke chiweruzo chomveka pa bokosi la bolot. Masankho apadera kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ogwirizana kwambiri kuposa masankhoti chifukwa chakuti amagamula zimene zikupezeka mu November. Kuyang'anira masankho kumapereka chizindikiro chakuti wosankhidwayo akulabadira.

Kumaliza

Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi yovuta, nthaŵi zina yokhumudwitsa, koma yofunika kwambiri. Kulinganiza kwake kwadala, kozikidwa pa kulolera ndi kupenda ndi kulinganiza, kumayambitsa dongosolo lakusintha pang'onopang'ono la ulamuliro limene linakhazikitsidwa kuti likhale lokhazikika. Pamene kuli kwakuti likhoza kukhala lopanda nzeru, linalinganizidwa kutetezera ku nkhanza ndi kupanga zosankha. Mwakumvetsetsa mbali za Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya malamulo, njira yocholoŵana ya malamulo, ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya kuyang'anira ndi kuyendetsa ndalama, nzika zingasunthe kupyola kutsutsa ndi kugwirizana ndi dongosolo lake. Kutenga mbali kwachangu ndi chidziŵitso chimenechi ndiko injini imene imachititsa democracy, kutsimikizira kuti Nyumba ya malamulo imatumikiradi zofuna za anthu tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.