Table of Contents
Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Olamulira Olamulira
United States Constitution ikhazikitsa maziko a maulamuliro a boma. Linalembedwa mu 1787 ndi kuvomerezedwa mu 1788, Constitution inaloŵa mmalo Malo Ochepa a Kugwirizanitsa ndi dongosolo la boma lolimba. Oyambitsawo analinganiza mosamalitsa kufunika kwa boma lalikulu lokhala ndi chitetezo cha ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Kumvetsetsa maziko ameneŵa nkofunika kwa ophunzira kupenda mmene boma la boma likugwira ntchito lerolino.
Chiganizo cha ukulu wa Konsichushoni, chopezeka m'Chigawo VI, chikhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma liyenera kukhala lapamwamba kuposa malamulo a boma pamene mikangano ibuka. Komabe, boma la boma ndi limodzi la maulamuliro ochepera, oŵerengedwa bwino lomwe .Ilo lingangochita ntchito kumene Konsichushoni imaipatsa ulamuliro. Lamulo limeneli limasiyanitsa United States ndi madongosolo audindo kumene maboma akuluakulu ali ndi mphamvu. Kachitidwe kalikonse ka boma kayenera kutsimikizira chiyambi chake ku makonzedwe alamulo alamulo.
Mfundo I: Maulamuliro Olamulira
Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 ili ndi mpambo womveka bwino kwambiri wa maulamuliro a boma. Nyumba ya malamulo ili ndi ulamuliro wa misonkho ya levy, kubwereka ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda ndi maiko akunja ndi pakati pa maiko, kukhazikitsa malamulo ofanana achilengedwe ndi a kulephera kwa ndalama, kukhazikitsa ndalama zopeka, kukhaulitsa, kukhazikitsa mamaofesi a positi ndi misewu, kupatsa mapangano a boma ndi malo olembetsa, kukhazikitsa ndi kulanga mabwalo a boma, kukhazikitsa ndi kupatsa zilango zapamwamba za m’nyanja, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza, kupereka ndi kusungitsa magulu ankhondo ankhondo ankhondo, kutumiza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ankhondo kuti apereke malamulo ndi kutsendereza, ndi kupanga lamulo lachitetezo pa Chigawo cha Columbia.
Maulamuliro ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa [[FLT: 0] mphamvu zoyendetsedwa . Mlandu woyamba weniweniwo wa Khoti Loyamba kumasulira ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa, Hylton v. United States (1796]), wochitidwa ndi msonkho wa kukwera, kutsimikizira kuti Congress inali ndi ufulu waukulu m'makhoma msonkho. Msonkhoti yopereka mphamvu ya msonkho siiyenera kugawidwa ndi anthu, ndi ntchito zonse, ndi mapepala a mapepala, ndi maapostsi, ziyenera kukhala zofanana kuzungulira dziko lonse.
Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito ndi Zofunika ndi Zoyenera za Claus
Chigawo 8 , Chigawo , Chigawo ndi Sent Claus , ulamuliro wa Malamulo onse "ofunika ndi oyenera" pochita mphamvu zake zotchulidwa. Mawu ameneŵa amasuliridwa mokulira kuyambira Mcloch v. Maryland [1] [1819]), m’mene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analamulira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kuphatikiza banki ya dziko ngakhale kuti kubanki sikunandandalitsidwa bwino. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti "yofunika" imatanthauza "inu ndi yoyenerera" mmalo mwa kufunika kotheratu, kupereka kusinthika kusinthira ku kusintha kwa mikhalidwe.
Maulamuliro ogwiritsa ntchito alola boma la boma kukula m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo inagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake yokhoma misonkho kukhazikitsa Social Security, mphamvu yake ya zamalonda kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu, ndi mphamvu zake zogwiritsira ntchito kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ya kuchirikiza ndalama za boma kaamba ka misewu ndi maphunziro. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti mphamvu zotanthauza mphamvu zachepetsa malire a Malamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza amalola boma kuyang’anizana ndi mavuto amakono.
Bwalo Lapamwamba lakhala likutsutsa nthaŵi zina mawu otsutsa mphamvu zotanthauza. United States v. Lopez (1995], Bwalo Lamilandu linagonjetsa Gun-Free School Zoners Act, kugamula kuti kunyamula mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu sikunayambukire kwenikweni malonda a mayiko. Mlanduwuwu unazindikiritsa nthaŵi yoyamba m’zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi kuti Khoti linatseretsa malonda a bungwe la Congress Congress, kusonyeza mphamvu zimene zinatanthauza kuti zili ndi malire a malamulo a boma.
Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro ndi Ulamuliro Waakulu
Konsichushoni imagawa mphamvu ya boma pakati pa nthambi zitatu . "kuletsa kuikidwa pa ulamuliro." Nthambi iliyonse yatchula ndi kutanthauza mphamvu zimene zimayang’anira zina. Kumvetsetsa kulekana kumeneku kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa zimene boma la dzikolo lingachite ndi zimene silingachite.
Maulamuliro Olamulira: Opatulikitsa Malo Oposa Operekedwa
Congress, kuwonjezera ku maulamuliro ake otchulidwa, amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro waukulu kupyolera mwa Commerce Claus, Pource Claus, ndi War Power . Commerce Claus wakhala wosonkhezera kwambiri. Pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall, Gibbons v. Ogden [1] (1824) adakhazikitsa kuti mphamvu ya Congress yolamulira malonda a mayiko onse ifutukukira ku ntchito iliyonse imene imatsegulira mizere kapena kuyambukira maboma ambiri. Kumasulira kumeneku kunachirikiza malamulo a boma a njanji, temberg, ndi pambuyo pake, intaneti.
Commerce Claus inakhozetsanso lamulo la New Deal ya ma 1930, kulola Nyumba ya Malamulo kuyang'anira maunansi a antchito, ulimi, ndi misika ya zaulimi. Wickard v. Filburn (1942), Khotilo linagamula kuti mlimi akulima tirigu kaamba ka kudyetsa kwaumwini akakhoza kuyang'anira chifukwa chakuti ntchito yoteroyo inakhudza msika wa tirigu wa dzikolo. Malingaliro amenewa anapitirizabe kufikira m'ma 1990, pamene Bwalo la Rehnquit linayamba kukhazikitsa malire.
Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti mikhalidwe imeneyi iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino, yogwirizana ndi chikondwerero cha boma, ndipo osati yogwirizana. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (20: 2) Khoti Lalikulu lagamula kuti, mikhalidwe yoteroyo iyenera kukhala yogwirizana ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma, ndipo osati yogwirizana. Mu National Federation of Independent Business . Sebellius . [2] , Khoti linalamula kuti Affordive Carence Act ioct ya Médic alct , kupangitsa kuti chikhale chodzisankhira kaamba ka mawu.
Maulamuliro a Akuluakulu ndi Ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti
Pulezidentiyo ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu za lamulo: mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo, mphamvu ya kukhululukira, ulamuliro wa kupanga mapangano (ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), mphamvu ya kuika nduna za boma ndi oweruza (ndiponso ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndi thayo la "kusamala kuti malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika. Ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wakula kwa nthaŵi, makamaka m'nkhani zachilendo ndi m'chisungiko cha dziko.
Mapresidenti anena kuti ali ndi mphamvu zachibadwa kuposa zimene zandandalitsidwa. Abraham Lincoln analezera habeas corpus mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, kukhazikitsa mphamvu zangozi. Posachedwapa, malamulo a akuluakulu, kusaina, ndi ntchito zankhondo zapadera zakhala zikuyesa malamulo alamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zina lachepetsa mawu ameneŵa, monga mu Achichepere Commentart & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1] (1952), pamene linagwetsa Pulezidenti Truman kulanda zitsulo zachitsulo m'nthaŵi ya Nkhondo ya ku Korea.
Mphamvu za Oweruza ndi Mbali ya Khoti Lalikulu
Judiary wa boma, wotsogozedwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba, amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo . "uulamuliro wa kulengeza malamulo popanda boma. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa mu [FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison [1] (1803) ndipo iri mbali ya dongosolo la mayeso ndi kulinganizika. Chigamulo cha Khoti chimalongosola malire a mphamvu za boma, kuumba unansi pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma.
Milandu yofunika yamveketsa zimene boma la boma la boma silingathe kuchita. Mu Printz v. United States [1] (1997), Bwalo lamilandu linagamula lamulo la boma lofuna boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko loti liziyang'anira kuyang'anira kumbuyo kwa ogula mfuti, kugamula kuti boma la dzikolo silingalamulire akuluakulu a boma. Mu Mu Murphy. NACA (2017), Khoti linawononga Professional ndi Adsssport, likusunga lamulo la boma.
Mafuko: Kugaŵanika Pakati pa Maulamuliro a Boma ndi Boma
Lamulo la malamulo limapanga dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka mbali ziŵiri kwa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma logawana mphamvu. Mpambo wa Khumi Unagaŵidwa umatsutsa kuti mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku United States kapena zoletsedwa ku maboma zisungidwa ndi maboma kapena anthu. Kakonzedwe kameneka kamasunga ulamuliro wa boma monga kuyang’anira mphamvu za boma.
Maulamuliro a Dziko Okhazikitsidwa
Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa zochitika zawo zamkati, kaŵirikaŵiri zotchedwa mphamvu za boma . Izi zimaphatikizapo kukhoza kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa onse m'malire awo. Maboma amachititsa masankho, kukhazikitsa maboma, kuyang'anira maphunziro a anthu, kulamulira malonda a boma, kuyang'anira chuma chachilengedwe, ndi kupanga malamulo a banja ndi aupandu. Malamulo salemba maulamuliro ameneŵa chifukwa chakuti adakhazikitsa mgwirizano wa boma.
Federalism imalola kufufuza. Woweruza Louis Brandeis motchuka analongosola kuti "mabungwe a demokrase" kumene malamulo angapimidwe. Mwachitsanzo, amatchula malamulo a aupainiya obwezera antchito, malamulo a malo, ndi kusintha kwa inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo isanachitidwe ndi boma. Kusintha kumeneku kwabwino kwa mayanjano a m'madera ndipo kumapereka malo ambiri kuti munthu aloŵetsemo ndale zadziko.
Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo
Boma ladziko ndi maboma adziko omwe amagwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro ena panthaŵi imodzi. Maulamuliro ameneŵa akugwirizana amaphatikizapo kukhoza kwa kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa mabanki. Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana pa nkhani za ulamuliro wa nthaŵi imodzi, Supremacy Claus amaika lamulo la boma patsogolo. Komabe, maboma angapereke msonkho umene susankha malonda a boma kapena kuswa zitetezero za boma.
Kulimbana pakati pa boma ndi boma kwayambitsa mikangano yosatha. Nkhani zonga ngati kufanana kwa ukwati, kuvomerezedwa kwa chamba, ndi malamulo ochotsa mimba zimasonyeza mphamvu ya boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa ulamuliro waukulu wa boma m'madera onga ufulu wa anthu ndi malonda a mayiko, lavomerezanso malire. United States v. Morrison[FL:1] [2000]), Khoti linawononga makonzedwe a chiwawa cha Actal Against Women Act , kulamula kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siingathe kuletsa upandu wachiwawa wosadalirana pansi pa malonda a Claus.
Mphamvu Zoikidwa: Zimene Boma Ladziko Silingathe Kuchita
Ziletso zimenezi zimateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi kuteteza ufulu wa boma. Ziletso zina zimapezeka m’Chigawo 9, pamene zina zikuchokera ku Boma la Ufulu wa Anthu ndi kusintha kotsatirapo.
Kutsutsa Kotsatira Lamulo
Mfundo I, Chigawo 9 chimaletsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kutsatsa mafaindi a malamulo a otchuka kapena a m'mbuyo, kupereka maina aulemu, kukakamiza msonkho pa makampani a boma kusamutsitsa, kapena kukondera madoko a boma lina. Malamulo amaletsanso kutsendereza mahabeas pa milandu ya chipanduko kapena kuukira pamene boma lifuna kutero. Ziletso zimenezi zimasonyeza nkhaŵa ya Oyambitsa boma lodzisankhira.
Buku la Bill of Rights limawonjezeranso kuletsa. Lamulo Loyamba Lowonjezera limaletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo okhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo kapena kuletsa kulankhula mwaufulu, kusindikiza, kusonkhana, kapena kupempha. Lamulo lachiŵiri la Rendement limateteza ufulu wonyamula zida. Oteteza ku kufunafuna ndi kudwala kopambanitsa. Lamulo la Find Thupment limakhazikitsa malamulo oyenera, limaletsa ngozi yowirikiza kawiri, ndiponso limateteza ku kudzipatula.
Kukonzanso zinthu pambuyo pake kunali ndi malire. Mpando wa 14 wa Kusintha kwa Malamulo unagwiritsa ntchito mabuku ambiri oteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe ku mayiko kudzera m'kuphatikizapo. Umenewu umaperekanso chitsimikizo chofanana chotetezera malamulo ndi zipilala kuti munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu asachotsedwe. Ngakhale kuti kukonza zinthu zimenezi kumaletsa kwambiri maboma, iwo amapanganso mphamvu za boma mwa kukhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko.
Ziphunzitso Zoletsa Ulamuliro wa Gulu
Kupatula pa ziletso zomveka bwino, ziphunzitso za lamulo zimakakamiza boma la dziko. principle ya mphamvu ya boma yochepa imatanthauza kuti Congress ingachite kokha pamene yatchula ulamuliro. Ngati palibe makonzedwe alamulo opatsa mphamvu pa nkhani inayake, nkhaniyo imasungidwa ku maboma. Lamulo limeneli nlofunika kwambiri ku malamulo a dziko la America.
chiphunzitso cha lamulo la boma chikuletsa boma kupempha malumbiro a boma kapena akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likutsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke zisonkhezero kapena kuika mikhalidwe pa zopereka za boma, siingalamulire maboma mwachindunji kukakamiza lamulo la boma. Chiphunzitso chimenechi, chokhazikitsidwa mu New York v. United States ndi kuibwerezanso ku [[FLT:] Shicilelansoz , kusungitsa ulamuliro.
chiphunzitso chosalunjika [[FLT: 1] chimaletsa kukhoza kwa Congress kugawira mphamvu za malamulo ku mabungwe akuluakulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma lamakono limadalira pa kupanga malamulo, Bwalo lakhoti nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi lapempha chiphunzitso chimenechi kugonjetsa nthumwi zambiri. M’zochitika zaposachedwapa zonga Gundy v. United States (2029), Khoti linatsutsana kuti kaya Nyumba za Malamulo zipereke malangizo okwanira pogaŵira ulamuliro, kusonyeza ziletso za m’tsogolo pa mphamvu ya boma.
Kutsutsana Kwamakono ndi Mphamvu Yosinthasintha
Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza ophunzira kuona mmene malamulo a m’Baibulo amagwirira ntchito pa zochitika za masiku ano.
Malonda a Claus m’Zaka za Zana la 21
Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu mu Lopez . Seberius v. [FLT :2] ndi [FLT] Morrison anadzutsanso malamulo pa Commerce Claus , koma Afford Care Act mu NFIB v. Seberius anapanga chigamulo chochovuta. Khotilo linagamula kuti anthu sangaloŵe m'malonda mwa kuwafuna kuti agule inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo pansi pa Commust Claus. Komabe, linachirikiza lamulolo lovomerezedwalo la kuyendetsa msonkho. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene boma lingakwanitsirire zolinga zake kudutsa njira zosiyanasiyana.
Lamulo la malo okhala limadalira kwambiri pa Commerce Claus ndi Ceat Act. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Massachusetts v. EPA (2007) adakhulupirira kuti boma lingalamulire kutulutsa mpweya wotentha wa gasi pansi pa lamulo lomwe lilipo. Komabe, Khoti lilinso ndi malire a boma pa matope ndi madzi ena a m'madera ozungulira, monga momwe zikuonekera Raphanos v. United States (2006] ndi ena ambiri aposachedwapa [FLT:] Sacrett. [PAFFFF:] . [2]
Mphamvu ya Maboma ndi Ufulu Waumwini
Kuyambira m'ma 1960, Nyumba ya Malamulo yagwiritsira ntchito malonda ake ndi mphamvu zake zowonongera ufulu wa anthu. Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, chinachirikizidwa ndi ku Atlanta Motel v. United States , kuletsa tsankho m'malo a anthu chifukwa cha tsankho loterolo lokhudza malonda a mayiko. Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha mu 1965 chinadalira pa lamulo la Declation of Development kuletsa tsankho la mafuko povota. Shelby County v. Varer (2013]), Khoti Lapamwamba linakantha njira yodziŵira kuti boma linkafuna kusintha kwa kuvota, kuchititsa kuti msonkhanowo ukhale wosakonzanso njira yosonyezera mikhalidwe yamakono.
Mphamvu ya Federal pa kusamuka ndi yofanana ndi [FLT .Corer iri ndi ulamuliro woyandikira wa kukhazikitsa malamulo oloŵera, kuchotsa, ndi kukonza. Komabe, maboma ali ndi mbali ina mwa kugwirizana ndi boma ndi malamulo awo omwe amayambukira anthu osalembedwa. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] Arizona v. United States (202) inaswa malamulo angapo a boma monga ochotsedwa ndi lamulo la boma, pamene ikulola makonzedwe ofuna kuti apolisi aone za kusamuka kwa anthu panthaŵi yololedwa ndi lamulo.
Kuphunzitsa Maulamuliro Aakulu: Maprogramu Ogwira Ntchito
Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, mphamvu zaumoyo za boma zimafuna kupenda zonse ziŵiri zolembedwa za lamulo ndi zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko. Kusanthula milandu ya zochitika zapadera kumathandiza kulongosola bwino mmene makhoti amamasulira Konsichushoni. Kuyerekezera ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma pa nkhani monga maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi lamulo laupandu kumavumbula kugwira ntchito kwa boma.
Kumvetsetsa maulamuliro a boma kumathandizanso nzika kupenda nkhani zandale. Zonena kuti lamulo la boma ndi losemphana ndi malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kusanthula ngati Konsichushoni imapatsa ulamuliro wa Malamulo pa nkhaniyi. Conrever.gov [1] Website imapereka mbiri ya malamulo imene imasonyeza kuti olemba malamulo a boma amatchula pamene akuika malamulo. Mofananamo, mawu a pulezidenti a ulamuliro wachibadwa angatsutsidwe motsutsana ndi malemba alamulo ndi chitsanzo.
Mapeto ake: Boma Lokhala ndi Malire
Maulamuliro a boma ali ponse paŵiri otakata ndi ocheperapo. Maulamuliro a Konsichushoni amagawidwa ndi osonyezedwa amene amalola boma la dziko kugwira ntchito mogwira ntchito kupyola mtundu waukulu ndi wocholoŵana. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kutetezera maulamuliro, boma, Bill of Rights, ndi kupenda kwa lamulo kuletsa upo.
Ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi amene amamvetsetsa malire ameneŵa angamvetse bwino mmene ulamuliro wa Amereka umagwirizanirana: umodzi wa dziko ndi ufulu wa dziko, boma logwira mtima ndi ufulu wa munthu. Kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa Congress, pulezidenti, makhoti, ndi maboma kumasunga dongosolo la malamulo la malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti maulamuliro a boma a dzikolo akhalabe ogwirizana ndi anthu.
Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] National Archives [[FLT: 1] imapereka matembenuzidwe olembedwa a Konsichushoni. Lygal Information Institute ku Cornell imapereka kulongosola kokwanira kwa lamulo lalamulo. Kupenda zinthu zimenezi kumakulitsa kumvetsetsa zimene boma la dziko lingakhoze ndi zimene silingachite.