Kugaŵira mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma kuli lamulo la maziko la ulamuliro wa Amereka. Dongosolo limeneli lodziŵika monga lolamulira, limagaŵa ulamuliro kotero kuti boma likhale ndi ulamuliro waukulu pambali zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira pa maphunziro ndi zoyendera kufikira ku chisamaliro cha zaumoyo ndi kusungitsa lamulo. Lingaliro la ufulu wa boma . Maulamuliro andale osungidwira maboma mmalo mwa boma akukhala mphamvu yaikulu ndi yotsutsana ndi chitaganya cha kumalo ndi malamulo a dziko. Kumvetsetsa ufulu wa boma nkofunika pozindikira mmene amayambukirira zinthu zonse pamtengo wanu wa misewu, ndipo ngakhale malamulo amene amatetezera ufulu wanu wa anthu.

Kodi Ufulu wa Boma Nchiyani?

Ulamuliro wa boma wazikidwa pa Demetrition ya khumi ndi theka ya Malamulo a U.S., amene amalengeza kuti: "Maulamuliro amene saperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Zimenezi zimagwirizanitsa lamulo lakuti boma lili ndi maulamuliro a boma okhawo ondandandalikidwa m'Malamulo, pamene ulamuliro wina uliwonse wa boma umakhala ndi maboma. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, makhoti amasulira zimenezi kuti maboma ali ndi mphamvu yachibadwa ya apolisi, kapena anthu.

Ufulu wa boma suli wotheratu; iwo amakhala mkati mwa dongosolo la ukulu wa boma monga momwe wakhazikitsidwa ndi Supremacy Claus. Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana, lamulo la boma limakhalapo. Komabe malire a kulinganiza kumeneku amayesedwa nthaŵi zonse mwa malamulo, zochita za mabwana, ndi zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba. Chotulukapo chake ndicho ntchito yocholoŵana ya malamulo apamwamba a boma amene angasiyane kwambiri pa nkhani zonga ngati ukwati, msonkho, malamulo a malo, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu.

Mbiri Yakale ya Ufulu wa Boma

Nkhani yokhudza ufulu wa boma yakhala nkhani yobwerezabwereza m’mbiri ya America, nthaŵi zambiri imakhala posinthira mavuto a mayiko.

  • Vuto la Kusowa kwa Magazi m’Ma 1830
  • Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya ku America ndi Kukonzanso
  • Gulu la Chigwirizano cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe la m’ma 1950 ndi 1960
  • New Deal ndi kufutukuka kwa ulamuliro wa boma
  • Nkhondo zaposachedwapa zokhudza inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi malamulo ovotera

Vuto la Kuchepa kwa Maselo

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za m'ma 1830, South Carolina inatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuchotsa lamulo la bomalo lolingaliridwa kukhala losagwirizana ndi boma, ikumanena kuti malamulo a boma angachotsedwe m'malire awo. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson anawopseza gulu lankhondo, ndipo kulolera molakwa kunathetsa vutolo. Komabe, lingaliro la kutha kwa zinthu linakhalabe lamoyo m’chiganizo cha kummwera, kuyala maziko a nzeru kaamba ka kusokonezeka kwa dziko.

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya ku America

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni inali chisonyezero chachiwawa koposa cha mkangano wa ufulu wa boma. Mayiko a Kum’mwera ananena kuti anali ndi ufulu wa kudzilamulira okha, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa ukapolo, popanda kuloŵerera kwa boma. Chilakiko cha Union chinakhazikitsa kuti maboma sangalekere ndi kuti ulamuliro wa boma umadzinenera kukhala wa ulamuliro m'nkhani zambiri. Komabe, nkhondoyo sinathetse mikangano yaikulu; inangochotsa nkhondoyo kunkhondo kuikhazikitsa kumakhoti ndi nyumba za malamulo.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pake, zoyenera za boma zinagwiritsiridwanso ntchito . Ino ndiyo nthaŵi ya kukana kusankhidwa ndi kuvota kwa Aamereka a ku Africa. Mayiko a Kum’mwera anakhazikitsa malamulo ndi kutengera malamulo olinganizidwa kuchotsa zigamulo za boma zonga Brown v. Boma la Education[FL:1]. Boma linayankha ndi Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 ndi Chotetezera ufulu wa Voting Act ya 1965, imene inagwiritsira ntchito chigamulo cha malonda ndi Demezo la 144 kuti ichotse malamulo a boma amene anapititsa patsogolo tsankho laufuko.

Ntchito Yatsopano ndi Kufutukuka kwa Maboma

New Deal ya ma 1930 inawona kufutukuka kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa boma pamene boma la dziko linatenga mbali m'dongosolo la zachuma, ubwino wa anthu, ndi dongosolo la zachuma. Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa maprogramu ambiri a New Deac monga kuswa ufulu wa boma, koma pambuyo pa mkangano wa ndale ndi Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt, Bwalo linasintha kumasulira kwake, kulola kuŵerengedwa kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa malamulo a zamalonda. Zimenezi zinayambitsa nyengo ya ulamuliro wa boma, kumene boma ndi maboma kaŵirikaŵiri anagaŵanamo mathayo.

Nkhani Zamakono Zokhudza Ufulu wa Boma

M’zaka za zana la 21, ufulu wa boma ukupitirizabe kukhala nkhani yaikulu m'mbali zosiyanasiyana za malamulo. Pamene kuwonjezeka kwa ndale zadziko, maboma ambiri akhala malaboratori a demokrase(o kapena, malinga ndi mmene mumaonera, mabwalo a nkhondo , kumene malamulo akusiyana kwambiri ndi mayiko apafupi. Nkhani zazikulu za masiku ano zikuphatikizapo:

  • Kusamalira thanzi ndi malamulo a inshuwalansi
  • Njira ya maphunziro ndi kulamulira maphunziro
  • Malamulo a malo okhala ndi kusintha kwa nyengo
  • Njira zolamulira mfuti ndi Lamulo Lachiŵiri
  • Kuchotsa mimba ndi ufulu wobereka
  • Kupereka malamulo ndi kuyang’anira masankho
  • Kuloledwa mwalamulo ndi lamulo la mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Malamulo Osamalira Thanzi

Affordble Care Act (ACA) inaimira kuloŵerera kwakukulu kwa boma m'zaumoyo kuyambira ku Medicaid ndi Medicaid. Komabe maiko anakhala ndi nzeru zambiri: iwo angasankhe kaya kufutukula Medicaid, kukhazikitsa ndalama zawo za inshuwalansi, ndi kuyendetsa misika ya inshuwalansi. Monga chotulukapo, mamiliyoni a anthu achikulire opereŵera m'maboma osakhala audindo, pamene nzika zowonjezereka zikakhala ndi kufalikira kowonjezereka. Maboma amalamuliranso telemedicine, mankhwala opatsa malangizo, ndi njira zaumoyo za anthu monga kulamula. Chigamu cha Supreme 2012 chigamulo cha ACA koma chimaletsa chitsenderezo cha boma la Medid m’dzikolo.

Kuphunzitsa Ana

Maphunziro akhala akuonedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kukhala udindo wa boma ndi wa kumaloko. Mayiko amakhazikitsa miyezo yamaphunziro, amasankha zofunika za mphunzitsi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, nkhondo zokhudza zophatikizidwa pa maphunziro a fuko, maphunziro a kugonana, ndi maphunziro a mbiri yakale zawonjezeka, ndi mayiko ena akukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa nkhani zina pamene ena akulamulira. Maprogramu a sukulu, kuphatikizapo oyeza ndi masukulu a malamulo, amasiyananso kwambiri. Chotulukapo nchakuti maphunziro a wophunzira amadalira kwambiri pa boma ndi chigawo chimene amakhalako.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe ndi Kachitidwe ka Nyengo

Pamene boma la boma libweza njira kuchokera ku malamulo a malo okhala, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa. Mwachitsanzo, California, kwa nthaŵi yaitali yakhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima yotulutsa galimoto kuposa boma la boma, wowawa wololedwa ndi Ceake Air Act . Maboma ena atengera miyezo ya California, kupanga malonda aakulu a galimoto zoyendera mafuta. Pa kusintha kwa nyengo, maboma onga New York, Washington, ndi Massachusetts achepetsa kwambiri zinthu zoyendera carbon, pamene ena amachepetsa mphamvu ndi kutsutsa malamulo a boma. Ntchito imeneyi ingachititse nkhondo zalamulo ndi kukonzanso galimoto za m'mafakitale, komanso imalolanso kusinthasinthasintha zinthu m'madera monga New York, Washington, ndi Massachusetts.

Kuletsa Mfuti

Second Amendment kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida amamasulira mosiyanasiyana m'mayiko. Mayiko ena ali ndi njira zoyendera zapadziko lonse, nyengo zoyembekezera, ndi ziletso pa zida zoukira; ena akhazikitsa "opanda dala" malamulo amene amalola anthu kunyamula mfuti zobisika popanda chilolezo. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistal Association v. Bruen [2022]) chinafotokoza kuti Kusintha kwachiŵirikutetezera munthu kuyenera kunyamula mfuti pagulu, komanso kuti atengere chipinda chakulamulira pansi pa mbiri yakale. Zimenezi zayambitsa magwero atsopano a kuyeretsa ndi malamulo, limodzi ndi kuyesa malire a ulamuliro wawo.

Kuchotsa Mimba

Pambuyo pa kugwedezeka kwa Khoti Lalikulu Roe v. Wade mu [FLT] Dobbs . Jackson Akazi 'H. [Magulu a Zaumoyo] [ (2022]), ulamuliro wakuletsa kutaya mimba kumaiko. Maboma ena anasamuka mofulumira kuletsa kapena kuletsa kuchotsa mimba, pamene ena amakhazikitsa malamulo otetezera kapena mautumiki ofutukulidwa. Magawa a dziko apanga "chigwa cha a chipululu" ndi kuyambitsa ulendo wokapitira kudziko. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza mmene ufulu wa boma ungatsogolere ku zipambano zazikulu kwa nzika zawo modalirana pa malo awo okha.

Kukhudza Ufulu wa Boma pa Anthu a M’madera Ena

Ziyambukiro za ufulu wa boma zimaonekera kwambiri ku mlingo wa chitaganya. Malamulo a malo ndi apolisi, kuyambira pa misonkho ya katundu kufikira pa zoyendera za anthu onse, zosankha zopangidwa ndi makhomagemu a boma zimaumba mkhalidwe wa moyo wa nzika. Malo ofunika a chisonkhezero amaphatikizapo:

  • Nyumba zolamulira za kumaloko
  • Mautumiki a boma ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito
  • Kutomerana kwa anthu ndi kuchita mpikisano wa nzika
  • Kupita patsogolo kwa chuma ndi kukhoma misonkho
  • Malamulo a zauchigawenga ndi apolisi

Kulamulira kwa Malo

Malamulo a boma ndiwo amagamula maulamuliro ndi mathayo a mizinda, magawo, ndi zigawo zapadera. M'maiko ambiri, malamulo a boma amapatsa malamulo a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo apamwamba pa nkhani za kumaloko, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ena amachotsa mphamvu zazikulu za dziko, makamaka pa nkhani monga malipiro ochepa, kulipira, ndi kuletsa mfuti. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa boma ndi maboma akwawo kumatchedwa "Ulamuliro wa Finland" ndi "logoma" .

Mautumiki Othandiza Anthu ndi Maphunziro

Maboma amayang'anira njira zoperekera ndalama m'masukulu, misewu, madzi, ndi mayendedwe a anthu. Chikalata cha boma cha kusungitsa zinthu zapamwamba, komanso malamulo ake a msonkho, zimasankha misewu yabwino, mabulogo komanso malo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, amanena kuti kukweza misonkho ya mafuta kuti ithandize ntchito za zoyendera kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi misewu yabwino kwambiri kuposa ija yodalira pa ndalama za boma. Mofananamo, zosankha za boma pa kuwonjezeka kwa Medicaid zimayambukira mwachindunji ntchito zaumoyo kumidzi ndi madera osungidwa.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu

Ulamuliro wa boma umapanga mipata ya maacroots a skivivism . Pamene ntchito za boma ziimika, magulu a kulanda ana kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenukira ku mabwalo a malamulo kapena njira za kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zawo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo ndawala za kukhazikitsa chamwadzidzidzi, kuwonjezeka kwa malipiro ochepa, zoweruza za malo okhala, ndi LGBTQ + zotetezera. Democracy ya boma imalola nzikazo kulinganiza mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yachindunji mwa kuyang'anira ndi kukumbukira masankhoti, kulimbikitsa lingaliro la kutenga mbali kwa boma kumene kungakhale kofulumira kuposa ndale zadziko.

Kulinganiza Ulamuliro: Boma ndi Boma

Kuphatikizidwa pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma sikunakonzeke; kumasintha ndi kusintha kwa ndale zadziko, matanthauzo achiweruzo, ndi zosoŵa za anthu. Kwa mbali yaikulu ya zaka za zana la 20, chikhoterero chinali cha kukhala pakati [1] boma la boma linakhala ndi thayo lomakulakula kaamba ka zoyenera za nzika, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ubwino wa kakhalidwe, ndi malamulo a zachuma. Komabe, kuyambira m'ma 1990, kutsutsana ndi kusintha zinthu kwagogomezera: kubwezera mphamvu ku maufumuwo kupyolera m’zipata, opalamula, ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma.

Zimenezi zimapanga mapindu aŵiri ndi kubwezera. Kumbali yotsimikizirika, maulamuliro angayese madongosolo osiyanasiyana, kulola kuti zinthu zina zikhale zachipambano zikhalepo kwina. Kumbali ina, maboma angapikisane ndi miyezo yotsika . "a" m'madera monga kampani, malamulo a malo osungirako zachilengedwe, ndi chitetezo cha antchito. Khoti Lapamwamba limagwira ntchito monga woyang'anira, kusankha kuti ndi mlingo wa boma uti umene uli ndi ulamuliro m’mikangano ina. Zosankha zaposachedwapa, monga [[FLT:] MY] v. NCAFLT . [FLT:] [20] [8]) yokhudza ufulu wa khoti ndi wodziimira.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza Ufulu wa Boma

Ngakhale kuti pali nzeru za anthu ndiponso zinthu zina zokopa zapamwamba, ufulu wa boma uli ndi mavuto ambiri.

  • Kusasintha kwa malamulo ndi malamulo m’maiko onse
  • Akhoza kukhala ndi ufulu wosankhana ndi woteteza anthu osalingana
  • Kulephera kuthetsa mavuto a dziko kapena a dziko lonse
  • Kuyesedwa kwa malamulo akumaloko ndi maulamuliro a boma
  • Kuika moyo pachiswe pochita zinthu zapadera

Kusasintha m’Malamulo ndi Mkhalidwe Wachikhalidwe

Aamereka osamuka kuchokera ku boma kunka ku boma angakumane ndi malo osiyanasiyana alamulo ponena za kuletsa ukwati, misonkho, kugulitsa kwa akatswiri, ufulu wa mfuti, ndipo ngakhale kuchotsa zinthu. Ntchito imeneyi ingachititse chisokonezo kwa anthu ndi mabizinesi amene amagwira ntchito m’madera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mwini wa bizinesi wamng'ono angafunikire kutsatira malamulo a ntchito osiyanasiyana, kusiya zofunika, ndi miyezo yachinsinsi.

Kukhoza Kuyambitsa Tsankho ndi Chitetezo Chosalingana

Ziyeneretso za boma zakhala zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mbiri kulungamitsa malamulo aupandu, kuyambira Jim Crow mpaka ku zofunika zamakono za ovota zimene zimayambukira mokulira osankhidwa ochepa. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma lingaloŵetsepo kupyolera mwa kusintha kwa lamulo kapena lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuloŵerera koteroko kaŵirikaŵiri kumachedwa, kusiya magulu audindo ocheperapo ali osavuta m’maiko kumene kulibe mphamvu zandale. Kulimbana pakati pa boma ndi ufulu wachibadwire ndi boma kumakhala kogwirizana ndi nkhani zofunika kwambiri m’lamulo la ku America.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo Pokambirana Nkhani za M’dziko

Mavuto onga kusintha kwa nyengo, miliri ya zaumoyo ya anthu, kuchuluka kwa ndalama, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu sikumachitira ulemu boma. Kuyankha kogwira mtima kumafuna kugwirizanitsa mayiko kapena ngakhale dziko lonse. Pamene maboma atsatira njira zosinthasintha ndi kutengera njira zaumoyo zoukira, enawo sangakhale okwanira kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. Mwachitsanzo, mliri wa CHOVID-19, kusoŵa kugwirizana kwa thanzi la anthu kumakhala ndi njira zovuta ndi kuchititsa kusokonezeka maganizo ponena za kuyendayenda, malamulo a mabasiketi, ndi kufalitsa zida zankhondo.

Kutha kwa Malamulo a M’deralo

Kulimbana komakulakula m'malamulo a ufulu wa boma ndiko kugwiritsira ntchito kugonja kwa boma kutsendereza malamulo a kumaloko. M'mayiko ambiri, makhoma alamulo akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa mizinda ndi kukhazikitsa malipiro ocheperapo, kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa lendi, kapena kulinganiza kutsata ndi mfuti. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupulupudza kwa boma kungayambitse kufanana, kungaletsenso kupanga zosankha za demokrase, makamaka pamene opanga malamulo amphamvu a boma ochirikiza kuletsa malamulo opita patsogolo a kumaloko.

Kumaliza

Lingaliro la zoyenera za boma nlosiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa mikangano ya 19 yapakati. Lidakali lothandiza, mfundo yokhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu a ku America. Kuchokera pa mtundu wa maphunziro amene amalandira kulipira kwa thanzi, kuchokera ku mpweya umene angapereke ku ufulu wawo, kulinganiza pakati pa boma ndi mphamvu za boma kuli ndi zotsatirapo zenizeni. Pamene kuli kwakuti ufulu wa boma umapereka mphamvu m’midzi ya kumaloko ndi kulimbikitsa kuyambitsa malamulo, iwo amadzutsanso mafunso aakulu onena za kufanana kwa anthu, kukhazikika, ndi luso la kusamalira mavuto amodzi. Monga nzika, kukhalabe odziŵa za ulamuliro wa dziko lapansi sikuli kokha mbali yosulitsa ya kugawana kwa anthu. Kumvetsetsa ufulu kumalola anthu kuchirikiza bwino malamulo awo, kuyang'anira akuluakulu a boma, ndi kuthandizira kukwaniritsa zimene dziko la United States liyenera kukwaniritsa.