Kudziŵa zinthu zakutali kwakhala chida chofunika kwambiri pokonza njira zoyendetsera madzi. Monga momwe chuma cha madzi abwino chimayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo chowonjezereka kuchokera ku kukula kwa anthu, kudalira kwa ulimi, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kuipitsa, opanga zosankha amafuna molondola, zapanthaŵi yake, ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira. Kupenda kayendedwe ka ndege ndi ndege kumapereka chithunzi cha njira za madzi, kutheketsa akuluakulu a boma kuyang'anira madera aakulu, kuzindikira kusintha kwa nthaŵi, ndi zosankha za maziko a zinthu pa umboni wothandiza. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mmene luso lamakono lakuzindikira zinthu limathandizira kuyendetsa madzi, mapulogalamu apamwamba amene amathandiza, mapindu ake akufunikabe kulembedwa.

Kodi Anthu Akuzindikira Chiyani?

Kuzindikira kwa kutali ndiko sayansi ya kupeza chidziŵitso cha zinthu kapena malo atali, mwachibadwa pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zokhala ndi masetilaiti, ndege, kapena ma trones. Miyeso imeneyi imaonetsa kapena kutulutsa mphamvu ya mphamvu yokoka kupyola mafunde osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma freedromage, infrared, ndi microwave . Zolemba zosonkhanitsidwa zingasankhidwe m'mafano ndi mapu a manambala amene amavumbula mphamvu ya dziko lapansi ndi machemics a m’mlengalenga.

M’nkhani za madzi, malo akutali oonerapo zinthu monga Landsat ya NASA, masetilaiti a magetsi a m'magazi a European Space Space Agency, ndi ma NOAES amachititsa kufufuza kodetsa nkhaŵa. Madongosolo ameneŵa amapereka mphamvu zosiyanasiyana: zojambula maso kuti maso adziwe mtundu wa madzi ndi zomera; zojambula za madzi otentha a m’madzi; ndi zipangizo za radar zimaloŵa m’mitambo ndi kupima ukulu wa madzi, ndi ukulu wa mitu ya madzi, ndi ngakhale chinyontho. Kuphatikizana kwa mitsinje imeneyi kumathandiza kuti mizere ya hydrolog ikhale yozungulira madzi m'dera, chigawo, ndi mamba a padziko lonse.

Maprogramu Ofunika Posamalira Zamchere

Kuyang’anira Kukwera kwa Madzi ndi Mphamvu

Chithunzi cha satellite chimathandiza kuti nthawi zonse pakhale mapu a nyanja, madamu, mitsinje, ndi matenje. Malamulo amadzi azikhala ndi mapixeni, kutheketsa kupangidwa kwa nthawi imene imasinthasintha nyengo. Chidziŵitso chimenechi n’chofunika kwambiri poyang'anira thumba, kuyang'ana mathirakiti, ndi kuyang'anira zigumu. Mwachitsanzo, Global Surface Water verser , yomangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zosungiramo zinthu za m'mabwinja a Landsat, yolemba za chisinthiko cha madzi a padziko lapansi pa zaka makumi anayi zapitazo, kuthandiza opanga malamulo a kudziŵa madera otayikitsa madzi kapena kupindula.

Madzi Obiriwira

Kuzindikira kutali kungayerekezere ziphatikizo za madzi monga turbidity, chlorophyll-a, zinthu zosungunuka, ndi zinyalala. Mantha onga Sentinel-2 ndi Landsat 8 amapereka mipata ya kuchuluka kwa mipata imene imaona maluwa a algal, kuipitsa, ndi kugwetsa. Kukhoza kumeneku kumachirikiza kusungidwa kwa miyezo ya madzi abwino, kuzindikiritsa magwero a kuipitsa, ndi njira zowongolera. Kugombe ndi madzi enieni, kumathandiza akuluakulu a zaumoyo kuchenjeza za kuopsa kwa maluŵa.

Kufufuza Ulendo Wotentha wa Chilala ndi Madzi

Dritive infictive infaction of the secreated freant Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), ndi Standarded Precipitating-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) kuchokera ku zinthu zopangidwa ndi mvula zakutali, imapereka chenjezo la mwamsanga la kupsinjika kwa madzi. Kupima kwa mphamvu ya madzi kumapangitsa kuzizira kwa maatomu omwe amasonyeza kupereŵera kwa madzi. Zizindikiro zimenezi zimaloŵa m'chilala chokonzekedwa ndi kuthandiza maboma kukonza bwino madzi amwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwa.

Kupititsidwa Kwachuma kwa Madzi a Pansi panthaka

Ngakhale kuti kupima kwakutali sikungapimire mwachindunji mlingo wa madzi apansi, imapereka zizindikiro zosadziŵika monga ngati nthaka ikutsika (yoyesedwa ndi INDAR), kusintha kwa madzi apansi, ndi kusintha kwa chinyontho cha nthaka. GRAC (Gravity Recovery and Climate Express Treasurence) masetilaiti asintha kuyang'anira kukwera kwa madzi a pansi poona kusintha kwa malo a pansi pa nthaka ozungulira dziko lapansi opangika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kusungidwa kwa madzi.

Kupaka Madzi Oletsedwa ndi Zokometsera ndi Zofufuzira

Malo otetezera madzi apamwamba angaone malo opangira madzi ovomerezeka, monga zitsime zotetezedwa kapena zosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusintha maalgome kuonetsa njira zatsopano kapena njira za kayendetsedwe ka madzi. M'mayiko amene kuba madzi ndi vuto lalikulu, umboni wothandiza kwambiri wagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuchepetsa mikangano, ndi kutsimikizira kuti ogwiritsa ntchitowo sasinthasintha.

Kufufuza Chipale Chofewa ndi Malakitala

Kumapiri, chipale chofeŵa ndi madzi oundana zimagwira ntchito monga madamu achilengedwe. Madongosolo akutali monga NASA's MOCITIS ndi masetilaiti a Sentinel-2 amapereka kuphimba kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa chipale chofeŵa, madzi a chipale chofanana (kugwiritsira ntchito ma microwave ), ndi kutsika kwa madzi oundana. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimaloŵa m'madzi oneneratu za kudyetsa mbewu ndi mphamvu ya magetsi a madzi oundana. Zosankha za dama ndi chilala kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa chidziŵitso cha chipale chofeŵa chapa kuchokera ku mlingo wakutali.

Kuyendetsa Madzi ndi Kuyesa Kuopsa Kwake

Zipangizo za radar zotchedwa Sentinel 1 ndi RADARSAT n’zothandiza kwambiri pojambula mapulani a madzi a madzi chifukwa zingathe kupeza zithunzi kudzera m'chikuto cha mtambo komanso usiku. Mapu yapafupi ndi tsogolo la madzi amathandiza oyang'anira zamwadzidzidzi kuyankha, kuona kuwonongeka, ndi kulinganiza njira zopitira. Zolemba za mbiri yakale zochokera ku zosungiramo zinthu za m'satellite zimalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa mapu a chigumula, amene ali ofunika kuti akonze malo ndi kukonza mainshuwalansi.

Phindu la Kufalikira kwa Malingaliro Osadziŵika m’Kachitidwe ka Madzi

Kujambula mfundo zakutali za malamulo oyendetsera madzi kumathandiza kwambiri kuposa njira zamwambo zokhala ndi nthaka. Mapindu ameneŵa akusintha mmene maboma, mabungwe a padziko lonse, ndi njira zoyendetsera madzi:

  • Kuyang'anira kothandiza kwakukulu [1]: Madongosolo oyendera ozikidwa panthaka amakwera mtengo kukhazikitsa ndi kusungitsa, makamaka m'madera akutali kapena m’madera ozungulira. Kuzindikira kwakutali kumapereka chigawo chosalekeza cha mtengo pa sikweya kilomita imodzi.
  • Zosungiramo za chidziŵitso cha m'mabwinja kaamba ka kusanthula kwa mkhalidwe : Zolemba zambiri za satellite zimafutukulidwa zaka makumi anayi kapena kuposapo. Kulingalira kwanthaŵi yaitali kumeneku kumathandiza opanga malamulo kuzindikira kusintha kwa nyengo, kupenda mphamvu ya malamulo akale, ndi mikhalidwe yamakono yotsutsana ndi malamulo a m'mbiri.
  • Nthaŵi yeniyeni ndi chidziŵitso chanthaŵi yeniyeni kaamba ka chenjezo loyamba : Kufufuza kwa satellite kungasankhidwe ndi kufalitsidwa mkati mwa maola. Liŵiro limeneli nlofunika kwambiri posankha zochita monga kutulutsa madzi ku madamu asanafike chigumula kapena kuyambitsa malamulo a kachitidwe ka chilala.
  • Cross presect ndi kugwirizana [1]: M'zitsime za mfuleni, kujambula kwakutali kuli ndi magwero a chidziŵitso amene maiko onse ofunkha angagwiritsire ntchito. Zimenezi zimachepetsa mikangano ya kugaŵidwa kwa madzi ndi kuchirikiza dongosolo la zoyendera pamodzi (m'jere, Mekong River Commission' kugwiritsira ntchito kwa ma satellite).
  • Kugwirizana ndi zitsanzo za madzi ndi njira zogamulira zochirikizira [1]: Kuzindikira kwakutali kumaloŵetsa mu zitsanzo zimene zimaneneratu za kupezeka kwa madzi, kuombera, ndi mikhalidwe ya kulinganiza. Maboma angayendetse "chinthu chimene chimakhala ndi maluso a dziko ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
  • Kuchepetsa mtengo wa kufufuza ndi zopimira [1]: mwa kubwezeretsa kapena kuwonjezera ndawala za m'munda, kusunga nthaŵi, ntchito, ndi ndalama, kumasula bajeti ya malamulo ena monga kukonza zinthu kapena kutsalira chitaganya.

Mavuto ndi Zolephera

Ngakhale kuti kukhoza kusintha, kutengera njira zakutali zopimira madzi kumayang’anizana ndi zopinga zingapo. Opanga malamulo ayenera kudziŵa za kulephera kumeneku kuti apeŵe kudalira kwambiri chidziŵitso cha satellite chokha.

Kusintha Maganizo ndi Kuchepetsa Kuchuluka kwa Maselo

Masatellite aulere ndi otseguka (m’m., Landsat , Sentinel-2) akupereka chigamulo chamwambo cha mamita 10-30, chimene chingakhale chosakwanira kuyang'anira malo ang'onoang'ono kapena mitsinje. Kukwera kwa njira zoyendetsera malonda (m’munsi ) kulipo koma kaŵirikaŵiri kumatayitsa mtengo woyang'anira zinthu za masiku onse. Chosankha cha Temporal chimayambitsanso vuto: masetilaiti ena amayendera malo amodzimodzi masiku angapo, koma mipata yapamwamba pa zochitika zowopsya (m. g., chigumula cha chitha).

Kuloŵana kwa Mtambo

Maselo oonera zinthu zakutali sangathe kuonekera m’mitambo, zomwe zimachititsa kuti zikhale zosadalirika m’madera a mitambo (m’njira yakuti, madera a m’nyengo za mvula). Pamene kuli kwakuti makompyuta a radar (m’chitsanzo, Sentinel-1) amagonjetsa kulephera kwa zinthu zimenezi, kumasulira kwawo kumafunika maalgorithsime ndipo sangapereke chidziŵitso chofanana ndi cha maselo a maso.

Kutsekereza ndi Kutsekereza Zinthu

Kulinganiza chidziŵitso chakutali m'nkhani zokhoza kugwira ntchito kumafuna ofufuza aluso ndi malo oŵerengera bwino. Mabungwe ambiri oyang'anira madzi m'maiko omatukuka alibe antchito ophunzitsidwa kapena mphamvu ya kutumiza zinthu zazikulu. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kudalira pa chichirikizo cha kunja ndi kuchedwa kwa njira zogwirizanitsira.

Kudziŵa Zinthu Moyenera ndi Kudziŵa Choonadi Chamaziko

Kuzindikira zinthu zimene zapezeka kutali kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti zikhale zolondola. Popanda makompyuta oyendera nthaka okwanira, zinthu zopangidwa ndi satellite zingasunge mapulogalamu. Zigamulo za malamulo zozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chakutali cholakwika zingatsogolere ku zotsimikizira zolakwika (m'jere, kuchepetsa kutha kwa madzi a pansi pa nthaka kapena kuchuluka kwa malo osungiramo zinthu).

Zopinga za Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito ndi Mabungwe

Ngakhale kumene kuli luso la zopangapanga, interia ikhoza kulepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso cha satellite. Mabungwe amwambo angazengereze kusintha njira zoyendera zakale. Ndiponso, malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri samazindikira mwachindunji kuti satellite ndi umboni wodalirika wa kusungitsa ufulu wa madzi kapena kuyang'anira, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zikusintha pang’onopang’ono.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Kugwira Ntchito Mwanzeru

Kusamalira Chilala ku California

Mkati mwa chilala chowopsa cha 2012-2016, Dipatimenti ya California ya Maiwero inagwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha Satellite kuchokera ku Landsat, MOTES, ndi GRAC kuyang'anira chipale chofeŵa, chinyontho cha nthaka, ndi kutha kwa madzi a pansi pa nthaka. Chikalatacho chinathandiza kulungamitsa malamulo ochepetsa ngozi ndi Sustable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), imene imalamula mapulani ochirikiza madzi apansi. [FLT: 0] Department of Ray Resources Soulting Program [1]

Kulamulira kwa Madzi Osinthasintha m’Ntsinje ya Nile

Nail Basin inalimbana kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kugaŵana chidziŵitso. Kuzindikira kwakutali kwapereka magwero a chidziŵitso cha kuyang'anira kulinganizika kwa madzi a Nyanja ya Victoria, Blue Nile heads, ndi Grand Etiopian Renaissance Dam dam. Nale Basini Initive Initive [1] Yalimbikitsa kugwiritsira ntchito mvula yoyendera satellite, kupuma, ndi nthaka kutetezera chidziŵitso cha kuyang'anira madzi. Kufufuza kwa stelliator kwakhala chipangizo chothandizira kuchepetsa kudzaza kwa thumba ndi ziyambukiro zake za pansi pa tsiri.

Ntchito ya Dziko la India Yotumiza Madzi

Unduna wa India’s Ministry of Jal Shakti imagwiritsira ntchito kuyang'ana kutali kuyang'ana madzi akuya, kupenda chipambano, ndi kuzindikira kuchotsa madzi a pansi panthaka kosaloledwa. .Bhuvan portal (Ufufuzi wa chigawo cha ku Indian Space Communion) imapereka mapu a madzi ndi kusintha zipangizo zodziŵira. Zolemba zimenezi zimadziŵitsa National Water Policy ndi mlingo wa madzi a boma kugaŵira mapulani, makamaka m'madera a chilala monga Maharashtra ndi Rajastan.

Kutulukira Malo Opangira Mafulemu a M’madzi

Kuti mudziwe mmene zinthu zikuyendera, muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyendera bwino.

  • Malamulo opezeka ndi otseguka : Maboma ayenera kuchirikiza maprogramu a chidziŵitso aulere ndi otseguka (monga maprogramu a Copernicus ndi Landsat) ndi kulimbikitsa kugwiritsira ntchito mafaelo a zolemba zoikidwa.
  • Nyumba yomangidwa mwaluso [1]: Maprogramu ophunzitsa oyang'anira madzi, ofufuza, ndi antchito aluso ndi ofunika. Kugwirizana ndi mayunivesite ndi mabungwe a m'mlengalenga kungachititse kutukuko kwa luso.
  • Kusintha kwa ziŵiya zaubwenzi waubwenzi wa ogwiritsira ntchito [1]: mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti amene amatumiza zinthu zokhala kutali m’njira ya chidziŵitso chamwadzidzidzi (m'ch., maboards a madzi, indictions) kuchepetsa chopinga kwa osakhala akatswiri.
  • Malo ovomerezeka a satellite umboni wa stellite : kukonzanso malamulo a madzi kuvomereza poyera kuti satellite ikhale umboni wotsimikizirika wa zochita za kusungitsa kulimbikitsa kugonjera.
  • Multi course system [FLT: 1] : Kulingalira kwakutali kuyenera kukwaniritsa – osati kulowa mmalo – kuyang'anira kwa nthaka. Njira yophatikiza masetilaiti, youlutsira ndege, ndi yoyang'ana m'matu imapereka ziyambukiro zolimba koposa.

Mabungwe apadziko lonse monga UN-Water ndi [UNESCO Interprevituted Hydrome Programme [1] imachirikiza mwamphamvu kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Dziko Lapansi pofufuza SDG, makamaka SDG 6 (madzi abwino ndi ukhondo). Malangizo awo amathandiza mayiko kuphatikiza mfundo za m'masetilaiti m'malamulo a dziko lonse ndi njira zoperekera malipo.

Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Zaka khumi zotsatira zidzalonjeza kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kumene kudzawonjezera njira zosungira madzi.

  • Stolio prime kuchokera ku gulu la nyenyezi za satellite : Mabungwe ndi mabungwe akutumiza magulu a masetilaiti aang'ono amene amapereka tsiku ndi tsiku pa chigamulo chapansi (m’chitsanzo, Planet Labs, Maxar). Zimenezi zidzatheketsa kuyang'anira madamu aang'ono, ngalande, ndi machekezezezeze amodzi.
  • Zipangizo za Hyperspectral : Mauthenga amtsogolo onga Surface Biology ndi Geology (SBG) ndi EnMAP satellite idzapereka mazana ambiri a mitu yopapatiza yaing'ono, kulola kusiyanitsa kwenikweni kwa zoipitsa, mitundu ya algal, ndi mipweya ya madzi.
  • Luntha ndi kuphunzira makina : Kusinthasintha, kutulukira, ndi kutulukira kwa kukhoza kusandutsa mwamsanga chidziŵitso cha satellite kukhala zizindikiro za lamulo . Mafilimu a AI angagwirizanitse chidziŵitso cha satellite ndi kuneneratu za nyengo ndi chidziŵitso cha zachuma kuchirikiza kuyendetsa madzi.
  • Kuyang'anira madzi a pansi pa nthaka : Mauthenga obwera (m., GRAP Follow- Kutsatira) ndi njira zowongoleredwa za INDAR zidzawonjezera luso lathu lakusunga zinthu pamiyeso yabwino, kuchirikiza njira zosungira madzi za pansi panthaka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kugwirizanitsa ndi nzika za sayansi ndi IoT : Kuphatikiza chidziŵitso cha satellite ndi ziŵiya za pansi ndi zolembedwa za chitaganya kudzapanga ndandanda yochuluka yoonera imene imalimbitsa lamulo lotsimikizirika.

Pamene tekinoloji imeneyi ikukula, mtengo wopeza ndi kukonza chidziŵitso chakutali udzapitirizabe kuchepa, kuchepetsa njira zopezera madzi m'madera otetezeredwa. Opanga malamulo amene apanga ndalama tsopano pokonza mphamvu ya kutumiza zinthu ku malo akutali, adzakhala okonzeka bwino kwambiri kuyendetsa zinthu zovuta za madzi m’dziko lotentha.

Kuzindikira kwa kutali kulibenso chiŵiya cha sayansi − kuli maziko a mphamvu ya madzi amakono. Kuyambira pa kuyang'anira chilala ndi mafunde kufikira kukhazikitsa malire a thanki ndi ntchito zolinganiza ndandanda, kupenda masetilaiti kumapereka kuonekera, nthaŵi, ndi kuchuluka kofunikira kupanga malamulo ogwira ntchito. Mwa kusamalira mavuto otsala a chigamulo, kuphimba mtambo, mphamvu, ndi malamulo, mitundu ingagwiritsitse ntchito mphamvu ya luso lapamwamba lodalira mlengalenga kutsimikizira kusungika kwa madzi kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.