Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa kulinganiza koyambirira kwakhala mutu waukulu m'kachitidwe kamakono ka Supreme Court ndi kutsimikizira, kaŵirikaŵiri kutumikira monga malo aakulu a nkhondo ya m'malingaliro otsutsana. Pamene kuyankha kwapamwamba koposa kwa bwalo lamilandu kuyankha mafunso alamulo, kumamatira kwa kuyambika kwa munthu kungaumbe njira yawo kutsimikizira ndi kusonyeza chiyambukiro chawo chothekera pa lamulo la Amereka. Nkhaniyi ikupenda kuyambika kwa filosofi yoyambirira, mbali yake m’kachitidwe kotsimikizira, ndi chimene imatanthauza kaamba ka kugamula kwa mtsogolo.

Kufotokoza Malingaliro Oyambirira

Kulingalira koyambirira kuli njira ya kumasulira kochitidwa ndi lamulo imene imafunafuna kudziŵa tanthauzo la lemba la Konsichushoniyo monga momwe linamvedwera ndi anthu amene analembetsa, kuvomereza, kapena kuvomereza.

  • Kusintha kwachibadwa [1] - [1] Kuyang'ana ku zolinga za okonza malamulo. Imafunsa kuti: Kodi anthu amene analemba chikalatacho anafuna kuti mawu ake anenenji?
  • .Ikuletsa kudalira pa cholinga cha anthu chobisika ] - Mabaibulo ofala kwambiri amakono, ochirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Scalia ndi ena, amasumika maganizo pa zimene malembo a lamulo akanakhala akutanthauza kwa munthu wololera panthaŵi imene anatengedwa. Zimenezi zimapeŵa kudalira pa cholinga chobisika ndipo mmalo mwake zimagwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo wamba la mawu.
  • Njira zamakono [ – A kuwongolera kumene kumapereka lingaliro lakuti oweruza ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito njira zomasulira zimene zinavomerezedwa panthaŵi ya kujambula kwa Malamulo, mmalo mwa kuumiriza njira zamakono zomasulira.

Anthu otsutsa amanena kuti mfundo yakuti zinthu zina zinachita kulengedwa mwachibadwa imaletsa oweruza kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo awoawo m’malo mwa malamulo.

Kuyambika kwa Chiyambi cha Mbiri

Kutsata mwambo sikunakhale kolamulira nzeru zachiweruzo. M’zaka za zana la 20, Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito “Malamulo amoyo”, kulola matanthauzo a lamulo kusintha ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Komabe, chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 chinaona kusonkhezera kudzutsanso malingaliro oyambirira, makamaka monga kuyankha kotsatira lamulo loonedwa kukhala lolakwa pa Warren ndi Burger Courts.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Chiphunzitso cha Chiyuda

Anthu angapo anachita mbali yaikulu m’kupangitsa chiphunzitso choyambirira kukhala chofala:

  • Attorney General Edwin Meese III [[FL:1] , Meese anapereka mpambo wa nkhani zochirikiza “kubisa cholinga choyambirira," akumanena kuti Malamulo ayenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi cholinga cha olemba.
  • Woweruza Robert Bork [1] [1] -Akatswiri wa zamalamulo wotchuka ndi woweruza, malingaliro oyambirira a Bork anali apakati ku kulephera kwake kwa 1987 Supreme Court . Kutsimikizira kwake kunasintha kukhala mkangano wa mtundu wonse wonena za mbali yoyenera ya jadiary.
  • Justice Antonin Scalia [1] – adaikidwa mu 1986, Scalia anakhala wochirikiza wowonekera ndi wosonkhezera wa tanthauzo loyamba la anthu. Malingaliro ake a nzeru ndi kutsutsa mwamphamvu kutsutsa njira za kulembedwa ndi kuyambika kwa mawu.
  • Trust Clarence Thomas [FLT :1] [1] mobwerezabwereza achita kuposa Scalia, kulimbikitsa “kuyambika kozikidwa pa [1] kumene nthaŵi zina kumampangitsa kutsutsa ziŵerengero zakale.
  • Trust William Rehnquist [1] - Monga Woweruza Wamkulu, malingaliro a Rehnquist kaŵirikaŵiri anasonyeza mitu yoyambirira ya kutembenuza, ngakhale kuti iye sanali woumirira kwenikweni kuposa Scalia.

Kukula kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira kunakhazikitsidwanso kupyolera mwa magulu onga Federalist Society, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1982, imene inapereka maloya achizoloŵezi ndi osunga mwambo kuchirikiza malingaliro a kutembenuza ndi kulemba mawu. Maloya ameneŵa anasonkhezera kwambiri kusankha kwachiweruzo, makamaka pansi pa Reagan, George W. Bush, ndi Trump.

Kulemba m’Nkhokwe Yapamwamba Kutsimikizira Milandu

Kulingalira kwa chiyambi kwakhala nkhani yobwerezabwereza m'makalata otsimikizira milandu. Kaŵirikaŵiri a minenees amapemphedwa kulongosola kudzipereka kwawo ku kuyambika kwa zinthu, mmene kumagwirira ntchito ku makonzedwe ena alamulo, ndi ngati amalingalira kuti ndi njira yokha yovomerezeka ya kumasulira. Mafunso ameneŵa si maphunziro chabe; amapereka operekera chidziŵitso ponena za malo a wodwalayo amene angakhale otaya mimba, zoyenera za mfuti, ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, ndi nkhani zina zaukulu wa gulu lankhondo.

Mayiko angachititse kapena kuswa chitsimikiziro chawo. Mwachitsanzo, pa kutsimikizira kwa 2017 kwa Neil Gorfoth, iye anadzilongosola kukhala “wokhulupirira chiphunzitso choyambirira” ndipo anagogomezera kufunika kwa “tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira” la malemba. Zimenezi zinatsimikizira oweruza osunga mwambo pamene anali kutulutsa moto kuchokera ku Democrates amene anaopa kuti adzaletsa kuchotsa mimba ndi malamulo a za ndawala. Momwemo, Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020 ananena kuti malingaliro ake oyambirira sanali ogwirizana ndi zotsatirapo za kutembenuza mawuwo, ngakhale kuti otsutsawo anadandaula kuti angavotere Roe v. Wade ndi kuwonjezera kukana kwa chipembedzo.

Kutsimikizira kwa Brett Kavanaugh mu 2018 kunali kotsutsana kwambiri, ndi kuyambirira kokhala ndi mbali yaikulu. Kavanaugh anachitira umboni kuti iye akatsatira chitsanzo ndi kusakakamiza malongosoledwe a munthu mwini, koma zolemba zake ndi nkhani zinasonyeza kugwirizana kwamphamvu ndi kuganiziridwa kwa oyambirira. Democrats anamkakamiza kutsimikizira kaya ngati chiphunzitso choyambirira chingakhale chogwirizana ndi lamulo lamakono la kuletsa kugaŵana, ndipo mayankho a Kavanaugh anachitidwa kaamba ka zizindikiro za mmene akasamalirira nkhani za anthu okhudzidwa.

Kuyamba Kulankhula: Kumenya Nkhondo Zotsimikizira

Mbiri yotsatirayi ikusonyeza mmene mfundo zonena za anthu oyambirira zinakhudzira kutsimikizira:

Bork Nomination (1987)

Woweruza Robert Bork adalemba dzina la Pulezidenti Reagan kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosoledwa kukhala “chitsimikiziro chamwambo cha "" choyamba chinasintha kulira kwa ndale zadziko. Malingaliro amphamvu a Bork, monga momwe anafotokozera m'nkhani za lamulo ndi buku, adampangitsa kukhala woyang'anira magulu achidwi amene anaopa kuti adzabwezanso ufulu wa anthu ndi chitetezo chachinsinsi. Nyumba ya Malamulo inakana Bork ndi mavoti 4258, chosankha chimene chikupitiriza kuloŵerera m'ndale zachiweruzo. Bork anagonjetsanso nzeru zachiyambi cha filosofi kusonkhezera onse aŵiri ochirikiza ndi otsutsa, ndipo inatsogolera kuukira kwakukulu kwa njira zomasulira za mavoti a mamenti.

Thomas Expend (1991)

Umboni wa Clarence Thomas panthaŵi imene anatsimikizira kuti anali kukana kukambirana ndi Roe ndi magulu andale. Koma chifukwa cha mkangano umenewo, kuyambirira kwa Thomas kunali kochititsa chachikulu. Iye analemba nkhani zopempha kubwerera ku malamulo oyambirira ndi kunena kuti malamulo achilengedwe anachirikiza malamulo. Malingaliro ake anabutsa mkangano wokhudza mmene chiphunzitso choyambirira chingakhalire ndi mbali ya Khoti poteteza ufulu wosachiritsika. Thomas anatsimikizira kuti potsirizira pake 52-48, koma nzeru zake zoyambirira zachikhalidwe zinali mutu wa nkhani wokhudzana ndi malamulo.

Chitsimikiziro cha Alito (2006)

Samuel Alito, wofunsidwa ndi Pulezidenti George W. Bush, adayang'anizana ndi mafunso ponena za nthanthi yake yachiweruzo, makamaka kumamatira kwake ku kuyambiriro ndi malembo. Alito adanena kuti anakhulupirira “kukhulupirika ku malemba ndi kumvetsetsa koyambirira, [1] koma adabisa pamene adafunsidwa ngati kuyambirira kunali njira yokha. Chitsimikiziro, 58-42, chinasonyeza kugaŵikana kwakukulu. Malingaliro otsatira a Alito m'zochitika zonga Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization ya Akazi [FLT:] (20222)) anasonyeza chiyambukiro chenicheni cha dziko la kutembenuza kwa dziko m'dziko pogwedetsa. Wode v.

Gorf, Kavanaugh, ndi Barrett Excendings (207 - 2020)

Pulezidenti Trump anatsimikizira onse atatu kuti anali akatswiri a maphunziro oyambirira kapena akatswiri a malemba. Neil Gorfo anagogomezera kudzipereka kwake ku tanthauzo loyamba la anthu ndi kusuliza oweruza amene anatenga “kawonedwe ka moyo”. Brett Kavaugh, pamene anali kupereka chisamaliro chowonjezereka ku chitsanzo ndi chiletso cha chiweruzo, anakakamizidwa pa malingaliro ake a woyambirira ponena za mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka ulamuliro ndi kuchotsa mimba. Amy Coney Barrett, yemwe kale Scalia, anachirikiza chiphunzitso choyambirira mkati mwa kumva kwake 2020, akumanena kuti chinali “njira yophunzitsira njira yanga kutembenukira ku lamulo. Onse atatu anatsimikizidwa, kupereka chivomerezo cholimba pa Khoti.

Mikangano ya Kulimba kwa Mawu ndi Kutsutsa Chiyambi cha Malemba m’Mavesi Otsimikizira

Mikangano Chifukwa cha Kuyambirira Kuphunzitsa

  1. Ligitacyt ndi Constract - Mawu opatulika amapereka muyezo woikika wa kumasulira, kuchepetsa upandu wakuti oweruza adzaloŵa mmalo mwa makhalidwe awo alamulo. Ufulu wa democracy umenewu ukutsimikiza kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo siliyenera kusintha popanda njira yosinthira mwalamulo.
  2. Kutsimikizirika ndi Kuneneratu ] – Mwakumamatira ku tanthauzo loyambirira, oweruza angatulutse malamulo osasintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kulola nzika ndi opanga malamulo kudalira pa dongosolo lokhazikika la malamulo.
  3. Judicial Bardet [[FLT :1] – Umboni wa Chipangano umaletsa mphamvu yachiweruzo chifukwa chakuti umafuna kuti oweruza amvere manthambi osankhidwa a boma pamene malamulo a kulemberatu bwino. Zimenezi nzosangalatsa kwa anthu osunga mwambo amene amakayikira ntchito yachiweruzo.

Mikangano Yotsutsana ndi Kuyambirira

  1. Ambitantical Ambigity - Kupeza “tanthauzo la poyamba” kaŵirikaŵiri n’kovuta kapena n’kosatheka. Zolemba zakale zingakhale zosiyana kapena zotsutsana, kulola oweruza kutsimikizira umboni umene umachirikiza zonena zawo. Otsutsa amanena kuti zimenezi zingaphimbe kuchita zinthu mobisa kukhulupirika ku mbiri yakale.
  2. Kusasinthika [1] – Kudzipereka kwambiri ku tanthauzo loyamba kungatulutse zotsatirapo zimene sizigwirizana ndi makhalidwe amakono. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyambirira pa Second Amendment kunganyalanyaze mfundo zenizeni zapakati pa 21 ponena za chiwawa cha mfuti.
  3. Pansi pa kupotoza Precedent [FLT :1] - Urtracy ingalimbikitse Bwalo kugwetsa zitsanzo zazitali ngati zitsutsana ndi chidziŵitso choyambirira. Kugwetsedwa kwa Roe v. Wade mu Dobs kuli chitsanzo chabwino, ndipo otsutsa amatsutsa lamulo ndi kuwononga kukhulupirika kwa Khoti.
  4. Kusankha Kufuna [[FLT :1] -ena amaimba mlandu akatswiri ofufuza mosankha ofufuza zinthu pokhapokha atapereka zotulukapo zosasintha, pamene akusiya m'nkhani zophatikizapo, mphamvu ya mabwana kapena ulamuliro. Woweruza Scalia iyemwini anavomereza kuti kuyambirira nthaŵi zina kungatsogolere ku ku kutsutsa, monga ngati kuŵerenga kotakata kwa kutsutsa Claus.

Chiyambukiro cha Kuyambirira pa Tsogolo la Khoti Lalikulu

Pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba likupitiriza kugamula mafunso aakulu ponena za kuchotsa mimba, kulamulira mfuti, chipembedzo, ndi mphamvu ya pulezidenti, kuyambirira kudzakhalabe maziko m’kachitidwe ka kuikidwa kwa dzina ndi kutsimikiziridwa. Zochitika zingapo ziri zothekera:

Kupitirizabe Kusintha

Kukhulupirira zinthu zoyambirira kwakhala mayeso a litmus a ma nominee osasintha, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo amayembekezeredwa kuchirikiza “machitidwe a moyo a Constitution” kapena kukana chiphunzitso choyambirira monga njira yokha. Kugaŵanitsa kumeneku kumakulitsa kusiyana kwa maselo m'kutsimikizira ndi kupanga kumva kukhala kolimba.

Kukulitsa Chiphunzitso cha Kuyambirira

Kumasulira si kugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yokha. Akatswiri ena amachirikiza “njira zoyambirira za kuyambirira” (kutsatira njira zomasulira) kapena“ kuyambirira kwa mapulogalamu” (kulingalira malamulo monga maziko mmalo mwa mpambo wa malamulo oikika). Mtsogolo mungagwiritsidwe ntchito mowonjezera pa mtundu umene amasunga mpangidwe wa kuyambirira, makamaka pamene ochuluka a Khoti atsatira chiphunzitso choyambirira m’njira zatsopano.

Kusintha Zinthu

Nyumba ya malamulo yasintha malamulo otsimikizira, kuchepetsa chipata cha voti ya Khoti Lalikulu kuchoka pa 60 kufika pa anthu ambiri mu 2017. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kutsimikizira kuti akatswiri a mbiri yakale ali ndi zinsinsi ngakhale kuti alibe thandizo lalikulu. Maboma a m’tsogolo adzapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo limeneli, kuchititsa kusintha maganizo a khotilo kuyendere mofulumira.

Chisonkhezero cha Mayiko

Makhoti a m’mayiko ena monga Australia ndi Canada, atsutsana pa njira zoyambirira.

“Umbuli suli nthanthi ya kukomoka kwa mtima. Kumafuna oweruza kukaniza chiyeso cha kuŵerenga mapindu awo m'Malamulo ndi kuvomereza zosankha zimene zingakhale zosakondweretsa. [1] - Justice Antonin Scalia (yotengedwa kuchokera ku Matter of Textrection ]

Kumaliza

Kulingalira kwa chiyambi kwakhala kopanda pake; kuli kawonedwe kolamulira kamene makhoti aakulu amayesedwa ndi kutsimikiziridwa. Kukwera kwake kumasonyeza kulimbana kwakukulu kwa ntchito ya oweruza mu demokrase ya ku America. Ochirikiza amawona kuti kuyambirira ndiko njira yabwino koposa yolemekezera chiyambi cha demokrase ndi mphamvu yachiweruzo. Otsutsa akuchenjeza kuti kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kulungamitsa zotulukapo zimene zimanyalanyaza zokhala ndi moyo za malamulowo zikutanthauzidwa kutumikira.

Mosasamala kanthu za lingaliro la munthu, kumvetsetsa koyambirira kuli kofunika kutsata njira yotsimikizira ndi kuyamikira mbali zazikulu za kuikidwa kwa Khoti Lalikulu lirilonse. Pamene dzikolo likupitiriza kutsutsana mafunso a ufulu, kulingana, ndi ulamuliro wa boma, chisonkhezero cha kulingalira koyambirira chidzakula. Chitsimikiziro chotsatira chidzakhala chotsimikizira kukhala ndi mafunso otsimikizirika ponena za tanthauzo loyambirira, mbiri, ndi malire oyenera a kupenda kwachiweruzo. Awo amene angafotokoze ndi kuchirikiza nthanthi yawo yoyambirira adzakhala ndi phindu lapadera, pamene awo amene amakana kutero ayenera kufotokozanso masomphenya ena a m’kaundula wa malamulo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri pa mfundo za m’Baibulo ndi mbali yake m’zikalata zachiweruzo, lingalirani mfundo zotsatirazi:

  • Antonin Scalia, [[FL: 0] Mafunso: Makhoti Oweruza ndi Chilamulo () (1997) – University Princeton Press
  • Randy E. Barnett, [[FLT: 0] Malamulo a Dziko Lonse: Kukwaniritsa Ufulu ndi Ulamuliro wa “Ife Anthu” (2016 – Webusaiti ya ]
  • “ Umbuli ndi Malamulo a America” – Cornell Information of thege Institute
  • “ Bungwe la Federal Social ndi Kukwera kwa Chiphunzitso cha Chitaganya” – [[FLT: 0]] SCOTUSblog