Maziko a Lamulo a Ulamuliro wa Oweruza

Malo a boma la America ali opatukana mwadala ndi maulamuliro, lamulo loikidwa m'Malamulo kuletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro pa nthambi iliyonse. jaji, yokhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo III, inapangidwa monga nthambi yofooka kwambiri . Siimakhala ndi chikwama kapena lupanga ndipo ili ndi thayo loopsa la kumasulira lamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti nthambi zina zikhalebe m’mipambo ya malamulo. Ntchito imeneyi ya makoma inayamba kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma ntchito yake yaikulu idakalipo: kukhala ngati woyang'anira wopanda tsankho amene amateteza lamulo ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense paboma.

Lingaliro la kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, monga momwe linanenedwera ndi Montesquieu ndipo pambuyo pake ndi Afailrs a Malamulo, limagawa mathayo a boma kukhala mabwalo atatu osiyana. Nthambi ya malamulo imakhazikitsa malamulo, nthambi yaikulu imawagwiritsira ntchito, ndipo nthambi yachiweruzo imamasulira. Chigamulo chimenechi si kuyang'anira kokha; ndi dongosolo ladala la kuyang'anirana. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi njira yolimbana ndi ena, ndipo makhoti amagwira ntchito monga ngati wolamulira wa malamulo alamulo. judicary ̱ ulamuliro wotsutsa malamulo ndi ntchito zapamwamba zimene zimatsutsana ndi Konsigalamu &812; yodziŵika monga kupenda koweruza kwa lamulo kwamphamvu kochitidwa ndi &82; chipangizo chachikulu m'kachitidwe chimenechi chimenechi.

Kuti timvetsetse mmene makhoti amalinganizira mphamvu, choyamba munthu ayenera kuzindikira kuti oweruza samagwira ntchito popanda kanthu. Zosankha zawo zimapangidwa ndi chitsanzo, kukambitsirana kwa lamulo, ndi mfundo za mlandu uliwonse. Komabe chiyambukiro cha zigamulozo chimamveka m’mbali zonse za ndale zadziko. Pamene bwalo lapamwambalo lilengeza lamulo losagwirizana ndi malamulo, limatumiza chizindikiro chowonekera bwino ku Nyumba za Ufumu kuti mphamvu yake si yokwanira. Pamene limatsendereza ntchito yaudindo, chimakumbutsa pulezidenti kuti palibe aliyense amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Zimenezi sizimayenderana ndi nthambizo mwa kulinganiza koma kulinganiza kwamphamvu kofuna kusungitsa ulamuliro wademokrase.

judicaary ’ mbali ya kupima ili yofunika kwambiri makamaka m'nyengo ya kufutukuka kwa mphamvu ya maulamuliro ndi kugaŵana kwa anthu. Pamene boma la boma lakula m'kukula ndi kucholoŵana, makhoti afunikira mowonjezereka kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa nthambi. Kuchokera ku malamulo a bungwe loletsa kukangana ndi mwaŵi wa udindo, ntchito za judicariary monga zoimira mpikisano wopitirizabe wa ulamuliro. Popanda komiti yamphamvu ndi yodziimira payokha, kupatuka kwa maulamuliro kukakhala kochepera pang'ono chabe kwa cholinga cha kuyerekezera.

Chiphunzitso cha Kupenda Chiweruzo: Chinsinsi cha Macheke ndi Kulinganiza

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko njira imene makhoti amasanthula lamulo la malamulo ndi machitidwe a akuluakulu. Mphamvu imeneyi sinaperekedwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo koma inakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yotchuka ya Marbury v. Madison (1883). Pa chigamulo chimenecho, Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anagamula kuti “ ndi mwamphamvu chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo kunena zimene lamulolo liri. ” lamulo lamakhalidwe limeneli lakhala mbali yolongosola malamulo alamulo a ku America, kupangitsa lamulo lachikole kuswa malamulo amene amaswa malamulo a koikiridwa ndi kuweruza maulamuliro amene akuposa prezidesipo &88; ulamuliro.

Kupenda chiweruzo kumatumikira ntchito zina zofunika. Choyamba, kumatsimikizira kuti kachitidwe ka boma konse kakugwirizana ndi Konsichushoni — lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo. Chachiŵiri, imapereka njira kwa anthu ndi magulu kutsutsa boma mochenjera. Chachitatu, imapanga bungwe la chitsanzo limene limatsogolera malamulo amtsogolo ndi kachitidwe ka mkulu. Supreme Court ̱ zigamulo za chiweruzo zaumba pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa Amereka, kuyambira ku ufulu wa anthu kufikira ku malamulo achuma ndi ku chisungiko cha dziko.

Chimodzi cha mbali zofunika kwambiri za kupenda kwachiweruzo ndicho ntchito yake yothetsa mikangano pakati pa nthambi. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ipereka lamulo limene pulezidenti akukhulupirira kuti limaswa pa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, makhoti angafunsidwe kugamulapo nkhaniyo. Mofananamo, pamene pulezidenti achitapo kanthu kuti Congress aone ngati wolakwa, woweruza angaloŵerere. Ntchito imeneyi siimangochitika pa milandu yapamwamba ya m'mabwalo apamwamba apamwamba a pulogalamu; makhoti aakulu a boma nthaŵi zonse amapenda machitidwe ndi malamulo a boma kuti avomereze lamulo.

Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwake, kupenda kwachiweruzo sikuli kopanda mkangano. Osuliza amanena kuti kungatsogolere ku kuweruza, kumene makhoti amalamulira bwino lomwe pa ben. Otetezera amatsutsa kuti kuli kofunika kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndi kuletsa upo wankhanza wa audindo. Kutsutsana pa ukulu woyenera wa kupenda kwachiweruzo kukupitirizabe, koma mbali yake yokha yokha yothandiza kulinganiza mphamvu siingatsutsidwe. Malamulo enieniwo, m’Chigawo III, akupereka maziko a ulamuliro umenewu, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba latsimikizira mosalekeza ntchito yake yomasulira Malamulo.

Zopereka zakunja pa kupenda komiti zimaphatikizapo malemba a Malamulo a U.S. ndi [[FLT :2] Marbury . Madison [[FLT :4] chosankha pa Oyez [1].

Mmene Makhoti Amaonera Mphamvu za Malamulo

Nthambi ya malamulo iri ndi mphamvu ya kupanga malamulo, koma mphamvu imeneyo siiri yopanda malire. Makhoti amatumikira monga chitetezo motsutsana ndi Congress kuposa mphamvu zake zotchulidwa kapena kuswa zoyenera za munthu. Kupenda malamulo kwa lamulo kumatsimikizira kuti malamulo amagwirizana ndi Lamulo, kuphatikizapo malamulo a ufulu ndi malamulo monga ngati kugaŵikana kwa boma ndi kupatukana kwa maulamuliro.

Ulamuliro wa Mabungwe ndi Dokotala Wamalonda

Mabwalo ena amene nthaŵi zambiri afufuza mphamvu za boma ndi Commerce Claus, amene amapereka ulamuliro wa kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko. M'zaka zonsezi, Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira mawu ameneŵa mokulira, komanso lakhazikitsa malire. Mu United States v. Lopez [1995] Khoti linagwetsa Gun-Free School Zools Act, likumati Khoti linaposa mphamvu yake ya malonda mwa kuwongolera ntchito zimene sizinali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa malonda a boma. Chigamuchi chinasonyeza kubwezeretsa ulamuliro wa boma polongosola malire a boma.

Mofananamo, mu United States v. Morrison [2000], Bwalo lamilandu linawononga makonzedwe a Chiwawa cha Kulimbana ndi Akazi, kulamula kuti Congress sakanagwiritsira ntchito Congress kuyendetsa upandu wachiwawa wosakhala wa zachuma. Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti a jaji ali ofunitsitsa kukhazikitsa malire a nyumba pa ulamuliro wa malamulo, ngakhale pamene nkhaniyo ili yotchuka kapena yofunika. Mwakutero, makhoti amasunga kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma ndi kuletsa Nyumba za Malamulo kukhala zamphamvu zonse.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense Pankhani ya Kuphwanya Malamulo

Makhoti amafufuzanso mphamvu yalamulo pamene malamulo akuswa zoyenera zazikulu. Khoti Lalikulu’ chigamulo mu Roe v. Wade [17]) yopanda mphamvu ya malamulo amene amaletsa kuchotsa mimba, amapeza kuti Konsichushoni imateteza mkazi ’ ndi ufulu wa kubisa. Zosankha zaposachedwapa, mu . Hodges v. (20), Bwalo linagonjetsa lamulo pa ukwati umodzimodziwo, likutsimikizira kuti lamulo la malamulo atsimikizire kukwatira monga ufulu wofunika. Zigamu zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti makhoti atha kupambana pamene asemphana ndi lamulo.

Komabe, mabwalo amilandu’ ntchito si kuchotsa chiweruzo cha lamulo ndi kusankha . Mmalomwake, ndiko kutsimikizira kuti malamulo amalemekeza malamulo a Constitution ’ ndi mapulinsipulo. Pamene Congress ipereka lamulo limene mosakaikira liri losemphana ndi malamulo, jaji iri ndi ulamuliro ndi thayo la kuligonjetsa. Mphamvu imeneyi iri yofunika posunga lamulo ndi kuletsa ulamuliro wauchifwamba wa anthu ambiri.

Malire a Mphamvu za Nyumba za Matchalitchi

Kupyola kuyenera kwa munthu aliyense, makhoti amasungitsa ziletso za kumanga zonga kugaŵanitsa maulamuliro ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu S v. Chadha (19983), Bwalo Lapamwamba linakantha chigamulo cha malamulo, kugamula kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingasungire ufulu wa kuchotsa machitidwe a maulamuliro pa chigamulo chimodzi. Khotilo linagamula kuti kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya malamulo kuyenera kukwaniritsa Bidaralism ndi zofunika za kagamulo I. Chigamulo chimenechi chinalimbikitsa kulekana kwa mphamvu mwa kuletsa Nyumba zapamwamba kuloŵerera pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Mofananamo, mu Printz v. United States (1997), Bwalo lamilandu linaluluza makonzedwe a Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act yomwe inafuna kuti boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko ziyang'anene kuyang'anira. Khotilo linalamula kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingalamulire akuluakulu a boma kuchita maprogramu okhazikitsa malamulo, mwakutero kutetezera lamulo la ulamuliro wa mbali ziŵiri ziŵiri. Milandutso imeneyi imasonyeza mmene ja Judicariary imagwirira ntchito monga wosungitsa usilikalipo pa mikangano pakati pa boma ndi maboma.

Mmene Makhoti Amapendera Mphamvu ya Udindo

Makhoti amathandiza kwambiri kuti pulezidenti ndi mabungwe akuluakulu azikhala m’malamulo ndi m’malamulo. Popanda kuyang’anira milandu, mkuluyo angapose ulamuliro wake, kufooketsa Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi kusokoneza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Milandu Yosonyeza Kuchepetsa Ulamuliro wa Olamulira

Chimodzi cha zitsanzo zotchuka kwambiri za kuletsa ulamuliro wa boma ndicho United States v. Nixon [19974]. Mkati mwa kulakwa kwa Watergate , Pulezidenti Nixon ananena kuti ali ndi mwayi wapamwamba wa kuletsa kujambula tepi ndi zikalata zopemphedwa ndi woweruza. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti likana mfundo imeneyi, polingalira kuti pulezidenti alibe mwaŵi weniweni, mwaŵi wosakwanira wa kukana umboni wofufuza milandu. Chigamuchi chigamulamula Nixon kuti asiye, kuchititsa kuti asiye. Mlanduyu anatsimikizira kuti pulezidentiyo afunikira kuweruza mlandu ndi kuti palibe amene ali pamwamba pa lamulolo.

Nkhani ina yowopsya ndi Bwalo Laling Comment / Bet & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawyer (1952). Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya ku Korea, Pulezidenti Truman anatulutsa lamulo lapamwamba logwira zitsulo zachitsulo zogwirira ntchito zimene zinawopseza kupangidwa kwa nkhondo. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti pulezidentiyo analibe ulamuliro walamulo wa kuchita zimenezo popanda chilo cha kuvomerezedwa ndi boma. Woweruza Robert Jackson ̱ anakhazikitsa chigamulo cha kukhazikitsa mphamvu yapamwamba yokhudza kaya prezidentiyo achita ndi chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa chigamuko, kusoŵa kachitidwe kaungwe, kapena kutsutsana ndi Conglesstionss &517; izi zidzathandizabe kuyang'anira mphamvu zaukulu.

Kupenda Kachitidwe ka Uyang’aniro

M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, makhoti apitirizabe kuyang'anira ntchito za akuluakulu. Mwachitsanzo, m' Ziglar v. Abbasi . (2017), khoti linachepetsa mphamvu ya anthu kusungirira akuluakulu a boma pa zowawa zapambuyo pa madensi a sukulu ya California. Pamene khotili silinachirikize machitidwe otsatizana, linaletsa kuchiritsa kwachiweruzo. Mosiyana, mu Kuchirikiza Chisungiko cha Homeland v. Regens of the University of California [FLT] [FLT] [20]), Khoti linakamenya ulamuliro wa Trump & #817; kuyesa kubwezera Chigamu cha Chitukuro cha Chitukuko cha Chiukiriro (DA). Kufufuza kongofufuza kolakwika kolakwika ndi Chigamu. Chigamu chinayenera kuperekedwa pansi pa chigamu chachikulu. Chigamuchigamuchi chika chika

Oweruza amapendanso malamulo a akuluakulu ndi malamulo a malamulo a lamulo ndi malamulo. Zitokoso ku malamulo a akuluakulu a kusamuka, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi chisungiko cha dziko zimafikira makhoti, amene amatumikira monga machenjera. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyaza ukatswiri wa maulamuliro a zamalonda m’nkhani za maiko ena ndi chisungiko cha dziko, samazengereza kuloŵererapo pamene ufulu walamulo uli paupandu kapena pamene zochita za akuluakuluwo zikuposa ulamuliro wake.

Ntchito ya Maboma Odziimira paokha ndi Uyang’aniro wa Oweruza

Mabungwe apadera, monga Federal Trade Commission ndi Security , amapanga mphamvu zazikulu za boma. Makhoti amapenda zigamulo za mabungwe kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo ndi Konsichushoni. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Khoti Lalikulu lalankhula za mabungwe odziimira, likugamula kuti zolephera zina pa kuchotsa pulezidenti zingakhale zosagwirizana ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo la LLC v. Confecial Suption Provicial Bureauty [FLD:2020], Khotilo linagalamu ya CFPB, ndi chochititsa chokha kuchotsa, kuswa kwa maulamuliro. Chigamuchi chitsimikizikire kuti prezidentiyo chiyenera kukhala ndi a a apolisi olamulira oyenera kuyendetsa ntchito a zaungwe.

Pamilandu imeneyi, apolisi amayang'anira mayeso a ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Makhoti sasinthanso chigamulo chilichonse cha akuluakulu a boma, koma amaonetsetsa kuti pulezidenti ndi mabungwe a boma azichita mogwirizana ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi Malamulo ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Uyang'aniro umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti asunge ulamuliro ndi kuteteza ulamuliro wa demokalase.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za mphamvu ya maulamuliro, onani Cornell Law School’ kusanthula kwa kupatula maulamuliro [[FLT: 1].

Kupeka kwa Chikalata Chodziimira Pachabe

Chigamulo chodziimira chokha ndicho kuteteza macheke ndi kulinganiza. Ufulu wachiweruzo umatanthauza kuti oweruza amagamula milandu yozikidwa pa lamulo ndi mfundo, yopanda chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko, kukondera, kapena kuopa kubwezera. Ufulu umenewu umatetezeredwa ndi moyo kwa oweruza a boma (pansi pa Mfundo III), chitetezo, ndi miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino. Popanda makhoti, makhoti sangakhale ochirikiza mbali iliyonse pakati pa nthambi kapena otetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Chigamulo cha ufulu chimalimbikitsa anthu kukhulupirira malamulo. Pamene nzika zikhulupirira kuti makhoti ali opanda tsankho, zingawalole kuvomereza zosankha zawo, ngakhale ngati zigamulozo sizili zotchuka.

Kufunika kwa Kusankhana

Kupanda tsankho n’kofunika kuti makhoti akwaniritse udindo wawo wotsatira lamulo. Oweruza ayenera kumasulira lamulolo monga momwe lilembedwera, osati mmene iwo kapena anthu angafunira. Zimenezi zimafuna kuthandizidwa ndi ndale zogawanika ndi malingaliro a anthu. Alexander Hamilton, kulemba mu [Foct:0] Federalst No. [78, adatsutsa kuti jaji ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yolengeza malamulo osagwirizana ndi boma ndi kuti mphamvu imeneyi ikufuna kudziimira pawekha. Iye motchuka ananena kuti judiary ndi i ̴ ndil Expt ̶ nthambi chifukwa chakuti alibe mphamvu pa lupanga kapena chikwama, koma mphamvu yake yoweruza popanda ulamuliro.

Zitetezero za Malamulo za Ufulu Woweruza

Malamulo amapereka chitetezo chambiri kaamba ka kudziimira kwa komiti yachiweruzo. Oweruza a Federal amasunga maofesi awo mkati mwa makhalidwe abwino, amene amatanthauza bwino moyo, pokhapo ngati alamulidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Zimenezi zimawatetezera iwo kusachotsedwa kaamba ka zosankha zosatchuka. Ndiponso, malipiro awo sangachepetsedwe mkati mwa kuchuluka kwawo, kuletsa Nyumba za Malamulo kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama kusonkhezera zigamulo. Mbali zimenezi za nyumbazo zimakonzedwa kutsimikizira kuti oweruza angapange zosankha zozikidwa pa kuyenerera kwa lamulo.

Malamulo a boma alinso ndi zitetezero, ngakhale kuti amasiyana. Oweruza ena osankhidwa, omwe angayambitse kusagwirizana pakati pa kudziimira ndi kudziŵerengera mlandu. Komabe, malamulo aukatswiri, malamulo amakhalidwe, ndi njira zothandizira kusungitsa kusakondera. The American Bar Association ̱ Kodegil of Jujial Applial imapereka malangizo kwa oweruza kuti apeŵe kusafuna ufulu ndi kusunga ufulu.

Zitokoso za M’nthaŵi Yathu Ku ulamuliro wa Chiweruzo ndi Kudziimira Pawokha

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo otetezera, ufulu wachiweruzo ukuyang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zosalekeza. Kuukira kwa ndale zadziko pamakhoti, kuyesa kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi zoyesayesa za kuchepetsa ulamuliro zingafooketse oweruza a ̱ mphamvu ya kuyang’anira nthambi zina. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, nkhondo zauchigaŵenga pa kuikidwa kwa milandu zakulakula, ndipo magulu aŵiriwo akuyesa kuumba makhoti m’chithunzi chawo. Pamene kugamulidwa ndi kutsimikiziridwa kuli njira zandale, chiyembekezo nchakuti oweruza akangokhalapo, amagamula milandu popanda kukondera.

Chitokoso chimodzi chachikulu ndicho kukwera kwa zigamulo za khoti lotsutsa milandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo pa makhoti, kufutukuka kwa Khoti Lalikulu, kapena ziletso pa ulamuliro wake wa khoti. Zina mwa mfundo zimenezi n’zofuna kuchepetsa khoti la Judicary ̱ mphamvu kapena kubwezera kumbuyo kwa zigamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a malamulo a boma a makhoti, kusintha koteroko kungaopseze judiary ̱ kudziimira ngati agwiritsiridwa ndi lamulo lokhazikitsidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali la kugonjera ulamuliro wa chiweruzo amatetezera kuloŵererako.

Kulankhula kwapoyera kwa kuukira oweruza ndi zigamulo za khoti kumakhalanso ndi ngozi. Pamene atsogoleri andale aweruza monga “ ofufuza za kulakwa kwa oweruza̵ kapena kuwopseza kunyalanyaza zigamulo za khoti, amachotsa ulemu wa lamulo. Oweruza amadalira pa nthambi zina ndi anthu kuti apereke malamulo awo; ngati kugonjera kukakhala kwaufulu kapena kwa kusankha, dongosolo la macheketi ndi kulinganiza limasweka. Kusunga ufulu walamulo kumafuna kudzipereka limodzi pakati pa nthambi zonse ndi nzika za boma kulemekeza malamulo a bwalo la milandu, ngakhale pamene ali osatchuka.

Chitokoso china ndicho kuwonjezereka kwa kusankhidwa kwa chiweruzo. Kutsimikizira kwa oweruza a boma kwakhala kogaŵanitsa kwambiri, ndi mamineine kaŵirikaŵiri akuyang'anizana ndi kuchedwa kowonjezereka ndi kutsutsana. Zimenezi zachititsa mabwalo amene amayambukira mabwalo amilandu’ kukhoza kugwira ntchito bwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukhazikitsa kumakhala kwachibadwa kwandale, kugaŵa kwa dziko kungayambukire anthu kuona chigawo cha judicaria monga chipani chopanda tsankho. Zoyesayesa zochotsa ntchitoyo, monga kupyolera m'mabungwe achiweruzo oweruza, zikukhalabe zokambidwa.

Kuwonjezera apo, kukwera kwa akuluakulu oweruza oweruza oyang’anira boma. Nthaŵi zina amachitira zinthu popanda chilolezo chomveka, kudalira mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka boma. Makhoti ayenera kusankha ngati angatsatire zochita zimenezi kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kulimbana pakati pa kusamala za boma ndi ufulu wa anthu kumabwera kaŵirikaŵiri ku makhoti, kukufuna kuti alinganize bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT: 0] Boumediene b. Bush (2008), Khoti linkanena kuti anthu a ku Guantanamo Bay anali ndi ufulu woyenerera kuyang'anira boma, kukana ulamuliro wankhondo waukulu. Zotsatira zimenezi zimavomerezanso kuti a Judiary &817; ntchito yawo ya ndale, koma zimawaitananso kumbuyo.

M’gulu la Oimba M’manja mwa Mphamvu Zogawana

Makhoti samagwira ntchito paokha; ali mbali ya dongosolo lodalirana. Mantha aakulu ndi a malamulo amayang'ananso jaji. Nyumba za malamulo zingasinthe chiŵerengero cha oweruza, kusintha ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma, ndi kuyambitsa masinthidwe a lamulo kuti asinthe zigamulo za chiweruzo. Pulezidenti amaika oweruza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a khoti. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene ikukhala yolamulira. Katswiri wa dongosololi ali m’mavuto ameneŵa: nthambi iliyonse ili ndi chisonkhezero ndi njira zokaniza kuletsa kuloŵerera kwa ena.

judicaary ’ mphamvu imachokera pa kuyenera kwake ndi kufunitsitsa kwa nthambi zina kuti zigwirizane ndi zigamulo zake. Khoti likagamula mlandu, limadalira pa bwana kukhazikitsa malamulo ake ndi pa Congress kuti alemekeze matanthauzo ake. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa [[FLT:] Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro [1954], kuchitidwa kwa sukulu kumafunikira mkulu wa ntchito ndi kaweruzidwe kazembe. Khoti siliyenera kukakamiza zosankha zake; linadalira pa nthambi zina kuti zikwaniritse zifuno zake. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumachirikiza kufunika kwa kugwirizana ndi kulemekezana pakati pa nthambi.

M’zaka makumi aposachedwapa, achiweruzo akhala okangalika kwambiri kuletsa mikangano pakati pa nthambi za ndale zadziko, makamaka m'madera onga ngati kusamala zaumoyo, kusamuka, ndi ufulu wosankha. Nkhani zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo mafunso ovuta a lamulo ndi kupempha makhoti kulinganiza zikondwerero zopikisana. Pamene kuli kwakuti ena amatsutsa chikhoterero chimenechi monga ngati chiŵeruzo cha aŵeruzo, ena amachiwona kukhala chitetezo chofunika pamene nthambi za ndale zadziko ziikidwa kapena sizifuna kuchitapo kanthu.

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa nthambi sikuli kokhazikika; kumasintha kwa nthaŵi m'kuyankha ku zochitika za ndale zadziko, za mayanjano, ndi zamalamulo. Makhotiwo amathandiza kusamalira chisinthiko chimenechi mwa kupereka malo othetsera mikangano yalamulo. Mwa zosankha zawo, amalongosola malire a boma ndi ulamuliro wa maulamuliro, kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi kuchirikiza kakonzedwe ka boma kokhazikitsidwa ndi Afarrs. Pamene dzikolo likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, kuchokera ku kusintha kwa sayansi kukhala ziwopsezo za dziko lonse, judiary ̱ mbali ya ulamuliro wolinganiza zinthu idzakhalabe yapadera.

Kulingalira kowonjezereka pa kulekana kwa maulamuliro, Mapepala a Faredali, makamaka Ayi. 47 ndi Ayi, kumapereka chidziŵitso cha maziko mu Framers ̱ zolinga.

Kumaliza: Kuchinjiriza Kulinganizika kwa Malamulo

Makhoti amathandiza kwambiri kuti makhoti alinganize mphamvu za nthambi za boma. Mwa kupenda komiti, aweruza amafufuza malamulo ndi ntchito za boma, kutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene imaposa ulamuliro wake walamulo. Mwa kuteteza ufulu wa munthu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, makhoti amachirikiza lamulo ndi kusunga ufulu umene mafaramenti anaupanga. Chikalata cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndicho maziko a dongosolo lino; popanda icho, kupenda ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma kukakhala ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Pamene chitaganya chikusintha, mavuto atsopano adzayesa judiary ̱ kupirira. Zitsenderezo zandale, kulimbana kwa anthu, ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga zidzapitirizabe kufuna uyang'aniro wachiweruzo wosamala. Makhoti ayenera kukhala okhazikika m'kudzipereka kwawo ku chilungamo chopanda tsankho, kumasulira malamulo a Konsichushoni mogwirizana ndi malemba ake ndi malamulo. Mwakutero, amasunga kulekana kwa maulamuliro ndi kutetezera ufulu umene umazindikiritsa ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro sikuli thayo la oweruza a komiti ya komitiary okha; kudalira pa kukhala woyang'anira nthambi zonse zitatu ndi anthu a ku America. Koma makhotiwo ali ndi udindo wapadera kuchita monga wolamulira wamkulu, kutsimikizira kuti boma likhale limodzi la malamulo, osati anthu.