Maziko a Mphamvu ya Chiweruzo m’Madongosolo Alamulo Amakono

Oweruza ali ndi malo apadera m’dongosolo la zamalamulo lililonse: iwo sali opanga malamulo kapena osungitsa, koma omasulira. Ntchito yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku imaphatikizapo kuŵerenga malamulo, malamulo, ndi zigamulo za khoti, ndiyeno kugwiritsira ntchito malembawo ku nsonga zenizeni za mkangano. Ntchito yomasulira imeneyi ndi yongopeka. Imafuna chiweruzo, kulingalira, ndi kuzindikira bwino za malamulo. Njira imene woweruza amaŵerengera lamulo ingatsimikizire ngati pangano lagwiridwa, woimbidwa ndi wachifwamba amamasuka, kapena kuima patapita nthaŵi. Anthu ameneŵa amalamulira m’bungwe la malamulo limene limasintha mmene anthu akuchitira.

Kuti amvetsetse mmene oweruza amasulirira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo, choyamba munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa zitsenderezo ndi ufulu zimene amagwira ntchito pansi pa . M'madongosolo a malamulo wamba, oweruza amagwirizanitsidwa ndi ziphunzitso za kuyang'ana, komabe iwo alinso ndi ulamuliro wakusiyanitsa kapena kuletsa zosankha zisanachitike pamene mikhalidwe ifuna. M'madongosolo alamulo, oweruza amadalira kwambiri pa malamulo odziŵika bwino ndi malamulo. Mosasamala kanthu za dongosolo, vuto lalikulu limakhala limodzimodzilo: kutsegulira mpata pakati pa chinenero chachisawawa cha lamulo ndi zenizeni za kutsutsana kwa anthu.

Malamulo Aakulu a Kumasulira Chiŵeruzo

Akatswiri a zamalamulo ndi oweruza apanga mfundo zosiyanasiyana zotsutsana zokhudza mmene malamulo ndi malamulo ayenera kumasulira mfundo zimenezi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amafotokoza chifukwa chake oweruza osiyanasiyana amagamula mosiyanasiyana pa nkhani ya malamulo.

Kulemba

Chikalata chimanena kuti oweruza ayenera kumasulira lamulolo mozikidwa pa tanthauzo lakale la lemba panthaŵi imene linakhazikitsidwa. Ochirikiza amanena kuti kachitidwe kameneka kamalemekeza njira ya demokrase mwa kuchepetsa kuweruza ndi kuletsa oweruza kukhazikitsa malamulo awo. Woweruza Antonin Scalia anali wochirikiza wotchuka kwambiri wa malemba ku United States. Pambali imeneyi, ngati lamulo linena kuti “vuckle” ndi mfundo zake zimaphatikizapo njinga, woweruza amayang'ana kaya ngati tanthauzo lachibadwa la“vehicle” limaphatikizapo njinga, kaŵirikaŵiri kuyang'ana kumasulira mawu kuchokera ku nyengo ya kukhazikitsa chikalata.

Kuyambirira

Chiphunzitsochi chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo za m’Baibulo koma chimatsindika kwambiri pa tanthauzo la malamulo oyambirira. M’malo mofunsa zimene anthu opanga mabukuwo ankafuna mwamseri, akatswiri ofufuza za zinthu zakale amafunsa kuti munthu woganiza bwino akanakhala kuti akutanthauza chiyani. Mfundo imeneyi yathandiza kwambiri anthu a m’khoti lalikulu la United States, monga Clarence Thomas ndi Neil Gormoth, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyambirira.

Kumasulira Kofufuza

Kumasulira koyenera, kolamulira m'malamulo ambiri ofala kunja kwa United States (m., Canada, United Kingdom), kumalangiza oweruza kulingalira chifuno chachikulu kapena cholinga cha lamulo . Kutero kumatheketsa oweruza kudzaza mipata m'malamulo kapena kuthetsa zinthu zoipa m’njira yogwirizana ndi cholinga cha lamulo lalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, pomasulira lamulo lotetezera, woweruza wofufuza angaŵerenge lamulolo mokulira kutetezera ogula ku machitachita osalungama, ngakhale ngati lemba lenilenilo silinamveke pa chenjera lapadera.

Lamulo Lokhala ndi Moyo Liyamba Kufika

Nthaŵi zina amatchedwa “chiphunzitso chamoyo” chiphunzitso chimenechi chimachirikiza kuti makonzedwe a lamulo n’ngogwira ntchito ndipo ayenera kumasuliridwa molunjika ndi mapindu a chikhalidwe. Chimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi Tchata cha ku Canada cha Zoyenera ndi Freedoms jurisprudence ndi zigamulo zina za U.S. Bwalo Lapamwamba, monga ngati Brown v. Board of Education [1954] ndi [[FLT:] Obergefell v. Hodges [FLT:] (20).

Kudyerera ndi Kusamala

Oweruza ambiri satsatira mfundo imodzi yokha. M’malo mwake, amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomveka, kupenda zotsatira za malamulo awo ndi kulinganiza zolinga zawo. Njira imeneyi ndi yofala kwambiri m’lamulo la boma ndiponso m’nkhani zokhudza ufulu walamulo umene umafunika kupenda bwino. Woweruza wongoyerekezera angafunse kuti: Kodi ndi kumasulira kotani kumene kumatulutsa zotsatira zosavulaza kapena kumene kumathandizira anthu?

Zida ndi Njira Zoweruza Zogwiritsira Ntchito Pomasulira Mafano

Kuwonjezera pa mfundo zogometsa, oweruza amagwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirira ntchito.

Mabuku Olembedwa

Mabuku a malemba amasumika maganizo pa chilankhulo chenichenicho. Ejustem generis [1] (ya mtundu umodzimodziwo ) amalangiza kuti pamene lamulo lindandandalika zinthu zotsatiridwa ndi liwu la onse, mawu onse ndi ochepera pa zinthu za gulu limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, “magalimoto, njinga zamoto, ndi galimoto zina” sizingaphatikizepo ndege. Chotsatira cha socis liwu lodziŵika ndi kampaniyo [1]) limayang'ana pa mawu ozungulira chigamu. [FLT.] Extioctius . [FFClius Fluspus]

Mabwato Oyenda Pansi

Malamulo ang'onoang'ono amasonyeza mapindu aakulu a kachitidwe. malamulo a kuchuluka kwa mapangano amafunikiritsa kuti malamulo aupandu alembedwe mosiyanasiyana moyanja woimbidwa mlandu. mfundo zotsutsa kubwezeretsa imalangiza kuti malamulo asamagwire ntchito ku khalidwe lakale pokhapo ngati afotokozedwa bwino. mapangano a pulogalamu amalangiza oweruza kuti asankhe kumasulira kumene kumayambitsa mavuto a m'lamulo, ngakhale ngati malembawo ali omveka bwino.

Mbiri ya Malamulo ndi Kukana

Oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amafufuza malipoti a komiti, makambitsirano a m'nyumba, ndi ziŵiya zina za malamulo kuti adziŵe zimene opanga malamulowo analinganiza. Njira imeneyi njofala m’kumasulira kwadala ndi m'madongosolo a malamulo a boma. Komabe, akatswiri a malemba amatsutsa kudalira pa mbiri ya boma chifukwa chakuti ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa ndipo mwina siingaimire malingaliro a bungwe lonse lokhazikitsa malamulo. Ku United States, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mbiri ya malamulo kwatha zaka makumi angapo zapitazo koma kukukhalabe kothandiza m'mayiko ambiri.

Kupha Koyamba ndi Katswiri

Pansi pa lamulo la status decis , oweruza amalamulidwa ndi zigamulo zapapitapo kuchokera ku makhoti apamwamba m'njira imodzimodziyo. Zimenezi zimapanga kukhazikika ndi kuneneratu. Koma kuyang'ana sikuli kotheratu; makhoti angasinthe zizoloŵezi zimene sizinagwire ntchito, n’zosagwirizana ndi zochitika zapambuyo pake zalamulo, kapena zinagamulidwa molakwa. Chigamulo cha kupitirira ulamuliro ndi ntchito yomasulira, monga momwe woweruzayo ayenera kupenderanso mfundo yoyamba ndi kupenda mtengo wa kusintha.

Zinthu Zimene Zimakhudza Kupanga Chigamulo cha Oweruza

Kumasulira kokhudza malamulo si njira yongoganizira chabe, koma ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za kunja ndi zamkati zimene zimapangitsa woweruza kuwerenga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito lamulolo.

Nkhani ya Malamulo ndi Chiphunzitso Chapamwamba

Malamulo enieniwo amaletsa. Woweruza milandu amagamulidwa ndi makhoti a milandu; khoti lapakati la appellate limamangidwa ndi khoti lapamwamba kwambiri; khoti lapamwamba kwambiri lili ndi ufulu womasulira mwaluso. Malamulo a malamulo amanyalanyaza malamulo, ndi malamulo. Malamulo apamwamba ameneŵa amaweruza mwachigamulo, ngakhale pamene angasankhe zotsatira zosiyana.

Mfundo za Chikhalidwe cha Anthu Ndiponso Maganizo a Anthu

Oweruza sadzitetezera ku chitaganya chimene amakhala. Nkhani zapamwamba zophatikizapo ufulu wa anthu, kuchotsa mimba, kapena ukwati wa kugonana kaŵirikaŵiri zimasonyeza kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza samatchula malingaliro a anthu, malongosoledwe awo angayambukiridwe ndi zimene amaganiza kuti ndi miyezo yamakono ya kudzichepetsa kapena chilungamo. Chiletso cha Eighth Amendment’s pa “chilango chachikale ndi chilango chachilendo mu U.S. Malamulo amasuliridwa kukhala osinthika ndi“ miyezo yosasintha ya ulemu imene imazindikiritsa kupita patsogolo kwa chitaganya, monga momwe kwalembedwe mu [FLT:] Trop. Dulles .

Filosofi Yachiweruzo ndi Chiyambi Chake

Chiphunzitso cha jaji . Chingakhale chimadalira ku kuletsa kapena kuchita kachitidwe ka zinthu. Zokumana nazo za moyo . Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti oweruza ochokera ku mabanja osiyanasiyana (m’chitsanzo, oweruza akale ku v. oteteza anthu) angavomere mosiyana pa nkhani zina. Fuko, thanga la mwamuna, ndi kakhalidwe ka zachuma kangasonkhezeredwe kake mwamachenjera, ngakhale kuti oweruza amayesayesa kusankha mosakondera. Njira yosankha (kusankha ndi kukhazikitsa) ingakhalenso yosintha khalidwe lachiweruzo.

Zinthu Zopangidwa Mwaluso

Pakhoti la milandu yambiri, kukambirana ndi kukambirana zimachita mbali yaikulu. Woweruza angasinthe malo awo kuti akope anthu ambiri, kutsogolera ku zigamulo zochepera. Kukana malingaliro angapereke umboni ku makhoti amtsogolo kapena ku makhoti a malamulo amene atha kumasulira matanthauzo osiyana. Mphamvu za m’khoti. Zisonkhezero za chiweruzo chachikulu, kukhazikitsa pamodzi pakati pa oweruza.

Kupanga Chigamulo cha Chiweruzo Pamayendedwe

Pamene kuli kwakuti njirayo imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi ulamuliro ndi mlingo wa bwalo lamilandu, oweruza ambiri amatsata dongosolo lolinganizidwa pothetsa mkangano wa zamalamulo.

Sitepe 1: Kulandira Mlandu ndi Kupenda Pasadakhale

Oweruza amafufuzanso zinthu zimenezi kuti amvetsetse nkhani za milandu ndi mfundo zimene zikutsutsana. M’makhoti a khoti laling’ono, nkhani ya m’khoti laling’ono imafufuzidwanso.

Sitepe 2: Kufufuza ndi Kupenda Mwalamulo

Oweruza ndi oyang’anira malamulo awo amafufuza mfundo zosiyanasiyana zokhudza malamulo awo, ndipo amafufuzanso mfundo zina zokhudza malamulowo, komanso amafufuza nkhani zina zogwirizana ndi malamulowo.

Sitepe 3: Kukangana Kwapoyera (Ngati Nkotheka)

M’makhoti ambiri oweruza milandu, mikangano yapakamwa imalola anthu kufotokoza malo awo ndi kuyankha mafunso a oweruza. Uwu ndi mwayi wofunika kwambiri kwa oweruza kuyesa mafotokozedwe awo. Woweruza angafunse kuti: “Ngati tivomereza kuŵerenga kwanu lamulolo, kodi nchiyani chimachitika m’nkhani yotsatira yokhudza mfundo zina? . Mawu angavumbule zofooka pomasulira zimene zikuoneka kuti n’zodalirika papepala.

Sitepe 4: Kudzikhululukira ndi Kusintha

Pambuyo pa kutsutsana kwa pakamwa, oweruza amakambirana mseri. M’makhoti ndi oweruza ambiri, amavota ndi kupereka lingaliro kwa woweruza wina. Woweruza wogaŵiridwayo amalemba malingaliro olongosola chigamulocho, akutchula malamulo ogwirizana ndi zitsanzo. Mapangano ameneŵa amasintha pakati pa oweruza ena, amene angapereke masinthidwe kapena kulemba mfundo zosiyana kapena zosemphana. Njira yokambirana pa chinenero ingakhale yaikulu, monga momwe mawu olondola angayambukirire mmene makhoti amtsogolo amachitira ndi kumasulira lamulo limodzimodzilo.

Mfundo 5: Kusankha

Malamulo ambiri amatsatira mfundo zimene zingathandize kuti makhoti aang’ono asinthe. Oweruza nthawi zambiri amatsatira mfundo zatsatanetsatane chifukwa amadziwa kuti kumasulira kwawo kutsogolera nkhani zamtsogolo.

Chiyambukiro Chenicheni cha Dziko Lonse cha Kumasulira Chiweruzo

Ziyambukiro za kumasulira kwachiweruzo zimayambukira zoposa pa kuweruza kwa mapwando.

Kuika Zotsatira Zomwe Zimatsogolera Makhoti Aafupi

Chigamulo chimodzi kuchokera ku bwalo lalikulu chikhoza kusintha mbali yonse ya lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kumasulira kwa Khoti Lapamwamba la United States kwa Malamulo Achiŵiri mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2006) (2008) kusintha malamulo a mfuti m'dziko lonselo. Mofananamo, Khoti la Ulaya la kumasulira kwa malamulo a EU lagwirizanitsa malamulo a mamembala awo. Makhoti apamwamba ayenera kutsatira zitsanzo zimenezi kufikira khoti lalikulu litasintha kapena kuloŵererapo.

Kusonkhezera Malamulo ndi Kutsogolera

Pamene makhoti amasulira lamulo losiyana ndi cholinga cha malamulo, opanga malamulo angasinthe lamulo kuti amvetse chifuno chawo choyamba. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Khoti Lapamwamba la United States linachepetsa ukulu wa Tsankho la Nyengo m'Chikalata cha Ntchito, Congress anasintha kuti libwezeretsetse chitetezo chachikulu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, kumasulira kwa khoti kungavumbule mipata m’lamulo lomwe lilipo, kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano. Mabungwe akuluakulu a boma amasinthanso malamulo awo osungitsa malamulo potsatira malamulo a milandu.

Kusokoneza Lamulo la Anthu ndi Makhalidwe a Anthu

Zigamulo zachiweruzo zingafulumize kapena kukana kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Nkhani ngati Brown v. Board of Education (diftreation ), Roe v. Wade ['''] (kulimbana]), ndi [[FLT:] Oberge black v. Homes ['6] [maukwati]) sanali chabe malamulo alamulo amwambo . Ngakhale oweruza atayesa kukhala pakati pa “makona a , matanthauzo awo a malemba, m'malemba ena ovuta kwambiri. Zimenezi n’chifukwa chake amapikisana mwankhanza, kapena oweruza oopsa.

Kupanga Chitsimikizo Chalamulo Kapena Kusatsimikiza

Momvekera bwino, kumasulira kosasintha kumachirikiza kuneneratu, kumene kuli kofunika kaamba ka kulinganiza ndi ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Koma mamasuliridwe otsutsana pakati pa makhoti aang'ono, kapena masinthidwe aakulu a makhoti apamwamba, angapangitse kusatsimikizirika. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lakhala likulamulira kwa nthaŵi yaitali mu . Jackson’s Health Organization [202], linachotsa zaka makumi ambiri za kudalira pa . Wade v. Kusinthana koteroko kumasonyeza mphamvu zonse ziŵiri ndi ngozi ya kumasulira kwachiweruzo.

Kuyerekezera: Mmene Madongosolo Osiyanasiyana Amafikira Pomasulira

Njira yochitira zimenezi imasiyana kwambiri pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi miyambo ya boma, ndiponso m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Malamulo Ofala (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia)

M'malamulo wamba, oweruza ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu woyambitsa malamulo mwa kutsatira chitsanzo. Ntchito ya kumasulira kwachiweruzo njambiri, ndipo oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amalemba malingaliro autali ofotokoza malingaliro awo. Stare decisis imapanga chiyambukiro choongoka ndi chowongolereka. Komabe, pali kusiyana: Khoti Lapamwamba la United Kingdom lakhala lofunitsitsa kugwiritsira ntchito kumasulira koyenera ndi kufunsira mbiri ya malamulo kuposa mnzake wake wa ku America. Khoti Lapamwamba la Canada limagwiritsira ntchito “mtengo wamoyo” chiphunzitso cha malamulo ake.

Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni (France, Germany, Japan, Latin America)

M'mayiko a boma, lamulo lalikulu ndilo malamulo, osati mlandu. Oweruza amayembekezeredwa kugwiritsira ntchito mawuwo mosalingalira bwino. Malingaliro ngofupika ndipo satsutsana kwambiri. Komabe, kusiyanako n’kodabwitsa. Ku Germany, Khoti Loona za Malamulo lakhazikitsa lamulo lochuluka lomwe limagwira ntchito mofanana ndi malamulo a anthu onse. Khoti la European Court of Human Rights, ngakhale kuti lili mbali ya dongosolo la mayiko a mgwirizano, limamanganso malamulo a boma amene amatsatira.

Malamulo Achipembedzo ndi Amwambo

Makhoti a ku Sharia kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira zaka mazana ambiri a ndemanga za lamulo la lamulo, kuyerekezera (jayas), ndi kuvomereza (jma). Madongosolo ameneŵa amatsutsa kwambiri pomasulira malemba ogwirizana ndi malamulo a chipembedzo.

Kumaliza

Nkhani ya mmene oweruza amamasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo si kungofuna kudziŵa za maphunziro chabe . N’kofunika kwambiri kuti malamulo azikhala oyenera ndi ogwira ntchito. Woweruza aliyense, kaya akuzindikira kapena ayi, amatsatira nthanthi ya kumasulira, kaya alembe, autsa, kapena omasulira. Zida zimene amagwiritsa ntchito ndi zinthu zimene amayesa kukhudza mmene zinthu zimakhudzira anthu enieni. Kumvetsa madongosolo ameneŵa kumatheketsa nzika, maloya, ndi opanga malamulo kukhala otsutsa kwambiri ntchito ya jadiary. Monga momwe magulu a anthu akupitirizirabe, njiranso zoweruzira zimene zimagwiritsira ntchito kuŵerenga lamulo. Kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa makhoti, malamulo, ndi kutsimikizira kwa anthu kuti kumasulira kwa lamulo kumakhalabe kofunikira ndi nkhani yofunika ya kuphunzira.