Chiyambi: Pali Mantha Ochititsa Chidwi

Pankhani zapamwamba za ndawala za ndale zadziko, chidziŵitso ndicho ndalama, ndi chisonkhezero ndicho mphotho yoposa. Pakati pa zida zotsutsana kwambiri m'thumba lamakono pali kufunsira kokakamiza ndi njira yonyenga imene imaonetsa ngati kufufuza kwa onse kovomerezeka pamene ikuyang'ana kusanthula osankhidwa. Mosiyana ndi kufufuza kowona kolinganizidwa kuyesa malingaliro, kukakamiza kufufuza kochitidwa kuti kusinthe, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kufalitsa chidziŵitso choipa kapena chosokeretsa ponena za wotsutsana naye. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo m’machenjera otsatsatsa malonda kumadzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za makhalidwe, malamulo alamulo, ndi umphumphu wa nkhani ya democracy. Nkhaniyi ikupenda zimene zimasonkhezera mapendedwe, mmene amagwirira ntchito mchitidwe wawo, ziyambukiro zawo zoipa pa makampani, ndi kutsutsana nawo motsutsana pa malamulo awo.

Kodi Kupotoza Anthu N’kutani?

Pamaziko ake, kufufuza kokakamiza kuli kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko kobisika monga kufufuza. Kumaphatikizapo ndandanda yaifupi ya mafunso omwe ali odzala, kutsogolera, kapena kusocheretsa mwadala. Pamene kuli kwakuti kufufuza kwa malingaliro kwalamulo kumafunafuna kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chosasankha pa zosankha ndi nkhani zosankhidwa, kukakamiza kusanthula kuli ndi cholinga chosiyana kotheratu: “kuyankha ku mapeto oikidwiratu, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsa osankhidwa kapena malamulo.

Ziŵalo Zofunika

  • Mafunso Opanda Mayeso: Kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo mawu onama kapena opambanitsa, onga ngati “Kodi mungakhale ndi kuthekera kosankha X ngati mudziŵa kuti anaimbidwa mlandu wa kusaona mtima kwa zachuma?] (kaŵirikaŵiri popanda umboni).
  • Nthawi: Kufufuza kwa mawiro kaŵirikaŵiri kumafupi kwambiri [1] Nthaŵi zina funso limodzi kapena aŵiri, chifukwa cholinga si kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso koma kupereka uthenga.
  • Lack of Transparency: Magitimate flations amavumbula njira zawo ndi ochirikiza; kukakamiza kubisa kumene kuli kapena kupotoza cholinga chawo.
  • Palibe Chikalata cha Data: Nthawi zambiri sajambula kapena kusanthula mopindulitsa; kuimbirana foni kapena kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti ndiko kumangochitika.

Komiti ya America ya Public Opinion Research (APTOR) Imafotokoza momveka bwino kufunsira monga njira imene “si cholinga chake kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso koma kufalitsa chidziŵitso choipa ponena za wobatizidwa. Zimenezi zimasiyanitsa ndi kufufuza kovomerezeka kwa otsutsa, kumene kungafunsenso mafunso otsutsa koma kuchita zimenezo kuyesa kuyankha mmalo mwa kusintha malingaliro.

Mbiri ndi Zitsanzo Zochititsa Chidwi

Kufufuza kopotoka kwakhala mbali ya ndale zadziko za ku America kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ngakhale kuti kufalikira kwawo kwawonjezereka ndi kukwera kwa kugulitsa ndi makompyuta a zinthu zazing'ono. Imodzi ya milandu yolembedwa yoyambirira inachitika m'chaka cha 1996 Republican pulezidential prinirial, kumene ochirikiza Pat Buchanan anagwiritsira ntchito kufunsira star Bob Dole ndi zinenezo za kukhala wodekha pa upandu. Zotchuka kwambiri, kukakamiza kufufuzako kunawonekera mu 2000 South Carolina, kumene George W. Bush adaimbidwa mlandu wa kukakamiza kufunsira kuti John McPian adabala mwana wachikuda wosakhala wa fuko. Mchesterman ananena pambuyo pake kuti mayeso a kampeni wa kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya polisiyo adanena kuti kutayikiridwa kwa McChon m'dziko.

M’mkupiti wa Democratic wa 2008, Hillary Clinton anakambidwa mlandu wogwiritsa ntchito mayeso okakamiza kuti anene za chikhulupiriro cha Barack Obama ndi unzika. Mofananamo, pa chisankho cha 2016, malipoti ambiri anapezeka ofufuza mokakamiza omwe Donald Trump ndi Hillary Clinton, kaŵirikaŵiri anagwiritsira ntchito matola otumphutsa. M’nkhani zina, kuchititsa kufufuzako kwagwirizana ndi zoyesayesa za maiko ena, monga momwe zawonedwa ndi mafoni olankhulidwa ndi Russia omwe anafalitsa mkupiti wa 2016 amene anafalitsa nkhani zonama ponena za malo a bungwe la ofufuza.

Posachedwapa, kukakamiza anthu kuti afufuze zinthu zasintha kwambiri. Kufufuza pa Intaneti ndi mafunso olakwika, makompyuta afunsa kuti “ogwiritsa ntchito foni atayankha, ngakhale kulankhulana ndi anthu kungathandizenso. Kusintha kwamakono kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti kudziwa zinthu kukhale kovuta komanso kovuta kwambiri.

Gwiritsirani Ntchito Mkupiti Woipa

Kulimbana kuli kotsutsana bwino, ngati kuli kotsutsana, mbali ya ndale za osankhidwa. Mauthenga a kuukira, kufufuza, ndi otsutsa atsatsa. Kufufuza kwa maposi kumakhala malo apadera chifukwa chakuti amalola ndawala kufalitsa chidziŵitso choipa pa radar . Mosiyana ndi kutsatsa malonda a pa wailesi yakanema, amene angapezedwe ndi kupendedwa, kukakamiza kusanthula kochitidwa m'malo achinsinsi a telefoni kapena kompyuta. Mkupiti wa pulogalamuyo ungatsutse kuloŵerera, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri mawuwo amakhala epmermer .

Kulandira Uthenga

Kampeni kaŵirikaŵiri zimasonkhezera kuchititsa mantha kapena kukondera kwa anthu ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, wofuna kubatizidwa angapeze ovota osasintha ndi kufunsa mafunso ofufuza ponena za ufulu wa mdani wolimbana ndi mfuti, kugwiritsira ntchito mawu osokeretsa kuchititsa wopikisanayo kukhala wopambanitsa. M’maiko ofufuza, kukakamiza kupenda kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchititsa kuti pakhale potsendepo pakati pa wobatizidwa ndi fuko kapena chipembedzo, kudyerera nkhani zogaŵanitsa anthu kuti apeze phindu.

Kusokonezeka ndi Njira Zina

Kufufuza kokakamiza sikumachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri podzipatula. Nthaŵi zambiri kumawonjezera njira yotsatsa malonda yosatsa malonda. Mwachitsanzo, mkupiti ungayambitse kuukira wopikisana nawo Lachiŵiri, ndiyeno kutsata ndi kukakamiza pa Lachitatu kutsimikizira uthengawo ndi kutsimikizira chiyambukiro chake cha malingaliro (ngakhale ngati chidziŵitsocho sichinalembedwe). Kuphatikiza malonda operekedwa, makalata otumidwa, ndi kukakamiza kufufuza kungayambitse chiŵembu chochuluka chimene chingagonjetse malo ovota.

Njira ina yofala ndiyo “kutsendereza ndalama za anthu” kuchititsa kufufuza, kumene kumafuna kufooketsa ochirikiza ofunsira. Mafunso angapereke lingaliro lakuti wofuna kubatizidwayo angalephere, kuti chisankhocho nchopanda ntchito, kapena kuti chivoti nchovuta. Cholinga nchakuti achepetse kunyansidwa kwa adani. Zimenezi n’zovuta kwambiri chifukwa zimasokoneza mwachindunji demokrase.

Mmene Kupotoza Makhalidwe Kumakhudzira Mikhalidwe ya Anthu

Kumvetsa chifukwa chake kufunsira kukhoza kukhala kothandiza, tiyenera kupenda madongosolo a maganizo amene akuseŵera. Anthu sali opanga zosankha zomveka; amadalira pa njira zachidule zamaganizo, malingaliro, ndi zikhulupiriro zimene zilipo kale. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zimenezi mwa zochitika zingapo zolembedwa bwino:

Kudula ndi Kuumba

Mwa kufunsa funso lodzala, kufufuza kokakamiza “magazi," wovomereza kulingalira za mkhalidwe wakutiwakuti wolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, kufunsa kuti“ Kodi mudadera ngati Ansidate X adakhala ndi mbiri ya kuthaŵa msonkho? . amaika lingaliro la kubisa msonkho m'maganizo a wovota, ngakhale ngati mutuwo uli wonyenga. Zimenezi zimadziŵika monga chiyambukiro cha kuvumbuluka [1] [1] Kuzindikira lingaliro lina kumawonjezera kulephera kwake. Kufunsa funsolo monga “kusankha” kowonjezereka.

Kusokonekera kwa Chidziŵitso

Oimba kaŵirikaŵiri amaphonya zimene zakhala zikuchitidwa ndi kukakamiza anthu kuti apeze chidziŵitso chenicheni. Chifukwa chakuti zimatenga mtundu wa kufufuza, ofunsidwa angaganize kuti ndemanga za m'menemo zapotozedwa kapena kuti zavomerezedwa ndi anthu ambiri. Izi n’zoopsa makamaka ngati munthu amene akuimbidwayo sadziwika bwino; ovotawo sadziŵa zambiri zotsutsa zonena zawo.

Kupusitsa Maganizo

Kufufuza kokakamiza kochitidwa kumachititsa kuyankha kwa malingaliro . Kuwopa, kapena kuipidwa. Kupsinjika mtima kumeneku kungatsogolere ku malingaliro osatsimikizirika. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti chidziŵitso choipa chimawoneka kukhala “cholimba” kuposa chabwino; pamene kuyanjana kosayenera kwapangidwa, kungakhale kovuta kutsutsa ngakhale ndi kutsutsa kowona.

Anthu Ogwirizana ndi Ena

Ena amakakamiza anthu kuyesa kugwiritsira ntchito njira zonga zakuti “Kodi mungakhale othekera kwambiri kuchirikiza Candidate A ngati mukudziŵa kuti ovota ambiri m’dera lanu sawakhulupirira?” Kugwiritsira ntchito kumeneku kumatsimikizira za chitaganya: ngati “anthu ambiri” amamva mwanjira ina, wovomerezayo angagwirizane ndi kachitidwe kolingaliridwako.

Kuti muloŵe m’kusintha kwakuya kwa maganizo kumene kumapanga maluso otero kukhala ogwira ntchito, onani [[FLT: 0] Decision Lab’s laibulale ya kukondera [[FLT: 1].

Kuda Nkhawa ndi Nkhani za Malamulo

Nkhani ya lamulo yotsutsana ndi kufunsira njolimba. Iwo amanyenga mwadala anthu ponena za chifuno cha kuitanako, kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa zachinsinsi, ndi kufalitsa nkhani zolakwika. Mabungwe ofufuza zinthu, monga APOR ndi World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR), adatsutsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kachitidweko. AAAPOR’s [FLT:] Code of Ethics amanena molunjika kuti “kufufuza kodzifunira sikuli chobisa kukopa.

Malo a Malamulo

Malamulo olamulira kukakamiza kufufuza amasiyana kwambiri. Ku United States, malamulo a boma pansi pa Telefoni Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) angagwire ntchito ngati kukakamiza kufunsira kuperekedwa ndi mafoni ochitidwa ndi ongoyerekezera popanda chilolezo. Komabe, kukakamiza kufunsira kumachitidwa mwa manja, kutsekereza TCHOA ziletso. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo okhwima. Mwachitsanzo, California amafuna kuti pakakhala funso lokhudza wofunsira kapena muyeso apange pulo, atulutse dzina la wothandizirayo. Mofananamo, Virginia ndi Minnesota ali ndi malamulo oletsa “bodza kapena zosocheretsa .

Ngakhale kuti pali zoyesayesa zimenezi, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zachitika mwa apo ndi apo. Makampani angafulumizitse ofufuza a mbali yachitatu ya ogulitsa amene amadutsa m'madera osiyanasiyana a boma, kuchititsa kulakwa. Ndiponso, First Amendment imateteza kulankhula kwa ndale, ngakhale kuti n’kusocheretsa, siikuipitsa kwenikweni. Komabe, kuipitsa anthu chifukwa cha kufufuza kokakamiza kumavuta chifukwa chakuti mawuwo amalembedwa monga mafunso m’malo monena zoona.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse

Mayiko ena achitapo kanthu mwamphamvu. Ku Canada, bungwe loona za malamulo limaletsa munthu aliyense kunena zabodza zokhudza khalidwe la munthu wobatizidwa kapena zochita zake. Ku United Kingdom, Parities Zandale, Ecomments ndi Referendendums Act imaletsa njira zina za ndawala, ngakhale kuti kukakamiza kupenda kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito m'masankho a kumaloko ndipo zotsatira zake n’zochepa. Malamulo a voti a ku Australia alinso ndi malamulo oletsa njira zosocheretsa zolankhulira.

Chiyambukiro pa Khalidwe la Masitayelo

Ziyambukiro za kufufuza kokakamiza siziri kokha zongopeka. Kufufuza kochuluka kwatsimikizira chiyambukiro chenicheni cha dziko pa mkhalidwe wa voti ndi kubwerera. Kufufuza [[FLT:] 2017 mu Electoral Studies kunapeza kuti kuwonera kutsendereza mauthenga osakondweretsa okakamiza kupotozedwa ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwa ofunsira, ngakhale pamene mauthengawo anakonzedwa pambuyo pake. Kuwonongekako kunatchulidwa makamaka pakati pa omvera apamwamba ndi aja ogwirizana ndi gulu lofooka.

Kutsekerezedwa Kotsekeredwa M’madzi

Mwinamwake chiyambukiro chachinyengo kwambiri cha kukakamiza anthu ndicho kuthekera kwawo kwa kugwedeza mtima wovota. Mwakufalitsa mphekesera zakuti wobatizidwa ali woipa, wosayenerera, kapena wosayenerera, kukakamiza kufufuza kungatsutse kuti ochirikiza a wofunsira. Ofufuza angagamule kuti “mbali zonse ziŵiri nzoipa” ndi kukhalabe panyumba. Posankha, ngakhale kuchepetsa pang'ono koposerapo kungasinthe zotsatira. Kufufuza kwina kungasonkhezeretsetse kutsetsa kuŵerengera kwina kwa anthu mwachindunji, monga chitsanzo, mwa kunena kuti kuvota kochepa n’kosapindulitsa kapena koopsa.

Kusintha Malingaliro ndi Kusuliza

Kufufuza kokakamiza kumachititsanso kuchepa kwa chidaliro m'mabungwe andale zadziko. Osankha akazindikira kuti agwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa, kusuliza kwawo kumakula. Iwo sangakhale othekera kukhulupirira kulankhulana kulikonse kwa ndale zadziko, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso chenicheni. Kusakhulupirira kumeneku kumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa democracy kugwira ntchito, pamene osankha satha kugwirizana pa mfundo zazikulu.

Mmene Mungadziŵire ndi Kulabadira Kusonkhezera Zoipa

Popeza kuti kafukufuku wokakamiza anthu kuchita zinthu n’ngosagwirizana, kodi anthu wamba angadziteteze bwanji?

Mbendera Zofiira

  • Kusintha ndi kuyang'ana kumodzi: Ngati “mchezo” uli ndi funso limodzi lokha kapena aŵiri, makamaka ngati onse ali oipa, mwachionekere ndi kufunsira kokakamiza.
  • Chinenero choikidwa: Mawu onga “kuvunda,”“ ,” “mabodza,” kapena “owopsa m'funsolo akusonyeza kuyesa kusuntha.
  • Palibe chidziŵitso choyankha: Mayeso ofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri amafunsa anthu kumapeto; kukakamiza kufufuza kosachitika.
  • Sazidziŵa: Ngati woitanayo akakana kudziŵikitsa gulu lawo kapena chifuno, amangilikani.
  • Njira zoponderezedwa kwambiri: Kufufuza kwa mawiro kungayese kukusungani pa mzera kapena kufuna yankho lamwamsanga.

Zimene Mungachite

  • Musaloŵetsemo: Simuyenera kutengamo mbali. Mwamwambo peŵani kuchotsedwa pa ndandanda ya telefoni.
  • Kaulule iyo: Factorial Commissions Commission (FCC) kaamba ka maphampu osafunidwa, kapena ndi bungwe la chisankho la boma lanu ngati mulingalira kuswa lamulo.
  • Cheketso-katswiri: Ngati mumva mawu odabwitsa pamene mukuitana, tsimikizirani ndi magwero otchuka musanawakhulupirire.
  • Aphunzitsi ena: Aŵina chidziŵitso ponena za kukakamiza kufunsira ndi mabwenzi ndi banja, makamaka m'nyengo ya chisankho.

Kutsutsana pa Nkhani Yosintha Zinthu: Kusamala Zolankhula ndi Zoona Zabwino

Oteteza nkhani zandale amanena kuti ngakhale zosocheretsa za anthu zimatetezedwa pa First Amendment, ndiponso kuti malamulo ena angachenjeze mawu oyenera. Otsutsa amene amakakamiza kufufuzako salankhula koma ndi mtundu wa chinyengo chofanana ndi chinyengo, ndipo kuvulaza kumene amadzetsa kumaposa mtengo uliwonse wa kulankhula kwaufulu.

Malamulo ena asintha zinthu amaphatikizapo kuulula wopereka ndalama weniweniyo poyambirira pa telefoni iliyonse imene ikufuna kuti munthu aikidwe pa wofunsira kapena mlingo wa kampani, monga momwe maboma angapo akufunira. Ena akupereka lingaliro loletsa kugwiritsira ntchito foni yoikidwa ndi munthu pafoni yotero, kapena kufuna kuti pakhale mawu omveka akuti kufufuzako kuli kokopa. Makampani a zasayansi alinso ndi mbali; mapulatifomu onga Facebook ndi Twitter angaletse kugwiritsira ntchito zida zawo pokakamiza kusanthula, monga momwe amaletsera masankhoti.

Komabe, malamulo akakhala okhwima ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri samatha kugwiritsa ntchito. Kufikira pamene miyezo yomveka bwino ya dziko yatengedwa ndi kusungidwa kwamphamvu kwa ofufuza ndi mphamvu ndi physics, idzakhalabe chida m’zida zankhondo zoipa.

Kumaliza

Kufufuza kopotoka kumasonyeza kutsatsa malonda ndi kupotoza . Sikuti anthu amalingalira kuti ndi ofufuza, amabisa machenjera a pulogalamu. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo njira zosayenera zopezerapo mwayi kumafooketsa kuvota, kufesa kukayikira, ndipo ngakhale kuchititsa chisoni. Pamene kulibe miyezo ya malamulo ndi ya makhalidwe abwino, n’zosasinthasintha ndi zosatsata. Ophunzitsa, aphunzitsi, ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kukhalabe maso. Mwakumvetsa zimene kukakamiza kufufuzako, kuzindikira maluso awo, ndi kuchirikiza chitetezo champhamvu, tingachepetse chiyambukiro chawo pankhondo ya democracy. M'nyengo ya nkhondo, wodziŵa ndi wokayikira zinthu ndi wosankha zinthu ndi wodzitetezera ndi wopambana.