Chiyambi: Kuloŵerana kwa Mfumu Ziwiri

Chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa boma, chiphunzitso chozikidwa m'malamulo a Chingelezi ndi chozikidwa mu Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi, chikumavomereza kuti sizingasunthidwe m'khoti la boma popanda chilolezo chawo. Chitetezero chimenechi cha maboma kuchokera ku milandu yambiri. Komabe, pamene mtundu wa Eni America uyesera kukakamiza ufulu wake molimbana ndi boma, chiphunzitso chimenechi chingawombane mwachindunji ndi ulamuliro wa fuko. Kumvetsetsa mmene chitetezero cha boma chimagwirira ntchito ndi kumene kumagawana magulu a mafuko okhala ndi ulamuliro wa amafunikira kwa onse a m'boma la India, kutsutsana ndi dziko, kapena kutsutsana kwa chitaganya.

Kulimbana pakati pa mitundu iŵiri ya ulamuliro .State ndi verstate . kwachititsa malamulo ovuta, malamulo, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ali ndi chitetezo cha kusuti, mafuko amadziŵika monga “mitundu yodalira maufumu [1] okhala ndi mphamvu zachibadwa za boma. Kuipa kumakula m'madera monga ufulu wa madzi, msonkho, kutchova mapangano, ndi malire. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza maziko a mbiri yakale a ufulu wodzitetezera, mtundu wa ulamuliro, nkhondo zalamulo zimene zimabuka, ndi njira yopitira patsogolo kulinganiza ndi zolinga zopikisana zimenezi.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma: Maziko a Mbiri ndi Malamulo

Lamulo la Khumi ndi Lachisanu ndi Chimodzi Lomasulira

Demendment ya 115, inavomerezedwa mu 1795, inati: “Gulu la Chiweruzo la United States silidzalingaliridwa kukhala lopapatiza ku chiyeso chirichonse m'lamulo kapena kulinganiza, loyambitsidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu ndi nzika za United States ndi nzika za Boma lina, kapena ndi nzika kapena nzika za Dziko lina. . Pa kuyang'ana koyamba, kukonza kumaoneka kukhala kochepa / Kumaletsa kokha kutsutsa boma kwa nzika ya boma. Koma Bwalo Lapamwamba lafutukumula kwambiri lingaliro limeneli. Kanthu kamodzi] ndi kachitidwe kogwirizana ndi lamulo komveka bwino. [Lounian] ndi kachiŵirinso [FLT] [FLD3] [18], khotilo linavomereza kuti nzika za nzika za nzika za ufulu wa boma la United States.

Khoti lakhala likukhazikitsa mfundo zoletsa kuphwanya malamulo a boma pochita zinthu pansi pa Gawo 5 la 14th Amendment, malinga ngati kuchotsako kuli kotsimikizirika ndipo kuli kogwirizana ndi kuopsa kwake. Maboma angavomerezenso modzifunira kugwirizana ndi kuteteza, ndipo chiphunzitso cha Exte Young (1908) chikhoza kulola akuluakulu a boma kuti asiye kuphwanya malamulo a boma. Ngakhale kuti zimenezi sizikuchitika, lamulo laling'ono: kuvomereza kapena kuvomereza kovomerezeka kovomerezeka, boma silingatengedwe m'khoti ya boma.

Chifukwa Chake Dziko Linalemeretsa Ulamuliro

Mayiko amanena kuti kuteteza chuma chawo kumatetezera chuma chawo ku mlingo wosatha, amasunga kukhoza kwawo kugaŵira chuma popanda kudwala kwachiŵiri kwa komiti yachiweruzo, ndi kulemekeza ulemu wawo monga olamulira olingana mkati mwa dongosolo la boma. Komabe, osuliza, amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitsocho chingatetezere ku mlandu wa kuswa lamulo, makamaka pamene njira zalamulo za boma (zonga ngati Indiya Gaming Reguation Act kapena The Clean Water Act) zikhala ndi mlandu. Kwa mafuko a ku Indonesia a ku America, chikopa chimenechi chingakhale lingaletseke kulowa ku chilungamo kotheratu.

Ulamuliro wa Fuko la Eni America: Ulamuliro Wosiyana

Magwero ndi Mbali ya Ulamuliro wa Fuko

Mafuko a Eni America sali zolengedwa za Malamulo; iwo anakhalapo monga mitundu yodziimira payokha kalekale United States isanakhazikike. Mwa mapangano, malamulo, ndi malamulo, boma la boma lavomereza mosalekeza mafuko kukhala maulamuliro apadera okhala ndi mphamvu zachibadwa za boma. Uchifumu Wapamwamba mu United States v. Wheeler [1978] analongosola ulamuliro wa fuko kukhala “kuyenera kwa fuko kudzilamulira lokha ndi kulamulira nkhani zake. Umenewu superekedwa ndi maboma kapena boma la boma la boma la United States. Uchifumu umenewu suloledwa, kulamulidwa ndi bungwe lokha.

Mafuko ali ndi ulamuliro womasulira mamembala awo, kulamulira maunansi a m’banja, kupereka chilungamo, kuyang'anira maiko ndi chuma chachilengedwe, ndi kuchita ntchito za boma zonga msonkho ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chuma. Pansi pa Montana v. United States [19981], mafuko amasunga ulamuliro wa boma pa anthu amene saali ziŵalo za dziko limodzi ndi fuko kapena amene khalidwe lawo limasokoneza umphumphu wa ndale zadziko, chisungiko cha zachuma, kapena thanzi ndi ubwino. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amapanga mitundu yachitatu yachifumu yalamulo la America, kumbali ya boma ndi maboma.

Unansi Wodalirika ndi Chitetezo Chachikulu

Kuwonjezera pa myalo wina wocholoŵana, boma la United States liyenera kuikizira mapangano. Unansi umenewu, wozikidwa m'mapangano ndi lamulo la milandu monga Cinokee Nation v. Georgia (1831]), umakhazikitsa ntchito pa United States kutetezera chuma cha fuko ndi kupititsa patsogolo zikondwerero za mafuko. M'mikangano yambiri pakati pa mafuko ndi maboma, boma limachita monga m'masamu //katepi, monga gulu. Komabe, kutetezeredwa kwa boma kungatseke ngakhale ntchito zalamulo ngati boma likukana kuvomereza. Chikhululukiro sichimapanga motsimikizirika; Congressss iyenera kuchita zinthu momvekera bwino.

Kumene Ziphunzitso Zimakhalira: Kugwirizana kwa Boma ndi Kudziimira Pamodzi kwa Mafuko

Kuletsa Mitundu Kusuta Maboma

Mkangano wachindunji kwambiri umabuka pamene fuko liyesa kubweretsa mlandu pa boma la boma m’khoti la boma. Mwachitsanzo, fuko linganene kuti boma laswa lamulo la boma mwa kukhazikitsa misonkho yosaloledwa pa makampani a fuko, kudodometsa kuyenera kwa kupha nsomba kapena kusaka kochitidwa ndi pangano, kapena kulephera kukambitsirana za kutchova mapangano m’chikhulupiriro chabwino pansi pa Chilamulo cha Indian Gaming Regugatation Act (IGRA). Pansi pa chiphunzitso cha kutetezera kwa boma, boma lingaimitse chitetezero chakuti silingakhoze popanda chivomerezo chake.

Mu Oklama Taxis Commission . Civitizen Band Potawatomi Trinity Indian of Oklahoma[FL:1] (1991), Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti Demende la Khumi ndi Lachisanu ndi chimodzi linaletsa fuko kumanga mlandu wa akuluakulu a boma kuti abweze msonkho wa boma kuti boma lipeze msonkho wosonkhanitsidwa molakwika kwa mamembala ake a fukolo . Ngakhale kuti fukolo linali gululo lokhalo lokhalo. Khoti linaganiza kuti Mpando wa 11 umagwira ntchito yoyendera mafuko a Indiya monga momwe imachitira kusungirira ndi magulu a a a anthu achinsinsi. Zimenezi zinasiya fukolo popanda lamulo loka kutsutsa msonkho yoletsedwa. Msonthozo zokha inali yofunafuna kuchotsa malamulo a boma mwa kayendetseke, njira imene mafuko ambiri amaona kuti imagwira ntchito yosayenera kapena yosayenerera.

Mofananamo, mu Kiowa Fritiowa ya Oklahoma v. Manufacing Techniologies , Inc. (1998, Khoti linawonjezera ufulu wa fuko pasuti (kwa kugulitsa malonda) pamene likuchirikiza mphamvu ya dziko yodzitetezera. Chigamulocho chinagogomezera kulinganizika kowopsa: wolamulira aliyense amayanjana ndi chitetezero, koma kugwirizana kwa pakati pa fuko ndi boma kungathetse mikangano m’khoti iriyonse.

Zosiyana ndi Zothekera Kugwira Ntchito

Maseŵero Osiyira Ana

Imodzi ya ntchito zofunika kwambiri zachiweruzo ndiyo chiphunzitso cha Ex Young . Pansi pa izi, fuko lingapereke nduna ya boma paiwo paiwo ya kuthekera kwawo kwa kuyembekezera kuletsa kuswa lamulo la boma kosalekeza. Suti siitsutsana ndi boma lokha, choncho ufulu wa kudzitetezera sumagwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, fuko lingasunge mkulu wa bungwe la boma loletsa kuipitsa kumene kumawononga zinthu, ngakhale ngati boma lenilenilo silikuteteza. Chipangizo chimenechi chagwiritsidwa ntchito m’kuyenerera kwa madzi, kutchova juga, ndi nkhani zapansi, koma sichingapereke chivulazo kapena kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa khalidwe losakhala lalamulo.

Kutha kwa Boma kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo

Congress angachotse dala maulamuliro a kudziimira paokha pamene asankha maulamuliro ake. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba laika malire aakulu pa mphamvu imeneyi. SAMINOLE FURT of Florida v. Florida [1996], Khoti linagamula kuti Courts siingatetezere chitetezo cha boma pamene ikonzanso chuma cha dziko pansi pa Indian Commercionac Clause (I, Chigawo 8). Chigamulochi chinapereka chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa mafuko, kulephera makonzedwe a IGRA amene analola kuti mitundu ilephere kuswa malamulo a kuswa m'mapanga mapangano m'chikhulupiriro chabwino. [AFLD:] AFULD [FFFFT] , chigawo cha , chigamu chinalephera kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito mchitidwe walamulo wochepa m'khotimole: Kumangapo chimodzi choletsedwa ndi kutsutsa njira yosanja la lamulo lotsutsa kuti agwiridwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mchitidwe.

Kutaya Msampha Pansi pa Malamulo a Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Njira ina yothekera ndiyo kutsutsa maboma pansi pa Chigawo 1983 kapena malamulo ena a ufulu wachibadwidwe kaamba ka kunenedwa kukhala kuswa ufulu wa boma. Koma Bwalo Lamilandu lanena kuti Chigawo 1983 sichingaperekebe chitetezo cha boma cha ufulu; maboma angaperekebe chitetezo popanda Congress momvekera bwino.

Kuthandiza Kusamalira Chuma ndi Kudziyendetsa

Ziyambukiro zothandiza za kutetezera maufumu kwa kudziko la kudziko ndi zazikulu. Pamene mafuko alephera kumanga milandu, amataya chiŵiya chofunikira kwambiri chotetezera dziko lawo, madzi, ndi ufulu wa pangano. Talingalirani chitsanzo cha zoyenera za madzi ku West : mafuko ambiri amasunga zoyenera za madzi pansi pa chiphunzitso cha Winters (1908), koma maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amaika madzi mwa kugaŵira madongosolo awoawo olola. Ngati boma lapansi pamadzi a pansi pa madzi, kapena ngati limalola ogwiritsira ntchito madzi kuchotsa mtsinje umene fuko limadalira, fukolo lingalephere kusungirira boma m'khoti la boma kusungitsa zoyenera zake zapamwamba. Nkhondo yokhayo ingakhale nkhondo yokwera mtengo pamaso pa gulu la boma, kapena kupempha boma kuti lipereke kuthamangira pa fuko la fukolo.

Mofananamo, m'mbali ya ulamuliro wa upandu, kutetezera kwa boma kungalepheretse zoyesayesa za boma kutsutsa kuloŵerera m'kusungitsa malamulo a fuko. Pansi pa United States v. McBratney (1881], maboma kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi ulamuliro pa anthu osakhala Aindiya amene amachita upandu m’dziko la Indiya, pamene mafuko alibe ulamuliro waupandu pa anthu osakhala a m'Indiya. Koma pamene akuluakulu a boma atsendereze ulamuliro wawo [“chitsanzo, mwa kumanga mame a mafuko popanda kuyambitsa kapena kulanda katundu wa mafukowo, mtunduwo ungayang'anizane ndi zitseko ngati ayesa kuletsa kugonjetsa boma mwachindunji.

Kukula kwa Posachedwapa ndi Malingaliro Osinthana a Maweruzo

Zimene Khoti Lalikulu Linagamula M’zaka Zapita

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka zigamulo zingapo zimene zimapereka chitsogozo . ndi chithandizo chapanthaŵi ndi nthaŵi cha mafuko oyang'anizana ndi chitetezo cha boma. Mu Dollar General Corp . v. Mississippi Band wa Aindiya a Choctaw [1] (2016, Khoti linapatsa certiorari kuti ligamule ngati makhoti a fuko ali ndi ulamuliro wa kuletsa kuyang'anira makampani osagwirizana ndi boma. Ngakhale pamene chitetezo cha fukolo chilibe pa mlandu wa kuweruza wa kuweruza, pomalizira pake khoti la chisanu la Scalia.

Mu Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community (2014, Khotilo linavomereza kuti zipilala za ufulu wa kutetezera kumtundu zimayendera misampha yamalonda yolimbana ndi mafuko, pokhapo ngati Congress yalola kuti chitetezerocho chisaloŵere. Mlanduwuwu unakhudza mtundu umene unafuna kusungirira m'nyumba ya kanema kunja kwa malire ake. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti kutetezedwa kwa fuko ndi “lamulo loletsedwa ” ndi khotilo . [osati makhoti] Chigamukire . Chigamuchi chinathandiza kuteteza fuko pamene likugogomezera kuteteza kumbuyo kwa chitetezo chawo, koma mafuko angadziteteze.

Zoyesayesa za Malamulo ndi Kulinganiza

Mu Congress, ndalama zingapo zakhala zikuperekedwa kuti zifotokoze kusalinganizika. Mwachitsanzo, “Tribal Access to Justice Act ” yomwe inalingaliridwa ikanalola mafuko kusungirira maboma m'khoti la boma kaamba ka kuswa mapangano, mathayo a boma, ndi malamulo ena onga Indian Child Welfare Act. Komabe, ndalama zimenezi zakhala zopinga pakati pa kutsutsa boma ndi nkhaŵa za boma ndi malamulo. Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amachirikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kolimba kwa Kuchotsa mbali ya Young kapena mabungwe a boma kuti apereke mtolo wa katundu wochuluka woperekedwa ndi makampani osutapo ndi mayiko ena.

Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito mapangano a boma. Mafuko ambiri ndi maboma aloŵa m'mabungwe ndi matalente amene amaphatikizapo makonzedwe otetezera ufulu wa munthu pa mikangano ina. Mwachitsanzo, makhomatiki a chigawo cha IGRA amapanga ziganizo zotsutsana zimene zimalola aliyense wa iwo kubweretsa kachitidwe m'khoti la boma, mwakutero kuvomereza kuyenerera. Machitidwe aufulu ameneŵa atsimikizira kukhala ogwira ntchito m'nkhani za kuseŵera koma ali ochepera m'madera ena onga ngati ufulu wa madzi kapena malamulo a malo okhala.

Kuyang’ana Kutsogolo: Kulinganiza Ulamuliro kaamba ka Chilungamo

Njira Yopezera Chifundo

Ochirikiza ulamuliro wa mafuko amanena kuti ntchito yamakono ya lamulo la kutetezera dziko imayambitsa kutsutsa kosafunikira ndi kulimbikitsa boma. Chifukwa chakuti mafuko sangakhoze kutsata ufulu wawo mosavuta, maboma alibe chisonkhezero chabwino cholankhulana pa nkhani monga za msonkho, kusaka ndi kusodza, ndi kulinganiza malo. Kukhazikitsa ukulu wa chitetezo cha boma cha ufulu mwalamulo, mwa malamulo kapena mwa kuŵerenga kochuluka kwa mbali ya Young

Nyumba ya malamulo ikhozanso kuletsa IGRA ndi malamulo ena kuphatikizapo kutsenderezedwa kwa boma pamene mafuko akuzengedwa mlandu pansi pa malamulo amenewo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Siminole Frict imaletsa kuulutsidwa pansi pa Indian Commerce Classiale, Congress ikhozabe kutha pamene ikuchita zinthu pansi pa 145 Demendment kapena Treaty Classias . Lamulo lopangidwa mosamalitsa logwirizanitsa ufulu wa fuko ndi chitetezo chofanana kapena njira yoyenerera kupulumuka kupendedwa kwa lamulo.

Kulemekeza Ufuko ndi Kudzisankhira

Pomalizira pake, kuthetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa chisungiko cha boma ndi ulamuliro wa mafuko kumafuna kuzindikira kuti mafuko sali kokha magulu achifuniro kapena odziimira. Ndi maboma okhala ndi malo apadera a zaka mazana. United States ali ndi thayo lakutetezera zikondwerero za mafuko, ndipo Constitution ikuvomereza mbali yapadera ya mafuko a India mu Commercial Claus. Monga momwe lamulolo liyenera kusonyezera kuchirikiza ntchito ya mafuko popanda chilolezo, maboma sayenera kudzitetezera okha pamene atchinjiriza malamulo a boma.

Tsopano, mafuko ayenera kuyendetsa malo alamulo ogaŵanika. Amadalira pa kugwiritsa ntchito maluso a Status Young Ex Sut, kuchonderera kwa boma ndi Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo, ndi mapangano a pambuyo pake kuti athetse mikangano. Mtsogolo mungabweretse kusintha kwa malamulo kapena mlandu watsopano wa Bwalo Lapamwamba umene umapendanso maziko a chitetezo cha boma monga momwe amagwirira ntchito ku mitundu ya Eniordale. Chomwe chili chowonekera nchakuti dongosolo lamakono kaŵirikaŵiri limasiya mafuko popanda chothetsera chogwira mtima, kulepheretsa lonjezo lalikulu la ulamuliro wa mafuko: mphamvu yakutetezera anthu awo, maiko, ndi moyo.

Kumaliza

Chisungiko cha boma chodziimira ndi maziko a mfundo ya boma la America, koma kugwira ntchito kwake kwa Eni America kumadzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za chilungamo, kulingana, ndi lamulo. Mitundu si mitundu yachilendo, ndiponso siiŵiri wamba ya boma la boma . Izo nzosiyana, olamulira okhalapo ndi ufulu umene unakhazikitsidwa pasadakhale Lamulo. Pamene maboma abisa kutetezera kuti apeŵe kuyankha mlandu, iwo samavulaza chabe mafuko osiyanasiyana komanso amatsendereza kulinganiza kowopsa kumene kwalola kugwirizana kwa mafuko ndi malamulo kwa zaka mazana aŵiri.

Kupita patsogolo, makhoti ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kuyesayesa kutsimikizira kuti chitetezo cha otetezera ufulu wa kudzilamulira sichikhala zida za chisalungamo. Mwa kulongosola bwino malire a kuchinjiriza, kulemekeza kudzipha kwa mafuko, ndi kupereka malamulo atanthauzo kaamba ka chigamulo, dongosolo lalamulo lingalemekeze ponse paŵiri ulamuliro wa maboma ndi ulamuliro wa mitundu imene ili m’dziko lino.