Malamulo Oona za Ufulu wa Boma

Malamulo a U.S. amagawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma ndi maboma. Kugaŵana kumeneku sikunachitike mwangozi; kunali kulolerana kwadala pakati pa awo amene anafuna boma lamphamvu ndi amene anaopa kuti lizipondereza ufulu wa anthu. Kumvetsa mphamvu zimene mphamvuzo zimalamuliradi n’kumene kumafuna kuti boma la America lizigwira ntchito.

Ziyeneretso za boma siziri kokha mphamvu za boma zotsala pambuyo pa kufotokozedwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma. Zimaimira mbali yosiyana ya ulamuliro imene yasinthika kupyolera mwa malembo alamulo, zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba, mikangano ya ndale zadziko, ndi kachitidwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuyambira pa maphunziro a anthu kufikira ku lamulo la upandu, kuyambira pa malamulo aukatswiri kufikira ku malamulo aukwati, imapereka ulamuliro pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza mwachindunji moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa nzika zawo. Komabe malire a ulamulirowo akhalabe opikisana, ndipo unansi pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma wasintha kwambiri pa zaka mazana aŵiri.

Kusintha kwa Chigawo cha Khumi ndi Mphamvu Zosatha

Lamulo limodzi lofunika kwambiri lokhudza ufulu wa boma ndi la Tenth Amendment, limene linavomerezedwa mu 1791 kukhala mbali ya Bill of Rights. Limati: “Maulamuliro amene sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi boma, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. [1] Kuyang'ana koyamba, chinenerochi chikuoneka ngati chomveka: Boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa mwachindunji ndi Malamulo, ndipo chilichonse chili cha maboma kapena anthu. Kwenikweni, chipanganocho chasonkhezera mkangano wosatha chifukwa chakuti “audindo a ulamuliro” sichiri chaumwini.

Kodi Mphamvu Zotsala N’chiyani?

Maulamuliro otsala ndiwo amene Constitution samapereka ku boma la boma ndipo samakana maboma. Amaphatikizapo unyinji wa ntchito za boma zatsiku ndi tsiku: kukhazikitsa maboma akumaloko, kuchititsa masankho, kuyang'anira malonda mkati mwa malire a boma, kusunga thanzi la anthu ndi chisungiko, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a banja, lamulo la katundu, ndi pangano. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena mobwerezabwereza kuti Kusintha kwa Khumi kumapereka lamulo la boma lokhala ndi malire, komanso lakhalanso ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti kukonzanso sikumapanga malire odziimira pa mphamvu za boma la boma la United States.

Nthano yake: Mu United States v. Darby (1941], Bwalo linalongosola kuti Pemplete ya khumi “koma malamulo koma chilolezo chakuti zonse sizinaperekedwe.]

Chiphunzitso cha mphamvu zosungidwa chimatanthauza kuti zingathe kuyesa malamulo amene amasiyana kwambiri ndi ena. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kumafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala “mabungwe a demokrase,” mawu otchuka ndi Woweruza Louis Brandeis. Maboma angayese njira zatsopano za kupezera ndalama zamaphunziro, kupereka chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, kukonzanso chilungamo, kapena malamulo a malo okhala popanda kukakamiza dziko kuvomereza. Ngati kuyesa kwa boma kupambana, maboma ena, ngakhale boma la boma linzake likhoza kutsatira malamulo ofanana ndi amenewo. Ngati alephera, mtengo wake umakhala m’bomalo.

Maulamuliro Okhala ndi Mphamvu: Zimene Boma Ladziko Lolamulira Lingachite

Kuti timvetsetse bwino ufulu wa boma, nkofunika kumvetsetsa zimene boma la boma lingachite. Malamulo amapatsa Congress mpambo wa maulamuliro oŵerengedwa mu Mfundo I, Chigawo 8: kuti apereke msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko ndi achilendo, kukhazikitsa ndalama, kukhazikitsa mamaofesi a positi ndi makhoti, kukhazikitsa nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, ndi kupanga malamulo onse “oyenera ndi oyenera" kuchititsa maulamuliro amenewo. Pambiri yambiri ya Amereka, ndandanda imeneyi inatembenuzidwa mochepera, kusiya malamulo amphamvu m'nkhani zambiri za m'dziko.

Komabe, New Deal Erass inawonjezera ulamuliro wa boma. Khoti Lalikulu linayamba kumasulira Communist Claus , kulola kuti Congress alamulire pafupifupi ntchito iliyonse ya zachuma imene ingayambukire malonda a mayiko. Kufutukuka kumeneku kunapatsa boma mphamvu m'madera amene anasiyidwa, monga miyezo ya ntchito, ulimi, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Posachedwapa, Khoti lakhazikitsa malire a malonda a boma, monga mu United States v. Lopez [1] (1995] ndi [FL:2] United States [2] United States. [FLT:] ndi [FL:] United States] ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Mphamvu Zamakono: Kumene Boma ndi Ulamuliro Waakulu Zikulamulira Mopitirira Malire

Si maulamuliro onse amene ali a boma lokha kapena aumodzi. Ambiri ali akugwirizana , kutanthauza milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma ingachite ntchito m'mbali imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, maboma onse aŵiri ndi boma lingapereke msonkho, maziko, kumanga, kusungitsa, ndi kusungitsa miyezo ya malo okhala. Pamene boma ndi malamulo a boma akutsutsana, Supremacy Claus (Artle VI, Claus 2) amalamulira kuti lamulo la boma likhalepo . Lamulo limeneli la lotsegulira malamulo a dziko.

Kuyesedwa Mwamtundu Umene

  • Kutsenderezedwa: Congress imanena momveka bwino kuti lamulo la boma limanyalanyaza lamulo la boma m'chigawo china. Mwachitsanzo, Wolemba ntchito Insidee Infitive Security Act (ERIS) imaphonya kwambiri malamulo a boma onena za mapindu a antchito.
  • Kuwonjezedwa: Ngakhale popanda chinenero chomvekera bwino, lamulo la boma lingachotse ngati aŵiriwo ali m'kulimbana kosagwirizana kapena ngati kakonzedwe ka lamulo ka boma kali kokwanira kwakuti sikumasiya mpata wa kuwonjezera boma. Kaŵirikaŵiri ichi chimatchedwa “mamunda.”
  • Kuwomboledwa kwa '''''''''''' lamulo la boma limachotsedwa ngati likupangitsa kukhala kosatheka kutsatira zofuna zonse za boma ndi za boma, kapena ngati liima monga chopinga ku zifuno zathunthu ndi zolinga za Congress.

Maboma amagwiritsiranso ntchito mphamvu zapanthaŵi imodzi m'madera onga chiweruzo chaupandu. Upandu wochuluka uli milandu ya boma; lamulo la boma limabisa kokha upandu wa pakati pa dziko kapena wa boma. Koma ulamuliro wogaŵikana uli wofala [1] kachitidwe kamodzi ka kugulitsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa, mwachitsanzo, kangaswe lamulo la boma ndi la boma, ndipo maboma onse aŵiriwo angapereke mlandu.

Mphamvu ya Apolisi: Ulamuliro wa Boma Wotakata Koposa

Mwinamwake magwero ofunika kwambiri a mphamvu ya boma ndiwo mphamvu ya boma . Siitanthauza kusungitsa lamulo m’lingaliro lochepa; mmalo mwake, ilo limalozera ku ulamuliro wa boma kutseguka kaamba ka thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa anthu ake. Mphamvu ya apolisi siitchulidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo koma imadziŵika monga mphamvu yosungidwa. Maboma amaigwiritsira ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo, kufuna mapempho, adokota ndi maloya ogulitsa, kukhazikitsa malire a za kugulitsa moŵa, ndi zina zambiri.

Chifukwa chakuti mphamvu ya apolisi njotakata, makhoti amapatsa ufulu waukulu wakuigwiritsira ntchito . popanda kuswa malamulo otetezera. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma limene limasankha malonda a m'mayiko ena kapena kuswa zoyenera zazikulu (monga kulankhula mwaufulu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo) lidzayang'anitsitsa. Koma njira zanthaŵi zonse zaumoyo ndi zachitetezo zimakhalapo malinga ngati zili ndi maziko oyenerera.

Mliri wa Covid-19, apolisi anali pa malo a nkhondo zazikulu zalamulo. Olamulira a boma ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo anapereka malamulo otsekereza, malamulo oletsa kubisa zovala, ndi malamulo a katemera pansi pa ulamuliro umenewu. Zambiri za zochita zimenezi zinatsutsidwa m’khoti, ndi kutsutsa kuti anaswa ufulu walamulo kapena kupitirira ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachisawawa, makhoti anachirikiza njira zaumoyo wa anthu zamwadzidzidzi monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwalamulo kwa mphamvu za apolisi, ngakhale kuti ziletso zina zina zina zina zinachotsedwa pamene analimbana ndi magulu ena popanda chifukwa chokwanira.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Mbali Yake

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake, amene amatumikira monga lamulo lalikulu la boma (logonjera ku lamulo la boma). Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chokulira kaamba ka ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha kuposa mmene amachitira Constitution ya U.S.. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma ambiri amatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi mwachindunji, pamene kuli kwakuti ufulu wa boma wa kuseri umasonyezedwa kuchokera ku ziwongo zingapo. Makhoti a boma angafotokoze malamulo awo kukulitsa zoyenera zawo kupyola pansi pa chigawo cha boma. Imeneyi imadziŵika monga kalamulo katsopano kalamulo kalamulo kalamulo.

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsanso boma, kaŵirikaŵiri m’njira zimene zimasiyana kwambiri ndi chitsanzo cha boma. Maiko ena ali ndi kazembe wofooka ndi nyumba ya malamulo yamphamvu; ena ali ndi mkulu wa onse kumene akuluakulu monga loya wamkulu ndi mlembi wa boma amasankhidwa modziimira. Maboma ambiri amalola demokrase yachindunji kupyolera mwa njira zoyambira ndi mayeso, kupatsa ovota mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo kapena zisinthiro zalamulo popanda kuloŵetsedwa ndi lamulo. Zimenezi zakhala zosonkhezera kwenikweni m'madera onga kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo, malamulo a msonkho, ndi kukonzanso chilungamo chaupandu.

Zoletsa pa Ulamuliro wa Boma

Ngakhale kuti pali ulamuliro waukulu wa boma, pali malire ofunika. Malamulo amaletsa mwachindunji kuchita zinthu zina: iwo sangaloŵe m'mapangano, ndalama, kulepheretsa mapangano, kapena kutumiza msonkho kapena kutumiza ku mayiko ena. Mpando wa 14neth, wovomerezedwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, amaletsa kulanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo, ndi kukana kutetezera malamulo mofanana. Kusintha kumeneku kwakhala maziko a milandu ya ufulu wa anthu osaŵerengeka pa boma ndi maboma akumalo.

Malamulo ena amachokera ku malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Voing Rights Act ya 1965 imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a voti amene amasankha pamaziko a fuko. Maboma a America okhala ndi Kupunduka amafuna boma ndi maboma akomweko kuti maprogramu awo afikire. National Labor Relations Act imachotsa malamulo ambiri a boma olinganiza ndi kutsatsa malonda. Pamene boma la boma lichita ntchito mkati mwa maulamuliro ake, maboma ayenera kuvomereza.

Zimene Dillon Ankalamulira

Mtundu wina wa kulephera kukhudza maboma a kumaloko (zigawo, magawo, matauni). Pansi pa Lamulo la Thupinion, maboma akumeneko ali zolengedwa za boma ndipo ali ndi maulamuliro okhawo ovomerezedwa ndi boma. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mizinda singachitepo kanthu, ngakhale pa nkhani za kumaloko zokha. Ngati boma lalilola. Maboma ena atenga ulamuliro wa nyumba [ m'malamulo kapena malamulo awo, kupereka malamulo aakulu. Koma ngakhale m'maboma akwawo, malamulo a boma angachotse malamulo akwanidwe. Mgwirizano pakati pa ulamuliro ndi dziko lakwawo uli malo okulakula, makamaka ndi malo audindo a zalamulo, ndi oyenerera, monga kulipira, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo.

Magulu Olamulira:

Nkhani za ufulu wa boma si zinthu zakale za m’mbiri; zimayamba kaŵirikaŵiri m’ndale zamakono. Nkhani zapamwamba zingapo zimasonyeza kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kulongosola kulinganizika koyenera kwa ulamuliro.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Chiyambire 2012, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha maboma a chamba chakhala chololedwa kaamba ka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena zosangulutsa, chotsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma, limene limatcha chamba kukhala chinthu cholamuliridwa ndi Sedynal . Boma la boma lakana kwambiri kukhazikitsa lamulo m’zigawo zimene zaloledwa, koma vuto lidakalipo. Makampani a chamba a boma satha kugwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la banki la boma, ndipo antchito a m'makampaniwo angayang'nebe ndi mlandu wa boma. Ntchito imeneyi yachititsa kuti boma lifune kusintha kapena maboma kuti apitirize kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo za apolisi kuti akhazire malamulo a anamgoneka ngati akuona kuti ndi bwino.

Kuchotsa Mimba ndi Ufulu Wobalanso

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu 2022 mu Dobts . Jackson Women’s Health Organization , chimene chinagwedeza Roe v. Wade , chinabweza lamulo la kutaya mimba ku maboma. Zimenezi zachititsa kugaŵana kwakukulu: maboma ena apanga chiletso chakuyandikira malire, pamene ena akhazikitsa malamulo otetezera kupezeka. Chotulukapo chake nchosiyana kwambiri ndi kukhoza kwa mkazi kuchotsa mimba kudalira pa kumene amakhala. Maiko angapo ayesanso kuletsa kuchotsa mimba kupyola malire awo, monga ngati kuletsa kuyendera mayendedwe a boma lowonjezereka. Lamulo la malamulo otere ndi losatsimikizirika.

Kulandira Ufulu ndi Maulamuliro a Chisankho

Constitution imatchula mphamvu yokhazikitsa “nthaŵi, malo ndi njira za masankho, zokhala ndi malamulo. Mayiko nthaŵi zonse akhala akukhazikitsa masankho, koma zaka zaposachedwapa aona kuchuluka kwa malamulo a boma kusintha njira zovota ndi kuvota koyamba m’mayiko ena, kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka ndi kuchepetsa mapepala oikamo mabokosi ovomerezeka m'mapepala. Malamulo ameneŵa atsutsidwa pa mfundo za Voting Rights Act ndi Constitution, ndi makhoti nthaŵi zina amatsutsa malamulo akuti kuyang'anizana ndi kutsendereza kopetsa kochepa kwambiri. Kulimbana pakati pa kulamulira ndi boma ndi zitsimikizo zofikira zolingana kumakhala nkhani yaikulu.

Kulamulira Mfuti

Second Amendment, monga momwe inatanthauzidwira ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu Dilief of Columbia v. Helder [2008] ndi McDonald v. Mdologum ya Chicago , kuteteza munthu aliyense ku ufulu wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida. Koma maboma amasunga ulamuliro waukulu wakulamulira mfuti: angafunikire chilolezo, kuletsa zida zina, kukhazikitsa nyengo zoyembekezera, ndi kuletsa kunyamula malo ovuta. Malamulo amasiyana kwambiri, kuchokera ku “kulekerera ndi ku kulembetsa kofala ndi kulembetsa. Malamulo, monga Brady Handmin Polition Active ndi Biparn Active, Chilact 20222, komanogalamu yowonjezereka ya zikalata yogwirizana.

Ntchito ya Khoti Lalikulu Potsutsa Ufulu wa Boma

Khoti Lapamwamba ndilo lomaliza kuchititsa mikangano ya kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, zigamulo zake zakula ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma. M'lipabuliki yoyambirira, Bwalo la Chigamulo John Marshall linalimbitsa mphamvu ya boma pa ndalama za maboma ([[FLT: 0]]] Mcloch. Maryland [[FLT]] [[FLT]], [[FLT]]] Gebbons v. Ogden. ). Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵerengo, Bwalo linalola kuti pakhale panja lamphamvu ya apolisi koma lisungitse malamulo a Reconformivedtion kutetezera ufulu wa anthu [5] pambuyo pake, ngakhale zitango zonse zopulumutsa.

M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, khoti la Rehnquist lasonyezanso chidwi chotetezera ulamuliro wa boma. Khoti la Rehnquist linakonzanso chigamulo cha boma (1990 ndi kumayambiriro kwa 2000) linachita zigamulo zingapo zogamula ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa Commerce Claus ndi Tenth Amendment. Khoti la Roberts lapitiriza chikhoterero chimenechi m'madera ena mwachitsanzo, kukhala ndi mfundo yakuti maboma sangaikidwe popanda kuvomereza kwawo malamulo oletsa kugaŵanitsa ufulu wa boma, monga ngati Afford Carect ya munthu aliyense monga msonkho. Chipambano cha milandu imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri chimadalira pa mfundo za khoti ndi nkhani zachi.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Zinthu Monkitsa

Ulamuliro wa boma sumasintha. Nthaŵi zonse umatchulidwa mwa kuvomerezana, malamulo, ndi zochita za ndale. Mtengo wa Tenth Amendment umapereka chiyambi, koma tanthauzo lenileni la mphamvu ya boma limadalira pa mmene makhoti amamasulira ulamuliro wa boma, mmene Nyumba za Ufumu zimagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zotchulidwa, ndi mmene akuluakulu a boma amasonyezera mphamvu zawo. Kumvetsa mphamvu imeneyi n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuzindikira mmene United States imalamulidwira. Kuchokera m’kalasi kupita ku Khoti Lapamwamba. Mabungwe a demokrase akupitiriza kugwira ntchito, ndi mmene amapangira moyo wa munthu aliyense wa ku America.

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