Chiyambi: Mlatho wa Konsichushoni Pakati pa Boma ndi Mphamvu ya Maboma

Unansi pakati pa kuphatikiza ndi mfundo ya ufulu waukulu ndi maziko a lamulo lamakono la malamulo a dziko la America. Ilo limayankha funso lofunika kwambiri: Makonzedwe a Bill of Rights . Poyamba adakonzedwa kuchepetsa boma la boma lokha . Kuletsanso maboma a boma ndi akomweko? Kupyolera pa chiphunzitso cha kuphatikiza, Bwalo Lapamwamba la U.S. lakhala likufutukuka kwambiri, koma si onse, a chitetezo ku maiko kupyola pa Jenstmeterment. Njira imeneyi yasinthanso ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kupanga malo amodzi a ufulu woyenerera kupyola pa milingo yonse ya boma. Kumvetsetsa mmene kuphatikizana kwa kugwirira ntchito ndi chifukwa chake kumafunikiritsa kuyang'ana mosamalitsa pa nkhani za mbiri yakale, zosankha zachiweruzo, ndi makambitsirano a zachiweruzo, ndi kupitirizabe a makani a ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Kugwirizana Kusanachitike

Kumvetsa Koyambirira kwa Mlanduwo wa Ufulu

Pamene Bill of Rights anavomerezedwa mu 1791, kunamvedwa bwino kuti boma latsopano la boma lokha, osati maboma. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira kumasulira kumeneku mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), poona kuti kuchotsa mfundo za Fif 5 Confterment sikunagwire ntchito ku boma kapena maboma akwawo. Jasila wamkulu John Marshall anagamula kuti Bill of Rights inali yolembedwa monga kuyang'anira mphamvu ya boma lokha. Kwa zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, malamulo a boma ndi malamulo anakhalabe magwero aakulu a kutetezera ufulu wa munthu payekha, kutsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu ku dziko lonselo.

Malamulo Owonjezera a Nkhondo Atatha

Kuikidwa kwa matanthauzo kwa 13, 14th, ndi Demetritions (Mfundo za khumi ndi zinayi, ndi khumi ndi zisanu za nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni) zinasintha kwambiri kulinganizika kwa boma ndi dziko. Ineneth Amendment, yolandiridwa mu 1868, inaphatikizamo matanthauzo angapo: Prilégeges kapena Immunies Claus . Cholinga choyamba chinali kutetezera ufulu wa Aafirika omasulidwa chatsopano, chinenero cha kufalikira. Malamulo a Classiode , ndipo [FLT:] Alinalogaŵiro lachi [FLT] Anut''', ndipo [Malamulo otsalirapo] Aake a Zigamu: [FLT] [FF] [5], monga momwe zimachitira ndi kuwonjezera kwa Khoti: [F.N.N.N.

Chiphunzitso cha Kusankha: Mavs osankha.

Kusankha: Kuyandikira Kochepa

Chiphunzitso chamakono chinatulukira pang’onopang’ono mwa nkhani zotsatizana kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20. Khotilo linasankha kusankhidwa kwa bungwe, kupenda ufulu uliwonse m'Malo a Ufulu wa Munthu aliyense ndi kuona ngati linali “kugwirizana ndi njira ya chilungamo ya Amereka . ndipo linachitapo kanthu ku mayiko. Njira imeneyi inalola Khoti kukulitsa chitetezo mu Noctic, kaŵirikaŵiri kudalira pa lingaliro la [FLT]] kulinganiza ufulu [FLT:] pakati pa ufulu wotchulidwa pakati pa [FLT:]. [FLT] [FFLT] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4].FFFON] (pact.3])

Kuipidwa Kotheratu ndi Chilungamo Chakuda

Njira ina, Angophatikizapo anthu , adachirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Hugo Black . Anatsutsa kuti Malo Ovomerezeka a Kusintha kwa 14 ndi Malo Ovomerezeka kapena Immunite Clause adalinganizidwira kupanga Bill of Rights yogwirizana ndi maboma. Lingaliro lakuda silinalamulire anthu ambiri, koma zotsutsa zake ndi kugwirizana zake zinakhudza zosankha zapambuyo pake. Khoti potsirizira pake linakana kuphatikiza pamodzi, kukwaniritsa mapangano monga njira yofala. Komabe, linagogomezera kulimbana pakati pa ufulu woyamba wa m'malemba ndi ufulu wapamwamba.

Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu Lomwe Linayendera M’njira Yosagwirizana ndi Makhoti

Kusintha Koyamba: Apainiya

Kuphatikizidwa kwa ufulu Woyamba wa Kusintha kunayamba ndi Gitlow v. New York (1925). Mu GITLOW, Bwalo linavomereza kuti Free Speake Speak of the First Conformation imagwira ntchito ku maiko kudzera mu Programme Clause of the 145 Amendment, ngakhale kuti chigamulo cha woimbidwayo chinachirikizidwa pazinza zina. Chigamulochi chinatse khomo kaamba ka nkhani zotsatirapo: [FL:] Nearbolate v[FLD]. [FLD] (124]).

Ufulu Wochita Zaupandu: Khoti la Warren

Kukula kodabwitsa kwambiri kwa kuphatikizidwa kunachitika pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren mu 1960. Khoti la Warren linagwiritsira ntchito njira zambiri zaupandu ku maboma, zomwe kwenikweni zikusintha kuyang'anira chilungamo. Milandu ya m'mafashoni imaphatikizapo:

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) – Kuphatikiza lamulo lachinayi la Kuchotsa Chipwirikiti, kutsegulira umboni wopezeka mwa kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963) – Iphatikizapo kuyenera kwa Sikisi Demendment kwa kupereka uphungu m’zochitika zaupandu.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – Kuphatikiza mwaŵi wa Kusintha kwa Gawo Loyamba kutsutsa kudziona ngati wogwiritsidwa ntchito pofunsa mlandu, kufuna machenjezo a tsopano a Familia “Manda.”
  • Dincan v. Louisiana[FL:1] (1968) – Kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa Asanu ndi mmodzi kwa kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli m’milandu yaikulu ya upandu.

Zigamulo zimenezi zinatsimikizira kuti anthu oimbidwa mlandu m’boma atetezedwa mofanana ndi anthu oimbidwa mlandu, kusintha kumene kukupitirizabe kukhudza kwambiri apolisi a ku America ndi makhoti.

Ufulu Wina Wophatikizidwa

Pambuyo pa Kusintha Koyamba ndi njira yaupandu, Khotilo laphatikizanso makonzedwe ena. Ufulu wachiŵiri wa Kusintha kwa Malamulo kusunga ndi kunyamula zida unaphatikizidwa mu [[FLT: 0] McDonald v. Mzinda wa Chicago [1] (] , kuwonjezera kusungidwa kwa [[FGOL:]] Diverseater ya Columbia v. [FLT:] [2008] [ku] ku boma ndi maboma akuno. Kulanda Clausus ya Fif 5 Conf Amend Reformation kunaphatikizidwa [FL:] Chaputa, Burton & lampmp; Qult; . Mzinda wa Chilandiro cha Child [1] [FLD] [1997]. Chilensone ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chigamu chankhanza: [Fobrective:] Chilamony. Chonse chigamu chachikulu cha Chikalata cholembedwa m'Chikalata cha Coungwe cha [1].

Ufulu Wosaloŵetsedwamo: Zimene Zidakali Kunja

Si makonzedwe onse a Boma la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe amene aikidwa. Lamulo la Third Amendment pa magawo anayi la asilikali silinaloŵetsedwepo mwachindunji, ngakhale kuti khoti limodzi la boma linapereka lingaliro lakuti lingakhale lofunika. Kuyenera kwa Fi5 Amendment kwa ku khoti lalikulu loweruza: Khotilo limasankha ngati “kuyenera kwa m'malemba a anthu ndi chikumbumtima chawo kuli kochokera m’malamulo. Kuyenera kwa Sevencent Amentecred ku kuzenga mlandu wa anthu kwa komiti yachiŵeruza. . . . Komiti ya Massachuwayi imasonyeza kuti kuyenera kwa kugamula kosankha: Khotilo lingakhale lopanda maziko a miyambo ndi chikumbumtima cha anthu athu. [[FL:]

Zimene Zimachitika Pokonzekera

Kuchoka pa Ufulu Wazachuma Kufika pa Kudzifunira Kwaumwini

Kugwirizanitsa kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso chachikulu cha kachitidwe koyenera kofuna kutetezeredwa. Kuphatikiza pa kuikidwa kuyenera kokhala ndi ufulu wochokera ku Bill of Rights mpaka ku maboma, kuyenera kofunikira kumavomereza kuti ufulu wapadera wosatetezedwa ndi ntchito zapakhomo za Claus. Ufulu umenewu umaphatikizapo ukwati, unansi wa banja, kulera, ndi kuchotsa mimba. Griswoldb v. Connecticut[F:] (18, 65) Khoti imene inasunga ufulu wa ku ukwati woyenerera, ngakhale kuti si ku ufulu wa ku ufulu wa ufulu, unali wotetezedwa ndi kupwiringika ndi kumbuyo kofanana. Momwemonso, [FLT.BE.] [brogroflas] .[5]

Njira Zoyenerera ndi Zosinthasintha

Otsutsa amanena kuti zonse ziŵiri kuphatikiza ndi kukhazikitsa koyenera kopambanitsa kupatsa oweruza nzeru kwambiri kukhazikitsa ufulu watsopano kapena kufutukula wakale kuposa tanthauzo lawo loyamba. Olemba mbiri, monga ngati Woweruza womaliza Antonin Scalia, anatsutsa kuti kuphatikizanso kuyenera kuikidwa pa ufulu umene unalingaliridwa ndi mbiri kukhala wofunika kwambiri panthaŵi ya Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa 144. Chiweruzo Clarence Thomas wachirikiza kubwezeretsanso ufulu kapena Immunicas Classias monga maziko omveka bwino kwambiri otetezera onse aŵiri ndi osasintha ufulu.

Chiyambukiro pa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Kufanana ndi Kulimbana

Kupanga Malo Otetezera

Chiyambukiro chachikulu cha kuloŵetsamo kwakhala kupangidwa kwa muyezo waufupi wa dziko lonse wa kaamba ka ufulu waukulu. Asanaloŵetsedwe, munthu angamanidwe chitetezo chaufulu cha kulankhula m'dziko lina pamene akukondwera nawo. Lerolino, Coption imatsimikizira ufulu wakuti palibe boma limene lingaswe ufulu. Mofananamo, ufulu wa Asanu ndi chimodzi wa kupereka uphungu umatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu aliyense amakakamizidwa kuima ndi mlandu popanda loya. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumalimbitsa lamulo la lamulo ndi kulimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti ufulu wofunika wa boma ku America onse, mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wawo wakukhala.

Kusagwirizana ndi Maboma ndi Kulamulira Kwawo

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuphatikizapo kwachepetsa mphamvu ya maboma yoyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zalamulo zopezera chilungamo ndi ufulu wa anthu. Otsutsa kuphatikiza kwakukulu amati kumawononga ulamuliro wa boma, lamulo la lamulo limene liyenera kukhala ndi ufulu wosonyeza makhalidwe a dziko. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena analolapo kufufuza kosaloleka m'zochitika zina zimene Supreme Court inaletsa. Kulinganiza pakati pa kuteteza ufulu wa munthu ndi kulemekeza ulamuliro wa boma kudakali vuto lalikulu m'malamulo.

Kunyazitsidwa ndi Mafunso Amakono Omwe Sanathe

Kusintha Kwachiŵiri kwa Kusintha ndi Kuyenera kwa Kunyamula Zida

Kuphatikizapo kwa Lamulo Lachiŵiri ku McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) kwayambitsa kufotokozedwa kwatsopano ponena za ufulu wa mfuti. Chigamulo chofunikira cha maboma ndi mizinda kulungamitsa malamulo awo a mfuti pansi pa kusanthula kolimba komwe kumalamulira malamulo a boma. Makhoti apamwamba akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mafunso onena za ziletso za mfuti zimene zimaloledwa pambuyo poloŵa m'gulu. Malowa amasonyeza kuti kuphatikizako sikuli chiphunzitso chachikhalire koma sikuli chiphunzitso chimene chimasintha monga mmene Khoti limafotokozera malamulo a ufulu wofunika kwambiri.

Kudziimira pa Wekha pa Makompyuta ndi Kusintha kwa Kachinayi

Kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga kumadzutsa mafunso atsopano. Pamene kuli kwakuti chitetezo cha Genear Amendment chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali m'mayiko, mmene chitetezo chimenecho chimagwirira ntchito ku makompyuta a foni , ma email, ndi Intaneti kufunafuna mbiri yakale. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Carmeter v. United States (2088), chomwe chinkanena kuti boma limafunikira chilolezo cha kulowa m'maselo a pulogalamu a , omangidwa mwa kuphatikizapo mfundo zachisanu koma osaswanso mfundo zatsopano. Komabe, zochitika zamtsogolo zingayese ngati chiphunzitsocho chingasungidwe.

Agenda Wosachotsedwa: Ufulu Waukulu ndi Wachiŵeniŵeni

Monga momwe taonera, lamulo lalikulu la ajuli la Fitempite silinaloŵetsedwe m'bungwe, ndipo maboma angagwiritse ntchito njira zina. Mofananamo, ufulu wa Seventhern Amendment sumasungidwa pa khoti la boma. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti kunyalanyaza kumeneku kumayambitsa dongosolo lachilungamo la zigamulo ziŵiri, kumene oimbidwa mlandu a boma amakhala ndi chitetezo chachikulu koma oimbidwa mlandu sawasunga. Ngati khoti lamakonoli lidzaphatikiza ufulu umenewu, kuli kosatsimikizirika, malinga ndi malingaliro otchuka ndi a boma. Koma nkhaniyi idakali nkhani yaikulu ya kukambirana kwalamulo ndi maphunziro.

Mapeto: Chiphunzitso Chamoyo cha Mtundu Wosintha

Unansi pakati pa ndi lingaliro la zoyenera zazikulu suli mbiri yakale kapena nkhani yothetsedwa mokwanira. Kuyambira pachigamulo choyambirira mu Barron v. Baltimore ku nkhani zamakono za McDonald [kutsogolo, Khoti Lapamwamba] lagwiritsira ntchito Dongosolo la Jenetic Conformation’s Programme kukhazikitsa chikole cha dziko lonse cha ufulu wa munthu. Njira yosanthula yalola Khoti la Bill of Rights kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yatsopano pamene ikulemekeza malamulo oyambirira. Pansi pa maziko ake, limaonetsa chikhulupiriro chakuti ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri kuti atetezedwe ku boma lonse, kaya ndi kulamulidwa kwa boma, maluso a zalamulo, ndi matanthauzo a zalamulo, akupitiriza kukonzanso mfundo za ufulu wa anthu.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani malingaliro onse a makiyi ophatikizapo Gitlow v. New York ndi Mapp v. Ohio [1] pa Oyez, Cornell Legal Information Institute ya kujambula [[FLT:] chiphunzitso chogwirizana [, ndi kukambitsirana kwa njira yoyenerera mu [[FT:6] Clititution .