Kugwirizana Pakati pa Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Kudzichotsera Udani

Kutsatira ndi kudziona ngati wopanda liwongo ndizo mizati iŵiri ya madongosolo achiweruzo amakono, komabe maunansi awo kaŵirikaŵiri amamvedwa molakwa kapena kunyalanyazidwa. Pamaziko ake, ubale umenewu umatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene amamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira yoyenerera ndi yovomerezeka . Ndi kuti munthu aliyense woimbidwa mlandu amaima pamaso pa bwalo la milandu popanda kulakwa kufikira atatsimikiziridwa kuti si wolakwa. Malamulo ameneŵa samakhala opatulidwa; amalimbitsana, kupanga malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo amene amatetezera mphamvu yopanda nzeru. Nkhaniyi imafufuza za nzeru, a mamendulo, alamulo, ndi mavuto a panthaŵi ino amene amalongosola kuŵerengera pakati pa njira yoyenera ndi kupanda liwongo, kupereka lingaliro la ophunzira, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi aliyense wosamala chilungamo.

Zimene Zimayambitsa Zinthu Zimene Ziyenera Kuchitika

Malingaliro a njira yoyenerera atsata mzera wake wa makolo ku Magna Carta [1] (1215]), amene analengeza kuti palibe munthu womasuka amene angalangidwe “kusiyapo mwa chiŵeruzo chololedwa cha anzake kapena ndi lamulo la dziko. Kumeneku kunali kuletsa kwachindunji kwa ufumu wa mfumu ndi kubzala mbewu za chimene chidzakhala cholungama. Pazaka mazana ambiri, lamulo la Chingelezi linawongolera lingaliro limeneli kupyolera mwa habeas corpus, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni, ndi kuletsa kudzipatula. Pamene A American Coust adapanga malamulo a Filth ReconfReverselme, iwo anakhazikitsa dongosolo la malamulo: “Palibe munthu aliyense wopambutsidwa... ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda lamulo loperekedwa pa lamulo.

Komabe njira yoyenerera si njira yapadera yokha ya procedwara. Ili ndi mfundo zaing'ono za boma komanso. Cornell Information Institute ikufotokoza kuti njira yofunikira imathandiza kuti ufulu wina ukhalepo ngati chinsinsi, ukwati, ndi kudzilamulira kwa thupi, ngakhale ngati njira zoyenerera zikutsatiridwa. M'nkhani zoyenerera, ikufuna kuti idziŵike, bwalo la milandu lopanda tsankho, kuyenera kupereka umboni, ndi kuyenera kwa mboni zowombera. Zimenezi zimapanga malo olinganizidwa bwino lomwe likhoza kugwira ntchito bwino.

Kuzindikira Lingaliro la Kupanda Mawu

Kulingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo kuli lamulo la lamulo lachifwamba, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsatiridwa kuchokera ku lamulo la Roma [[FLT: 0] m'katswiri wa kucut probitio qui diit, wosafunsa quigat . Chikole chimanena za iye amene amaneneza, osati wokana. Mlandu, umatanthauza kuti woweruzayo ali ndi mtolo wa kutsimikizira mbali iliyonse ya upandu mosakayikitsa. Woimbidwayo safunikira kupereka umboni, kapena kutsimikizira kupanda liwongo. Lamulo limeneli limatetezedwa mwachindunji m'malamulo ambiri; mwachitsanzo, Convention [FLT:] pa ufulu wa anthu [FFFF:]

Chofunika nchakuti, chigamulocho chimagwira ntchito osati pozenga mlandu komanso m’machitidwe a milandu isanayambe. Zigamulo za Bail, kumangidwa kusanayambe milandu, ndipo ngakhale kugwirizana kwa apolisi kuyenera kuchitidwa m’njira imene siikulingalira woimbidwa mlanduyo ngati kuti wakhazikitsidwa kale. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. limadziŵikitsira Estelle v. Williams [1] , kukakamiza woimbidwa kuti aonekere m’ndende chifukwa chakuti limaitanira juli kuti adziwombe mlandu asanamve umboni uliwonse. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mfundo imeneyi, yothandiza tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mmene Mungachitire Zinthu Moyenerera ndi Mmene Mungadziwire Kuti Akuloŵereni

Njira yoyenerera ndi lingaliro la kupanda liwongo siziri malingaliro aumwini; zikuchirikiza limodzi. Popanda njira yoyenera, kugamulako kumangokhala kwachabe. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma limakana woimbidwa mlanduyo kuyang'anizana ndi mboni . Chofunikacho chikhoza kudalira pa makutu osatsutsidwa, kupangitsa kukhala kosatheka kwa woimbidwa mlandu kutsutsa mlanduwo. Koma ngati, mwa kufalitsa kopeka kapena kuchulukitsa, chitetezo cha pulogalamu ya kutsogolo kwa ntchito yoyenerera, chingakhale chofooketsedwa chifukwa chakuti woweruza weniweniyo kapena woweruza wotsegulidwa.

Ganizirani za mtolo wa umboni: Kulakwa kumafuna kuti liwongo likhazikike ndi muyezo wa umboni umene umatsimikizira mphamvu ya mitengo. Mlanduwo ndi “kuposa kukayikira koyenera,” chiganizo chimene chimachokera mwachindunji pa kukayikira kuti palibe chifukwa cholakwika. Khoti Lapamwamba, mu [M'kachitidwe koyenera] [1970], linkakhulupirira kuti muyezo woyenerera ndi “chipangizo chachikulu chochepetsera kuopsa kwa zikhulupiriro zokhala ndi zolakwika. Khoti limalumikizidwa bwino kuti izi, kunena kuti“ Dongo limateteza kukayikira kopanda umboni wokwanira wa mfundo iliyonse yokhudza upanduwo. ” Pano, malamulo aŵiri akugwirizana lamulo limodzi.

Zoyenera za kulinganiza zosiyanasiyana nzofunika kuti musungebe kugwirizana kumeneku:

  • Kuyenera ku uphungu: popanda kuimira kwalamulo kogwira ntchito, munthu woimbidwa mlandu sangagwiritsire ntchito bwino ufulu wake kutsimikizira boma.
  • Kuyenera kukhala chete: Ufulu wotsutsa kudzivulaza umaletsa boma kukakamiza woimbidwa mlandu kukhala ndi phande m'chikhulupiriro chake.
  • Kuyeneretsedwa ndi njira yokakamiza: Kukhoza kutcha mboni ndi umboni womwe ulipo nkofunika kutsutsa zinenezo zonama.
  • Kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kwa anthu: Kuchedwa kapena chinsinsi chikhoza kuwononga kugamulako mwa kulola boma kutsekera wonenezedwayo ku nthaŵi zonse pansi pa mtambo wa chikaikiro.

Zochitika Zochititsa Chidwi Zimene Zimaumba Unansiwo

Gideon ndi Wainwright (1963)

Mu Gedeon v. Wainwright , Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti Komiti ya Malamulo ya Sixth inali ndi kuyenera kwakukulu kochitidwa kugwira ntchito ku maboma kupyolera mu Procession ya Geneth Reformation Accoustes. Clarence Earl Gideon adapatsidwa mlandu wa kuswa ndi kuloŵa m'chipinda cha chigawo mu Florida, koma sanathe kulipira loya. Bomalo linakana pempho lake kaamba ka uphungu woikidwa, ndipo Gideoni anakakamizidwa kudziimira; anazengedwa mlandu ndi kuweruzidwa zaka zisanu m'ndende. Khoti linagamula kuti, kugamula kuti “mze wa mlandu wathu waupandu, munthu aliyense wopatulidwa, amene ali wosayenerera kulandira ntchito, sangatsimikizidwe bwino popanda kuperekedwa uphungu woyenerera.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966)

Mainda v. Arizona analankhula za kugwirizana kwa kufunsa mlandu. Khotilo linanena kuti ufulu wa Fitemmergate wotsutsana ndi kudzipatula umafuna kusungidwa ndi lamulo kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo . kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukhala chete ndi kuyenera kwa loya wa kufunsa. Kulephera kuchititsa ndemanga zilizonse zotulukapo. Chigamulocho ndicho chitetezo choyenera chimene chimatetezera kulakwa kwa munthu wosachimwa: ngati wokanidwa pansi pa chitsenderezo chosamvetsetsa zoyenera zawo, kuulula kungakhale kosadalirika, ndi chikalata chotsimikizira bwino kwa woimbidwayo. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti “ku kusagwiritsira ntchito mawu operekedwawo... kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kufunsirako kwa kupambanako popanda kuteteza ufulu wake wodzitetezera.

M’kupambananso (1970)

Nkhaniyi inawonjezera muyezo woyenerera wa kupulupudza kwa achichepere, koma kulingalira kwake kumagwira ntchito mokulira. Woweruza Brennan analemba kuti: “Woimbidwa mlandu mkati mwa mlandu waupandu ali ndi zikondwerero zazikulu, ponse paŵiri chifukwa chakuti angataye ufulu wake pa kuvomerezedwa ndi chitsimikizo ndi chifukwa cha kutsimikizirika kuti adzanyozedwa ndi chitsimikizo. Kupereka umboni wosatsutsika, iye anamaliza, kuli “chiyeneretso cha lamulo” chozikidwa pa njira yake ndi kudzimva kukhala wopanda liŵongo. ] [1] Kusonyeza mmene mtolo wa umboni uliri wogwira ntchito pakati pa malamulo aŵiriwo.

Coffin v. wa ku United States (1895)

Pamene kuli kwakuti ndiukulu pang'ono, Coffin v. United States [FLT ] n’lodziŵika chifukwa chakuti linalengeza poyera lingaliro la kupanda liwongo kukhala “kuonekera kwa" ntchito yoyenerera. Khotilo linanena kuti chigamulocho ndicho“ chida chotsimikizira chopangidwa ndi lamulo kuchirikiza munthu woimbidwa mlandu, mwakuti amaonedwa kukhala wopanda liŵongo kufikira atapezedwa. Chochitikachi china chitsimikiziridwa kuti kuwona kwa nkhaniyo si kupambana chabe koma lamulo limene liyenera kulemekezedwa m'nkhani zonse.

Mavuto Amene Amakhalapo Masiku Ano Potsatira Malamulo

Kuiŵala ndi Kulephera

Chimodzi cha ziwopsezo zowopsa kwambiri za kudzimva kukhala wopanda liwongo ndicho kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kofala kwa kutsekeredwa kusanaikidwe mlandu. M'mayiko ambiri, anthu amaikidwa m’ndende kwa milungu ingapo kapena miyezi yambiri asanazengedwe mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa chakuti sangathe kulipira belo. 2018 lipoti la Prison Politition Linapezeka kuti anthu oposa 470,000 amasungidwa m’ndende zoyembekezera kuzengedwa m'dzikolo, ndipo ambiri amaonedwa kukhala opanda mlandu. Kutsekedwa kwaukulu kungaumirize mapempho, kusokoneza ndi zomangira za banja, ndi kupangitsa kuwonjezereka kwambiri chitetezo kwa chitetezo cha chitetezo choyenera ndi kulangidwa moyenerera. Khoti lalikulu mu United States: [v5]

Kufalitsa Nkhani ndi Kukopa Anthu

Kusintha kwa maola 24 kwa nkhani ndi mawailesi ndi mawailesi akanema kungayambukire kwambiri lingaliro la kupanda liwongo. Milandu yapamwamba ya mapulogalamu imayesedwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'khoti la malingaliro a anthu asanafikire ku khoti. Kusimba kwanzeru, kutsegula umboni, ndi kufotokoza kwa pa Intaneti kungapange kudandaula kwakuti jurtor . ngakhale ndi voir jack . Strugle kutsende. Zida zonga ngati kusintha malo, majuchi osungidwa, ndi malamulo a a pa Intaneti alipo kuti achepetse zimenezi, koma ndi zothetsera zopanda ungwiro. Chiyambi cha maziko ndicho chitoko: chitaganya chimene ziyeso ziyeneranso kuŵerengera kuletsa m'nkhani yaponse yonena za anthu.

Zida za Malamulo ndi Zamoyo za Chilungamo cha Apandu

Madongosolo alamulo amadalira kwambiri maalamu aupandu kaamba ka belo, kugamula, ndi kugamula mlandu. Zida zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimasanthula zinthu monga mbiri ya upandu, zaka, ndi zippe kutulutsa zinthu zimene zimaneneratu kuti zilakwa. Otsutsa amanena kuti makiransi ameneŵa angasokoneze ufuko ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu, kutsogolera ku zosankha zimene zimapatsa anthu maluso osakhoza kuwalamulira. Ndiponso, kulephera kwa ma propritiry album kungamanitse oimbidwa mlanduwo kutsutsa umboni wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iwo . Monga momwe [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . .

Kuyerekezera: Kutsatira Malamulo

Unansi pakati pa njira yoyenerera ndi kulingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo suli wofanana padziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko alamulo onse (United States, United Kingdom , Canada), kugwiritsa ntchito koyenera kumatetezedwa kwambiri ndi kuphatikizana kwa malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo oonekera. Mosiyana, maiko a boma (France, Germany) amazindikiranso kugamula kwake, koma njira zawo zofufuzira zimasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ku France, [[FLT: 0]], kuphatikizapo malamulo a dziko lapansi (Imperomage ) (Impeta) imatsogolera kufufuza kumene kungapange zotsatirapo asanaweruze mlandu. Pamene kulipo, akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti dongosololi lingasokoneze mumzera muyezo pakati pa kufufuza ndi kuphata, kukhoza kuchotsa ufulu wa anthu. Zidamalamulo zapadziko lonse lapansi, zoyendera ufulu wapadziko lonse, zoyendera zoyendera zoyendera za lamulo zonga: [F.5] pa Krectivenation (F.44) (O.)

Mafunso Ogwira Ntchito a Akatswiri a za Malamulo

Kwa maloya odzitetezera, kusungidwa kwa kudziona kukhala wopanda liwongo kumafuna kudikira nthaŵi zonse. Kuyendera kulikonse kwa pulogalamu ya asanaikidwe , kwa chikalata cha maluso, kapena kupima kwa mayeso [1] ndiko chipangizo chofunikira chimene chimachirikiza kuŵerengera. Ozunza, nawonso, ali ndi thayo lakulemekeza kuweruza. [FLT: 0] Kubaba Modeal Programs of Professional Primie [ amanena kuti woweruza sayenera kuyambitsa milandu popanda chifukwa chenicheni ndipo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti ufulu walamulo umalemekezedwa. Oweruza amachita mbali yofunika: ayenera kuphunzitsa momvekera bwino za malowo, osasunga umboni wotsekeredwa wa kuswa, ndi kuyendetsa mawonekedwe alionse a tsankho.

Kumaliza

Njira yoyenerera ndi lingaliro la kupanda liwongo siziri zopeka; izo ziri malamulo a moyo amene amapanga dongosolo la oundana. Unansi wawo ndi womangira , ndipo njira yoperekera chotengeracho, ndipo kulingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo kumachidzaza ndi tanthauzo. Pamene kufooka, mbali zonse za chilungamo za upandu ziri paupandu. Nkhani za mbiri monga [[FLT:] [FLD]] Gideon [[, [[FLT]] [ka] Manda , ndi [FLT] [FT] kugaŵirira kwalamulo kwalamulo, [[FLT] [za] [za] [za] ndi] kutetezera kwa lamulo kwalamulo, kopanda kutetezera kotheka kwa anthu. Komabe, kuchinjirizatsati kwa kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kusungidwa kwa chigwirizano cha ku ku kuchirikiza kwa lamulo.