Kuzindikira Zofunika za Malamulo a M’dzikolo

Dongosolo la malamulo la ku America ndi gulu la mabungwe osungitsa malamulo oyendera limodzi oyendera limodzi m'madera akwanuko, boma, ndi boma. Pamene upandu uchitika, anthu ambiri amadabwa kuti: ndani amene amasamalira? Yankho limadalira pa ulamuliro, mtundu, ndi chuma chofunikira. Madipatimenti a apolisi a m'malowo ndi maofesi a boma amayang'anira mbali yaikulu ya usungiko ya tsiku ndi tsiku, pamene mabungwe a boma ayamba kuloŵerera pamene maupandu adutsa m’madera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chitetezo cha dziko, kapena kulephera ndi malamulo a boma. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusweka kwakukulu kwa mmene mili ya malamulo aŵiriyi imasiyanirana, kumene amachitira, ndi mmene amagwirira ntchito pamodzi kutetezera anthu.

Kukakamiza Lamulo Lakumene Amakhala: Mfundo Yofunika Yoteteza Anthu

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a kumaloko — kuphatikizapo madipatimenti apolisi a m'boma, maofesi a boma, ndi magawo apadera — ndiwo maziko a ntchito yapolisi ya ku America. Iwo ndiwo opereka chivomerezo chachikulu ku mafoni 911, zochitika za pamsewu, mikangano ya m’malo, ndi maupandu ambiri monga kulanda, kuukira, ndi kuba. Uyang'aniro wawo umafotokozedwa bwino: dipatimenti ya apolisi ya mzinda imagwira ntchito m’maudindo a mzinda, pamene ofesi ya mkulu wa asilikali imakhala yosabisa madera ena a m’chigawo china.

Udindo wa Ntchito za Pamalo Omwewo

Apolisi a m’derali amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana tsiku lililonse ndipo ntchito yawo imaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kuyankha kokhazikika — kuyankha kumafunikira utumiki, kuyambira pa zamwadzidzidzi zamankhwala kufikira kusokonezeka kwamphamvu.
  • Patrol — kukhalapo kowoneka m'malo a madera, madera a malonda, ndi malo a anthu onse kuletsa upandu.
  • Kufufuza kwa milandu — apolisi amalondola pa upandu wochitiridwa lipoti, kusonkhanitsa umboni, kufunsa mboni, ndi kumanga.
  • Kugwirizana kwa pangano — kukulitsa chidaliro mwa maulendo a kusukulu, maprogramu a wotchi a m'dera, ndi zochitika zapanja.
  • Kayendedwe ka magetsi — kutchula mawu, kufufuza ngozi, ndi kuyang'anira malo ofufuzira DUI.

Mitundu ya Malamulo a M’maderawo

Kumvetsa nyumba zosiyanasiyana za m’deralo kumathandiza kudziŵa amene amachita zimene anthu ena achita.

  • Mapulice: Madipatimenti ameneŵa amatumikira mizinda ndi matauni. Maofesi ake amasiyana ndi maofesala angapo m’matauni aang'ono kufikira zikwi zambiri m'magulu aakulu ankhondo monga NYPD kapena LAPD. Iwo amasamalira nkhani zonse za lamulo m'magawo a mzinda wawo.
  • Dipatimenti ya Seriff: Mwachibadwa] motsogozedwa ndi woyang'anira wosankhidwa, mabungwe ameneŵa amatumikira magawo onse, makamaka madera osaphatikizidwa. Nthaŵi zambiri amayendetsa ndende za m'chigawo, amapereka chitetezo ku khoti, ndi kutumikira zikalata zalamulo kuwonjezera pa ntchito yausilikali.
  • Madipatimenti ambiri ali ndi magulu a SWAT, ma K-9, timu za mavuto, ndi makompyuta. Makampani apadera ameneŵa angapatsidwe kaamba ka zochitika zapamwamba zachiriski kapena kufufuza kocholoŵana.
  • Apolisi: Pa malo a Eni America, mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a mafuko ali ndi ulamuliro pa maiko afuko, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanika ndi mabungwe a boma onga FBI kaamba ka milandu yaikulu.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kuyenerera kwa Asilikali a M’deralo

Ofisala apolisi a m'deralo amaphunzitsidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi boma koma kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikiza sukulu ya apolisi yodziŵika bwino yokhudza malamulo aupandu, mfuti, njira zodzitetezera, maopaleshoni a galimoto zangozi, ndi njira zothandizira anthu osoŵa. Madipatimenti ambiri amafunanso maphunziro opitirizabe. Makampani apolisi a bungwelo amagogomezera kwambiri maunansi omanga, kupikisana kwa chikhalidwe, ndi mavuto. Sukulu yapakati imakhala pafupifupi miyezi 68, ikutsatiridwa ndi maphunziro a m’munda ndi ofisala wamkulu.

Lamulo la Malamulo: Kuzengedwa Mlandu Wotakata ndi Ulamuliro Wapadera

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma la United States amafufuza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amadutsa malire a boma kapena dziko, kuphatikizapo katundu kapena antchito, kapena amafotokozedwa bwino monga milandu ya boma pansi pa malamulo a United States. Oimira boma sayang'anira malo akwawo kapena kuyankha ku foni yanthaŵi zonse. Mmalomwake, iwo amayang'ana kwambiri pa kufufuza kocholoŵana, kwakukulukulu kumene kumafuna chuma ndi luso loposa lakwawo.

Maboma Aakulu ndi Magawo Awo Osumika Maganizo

Mabungwe akuluakulu angapo ali ndi ntchito yolembedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Zachilungamo (DOJ), Dipatimenti ya Chisungiko cha ku Homeland (DHS), ndi madipatimenti ena a boma.

  • FBI . FBI ndi bungwe lalikulu la boma lofufuza. Imayang'anira ziwopsezo za boma (zofufuza, zopitira, zopitira), upandu wolinganiza, kuswa ufulu wa anthu, upandu wa magetsi wa dzuŵa, ndi ziphuphu zazikulu. FBI ili ndi mamaofesi 56 m’madera akunja ku U.S. ndipo imagwira ntchito pansi pa fbi.
  • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA): DEA imasumika pa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma a anamgoneka, kusokoneza magulu ozembetsa mankhwala, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Oimira kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito ndi mphamvu za kumaloko zolimbana ndi vuto la opioid ndi methamphetamine. Chidziŵitso chochuluka pa dea.gov
  • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobac, Firemmars ndi Explopasites (ATF): ATF amakhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana ndi mfuti, mabomba, arson, ndi moŵa / kugulitsa mfuti. Imachita mbali yaikulu m’kuchepetsa chiwawa cha mfuti mwa kutsatsa zida zogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maupandu ndi kuyang'anira mfuti za boma.
  • Utumiki wa Chinsinsi wa U.S.: Wodziŵika kwambiri chifukwa cha kutetezera pulezidenti, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndi kuchezera nduna zachilendo, Secret Service imafufuzanso milandu ya zachuma kuphatikizapo kupeka, kunyenga kwa makadi a ngongole, ndi kuba zikalata za chilolezo. Nthaŵi zambiri ntchito yawo yotetezera imaphatikizapo kugwirizana ndi apolisi akumaloko kaamba ka chisungiko cha zochitika.
  • U.S. Marshals Service (USMS): [1] Maloshal Service amapereka chitetezo kwa makhoti a boma, akaidi a boma, amayang'anira programu yachitetezero, ndi othaŵa. Iwo ali bungwe lakale kwambiri losungitsa lamulo la boma, loyambira mu 1789.
  • Kusamuka kwa Chisungiko cha Homeland Administration: Kuphatikizapo Customs ndi Chitetezo cha Borders ya U.S. (CBP), Kusintha ndi Customment (ICO), ndi Transportation Security Administration (TSA). Iwo amasamalira chitetezo chamalire, kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m’dziko, ndi chitetezo cha m'zoyendera.

Mlandu wa Federal: Kodi Boma la Federal Limaloŵererapo Liti?

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma ali ndi ulamuliro pa maupandu amene amaswa malamulo a boma.

  • Upandu wa m'dziko: Kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'zigawo, kuzembetsa anthu, kuba (ngati wobedwayo atengedwa m'mizere ya boma), ndi chinyengo cha pa telefoni.
  • Upandu pa katundu wa boma: milandu yochitidwa pa zipinda zankhondo, mapaki adziko, nyumba za boma, kapena malo a Eni America.
  • Kuswa zoyenera: Danani ndi maupandu, kusadziletsa kwa apolisi, ndi tsankho pansi pa lamulo la boma.
  • chinyengo cha zachuma: zizoloŵezi zazikulu zachikwanekwane, chinyengo cha mafashoni, chinyengo cha kubanki, ndi kuthaŵa msonkho kofufuzidwa ndi mabungwe onga FBI kapena Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation (IS-CI).
  • Uchigaŵenga wa dziko: Uchigaŵenga, usilikali, kuukira kwa pa intaneti pa ziwiya zoukira, ndi kulanda malamulo ku mayiko ena.

Oimira boma kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi ziŵiya zopimira koposa maofesala akumaloko, kuphatikizapo kukhoza kupeza zilembo za chisungiko cha dziko, kuyendetsa mawaya pansi pa Foreign Intelligence Surveildance Act (FISA), ndi kugwirizana ndi kusungidwa kwa malamulo a dziko lonse. Komabe, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amagonjera kwa akuluakulu a boma pokhapokha ngati upandu uli ndi nexus ya boma yowonekera bwino.

Kugwirizana Pakati pa Maboma ndi Mautumiki Aakulu

Ngakhale kuti mayikowa ndi mayiko ena ali ndi ulamuliro wosiyana, mabungwe a m’maderawa nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito pamodzi, kugwira ntchito mogwirizana, ndiponso kuyendetsa mapangano a nkhani.

Magulu a Ntchito Zogwirana

Magulu ogwira ntchito amasonkhanitsa akuluakulu ndi oimira mabungwe osiyanasiyana kuti agogomezere vuto la upandu. Zitsanzo zofala zimaphatikizapo:

  • Authority Drug Special Tream Aream quatorting quares (HIDTA) ntchito: Oyendetsedwa ndi Ofesi ya National Drug Control Policy, HIDTA imaphatikiza apolisi a m'deralo, akuluakulu a DEA oimira, ndi apolisi a boma kuti asokoneze mabungwe aakulu ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Oyendetsa ntchito ameneŵa akhala akuthandiza kuchepetsa methamphetamini ndi foni ya .
  • Deastt Task Forces (JTFS): [[FTTF] Motsogozedwa ndi FBI , JTFS ikugwira ntchito m'maofesi 56 akumunda ndipo kuphatikizapo apolisi akomweko amene aikidwa monga nthumwi za boma. Iwo amafufuza ziwopsezo zothekera ndi kukhala ndi luntha lenileni. Malinga ndi [FLT:] FBI JTFF, chidziŵitso cha ntchito zimenezi zaletsa zigawenga zambiri mwa kuphatikiza chidziŵitso cha dzikolo ndi ziŵiya za boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Zida za DOLT Crime Task Forces : M’mizinda yambiri, Attorney Office anzake a Office ndi apolisi a m’deralo kukaukira olakwa achiwawa kwambiri. Progress Safere counters (PSN) ndi njira ya DOJ imene imagwiritsira ntchito njira zochepetsera chiwawa cha mfuti. Oweruza a boma ndi oimira boma a bungwe logamula milandu agwirizana kugamula kaya mlanduwo usamaliridwe bwino m’boma kapena khoti la boma.

Kugaŵana Chidziŵitso ndi Nzeru

Polishi yamakono imadalira kwambiri pa njira zanzeru. Malo a boma ndi mabungwe a boma amene amasonkhanitsa ndi kupenda chidziŵitso choopseza, amatumikira monga malo a kugawana chidziŵitso pakati pa mabungwe akwawo ndi a boma. Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security Security Network (HSIN), imene imalola lamulo kugawana chidziŵitso chilichonse chokhudza kuyambika kwa ziwopsezo, zochita zokayikira, ndi makhalidwe aupandu.

Ubwino Wogwira Ntchito Mogwirana Mtima

Pamene mabungwe a m’dzikolo ndi a boma agwirizana, zotsatirapo zingakhale zamphamvu:

  • Kuphatikiza: Mabungwe a Federal angapereke ndalama, zopimidwa zopimira pa labsitiki, zipangizo zoyendera, ndi chichirikizo cha mankhwala chimene madipatimenti ang'onoang’ono a m'deralo sangathe kugula.
  • Umisiri wowonjezereka: Oimira a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira mbali zovuta zonga intaneti, chinyengo cha zachuma, kapena uchigaŵenga. Oyang'anira a m'maderawo abweretsa chidziŵitso chakuya cha anthu awo ndi nzeru zapamwamba za m'makwalala.
  • Kuweruza kochitidwa ndi lamulo: Zikhululukiro za Federal kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi zigamulo zocheperapo zofunikira, zimene zingakhale choletsa kwa olakwa aakulu. Nkhani zokapereka ku khoti la boma zingachotse apandu owopsa m'midzi kwa nyengo yaitali.
  • Cross-jurinional afiki: Mphamvu za ntchito zingalondole apandu m'madera ambiri popanda kuchedwa kwa maufumu kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kumaletsa mabungwe ena.

Mavuto a Kugwirizana kwa Anthu a M’deralo

Ngakhale kuti pali mapindu ake, kusamvana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi a boma sikuli kwachilendo.

Mikangano Yaikulu

Kusankha gulu limene lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu kungakhale kotsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, kupha anthu kaŵiri m'malo a Eni America kungapha ponse paŵiri FBI (chifukwa chakuti ndi dziko la boma) ndi apolisi afuko. Kusagwirizana pa amene akutsogolera kugamula mlandu kungachedwetse chilungamo. Mofananamo, m’mizinda imene oweruza a boma amafuna kuweruza zigawenga za gulu laupandu pansi pa malamulo a RICO, apolisi a m'malowo angaganize kuti milandu yawo ikutengedwa kapena kuti zinthu zofunika za boma sizigwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu.

Kupereka ndi Kusiyana kwa Zinthu

Mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi ndalama zambiri ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri kuposa madipatimenti a kumaloko. Zimenezi zingayambitse lingaliro la kusalingana. Apolisi a m'malo a dziko angaipidwe ndi zimene amaona kukhala kuloŵerera kwa boma, pamene kuli kwakuti nthumwi za boma zingaone mabungwe a kumaloko kukhala osakonzekera. Kuwonjezera apo, ndalama za boma zingabwere ndi zingwe zolumikizidwa, monga kufuna kulemba chidziŵitso kapena kutsatira njira zaudindo zimene atsogoleri akumaloko angatsutse.

Kusiyana kwa Zikhalidwe ndi Zochita Zake

Apolisi a m'deralo ali ndi nzeru za anthu. Amachita zinthu ndi anthu tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo amaŵerengera kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa a m'deralo. Oimira a Federal, posiyana, amagwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo lapakati ndipo ali ndi njira yofufuza, yoyang'anira. Kusiyana kwa maphunziro — maofesala akumeneko amaphunzitsidwa kuti ayendetse malo olondera kwambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti oimira boma amaphunzitsidwa nthaŵi zambiri m'mautumiki odzibisa — angatsogolere ku ku kuphonya. M'nkhani zina, apolisi angaonedwe kukhala osamvetsa nkhani za m’mudzi, pamene kuli kwakuti maofesala a boma angaonedwe kukhala ovuta kwambiri.

Kusagwirizana pa Ndale ndi Malamulo

Mabungwe ena akumeneko amakana kugwirizana ndi anthu ogwidwa ndi ICE, zomwe zingayambitse mikangano imene ingachitike m’mbali zina za lamulo. Lamulo la Posse Comitatus Act, kaŵirikaŵiri limaletsa asilikali a boma kusungitsa malamulo a m'dziko, koma mabungwe a boma monga FBI ndi DEA, nthaŵi zina limayambitsa mikangano pamene aphwanya malamulo a m'dziko.

Kulamulira Mwalamulo

Kuzindikira malire alamulo pakati pa kusungitsa lamulo kwa kumaloko ndi boma kumafuna kupenda malamulo aakulu ndi zigamulo za khoti. Malamulo a U.S. amapereka mphamvu zina za apolisi ku boma (Pramendment), pamene boma limapeza ulamuliro wake kuchokera ku Commerce Claus, Msonkho ndi Kupereka Claus, ndi mphamvu zina monga kukhoza kulamulira malonda a mayiko, katundu wa boma, ndi kusamukira m’dziko. Malamulo aupandu ambiri a boma amagwirizanitsidwa mu Theta 18 ya Lamulo la U.S.

Lingaliro la kulamulira kwa mbali ziŵiri limaloleza maboma onse aŵiriwo kuweruza mchitidwe umodzimodziwo popanda kuswa malamulo a Fact Jeopardy Claus. Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu amene amalanda banki (imene ili ponse paŵiri upandu wa boma ndi mlandu wa boma ngati bankiyo iikidwa mwalamulo) angayang’anizane ndi milandu m’madongosolo onse aŵiri. Komabe, m’zochitikazo, oimira boma kaŵirikaŵiri amachedwetsa kuzenga mlandu boma pokhapo ngati mlanduwo ugwirizana ndi zofunika za boma kapena kuphatikizapo ziŵembu zazikulu.

Zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu zamveketsa bwino malire a ulamuliro wa boma m’madera ena, koma mafotokozedwe ofala a Commerce Claus walola boma kuphwanya ngakhale ntchito zina zogwirizana ndi malonda a mayiko. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Hobbs Act nthaŵi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuweruza umbava kapena kulanda zinthu zimene zimayambukira malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana, ngakhale ngati upanduwo unachitika m’boma limodzi.

Zitsanzo za Kufufuza kwa Zipembedzo Zapamwamba Kusintha Maziko Onse Aŵiri

Nkhani zenizeni zapadziko zikusonyeza mmene mabungwe a Boston Police State Police , ndipo nthaŵi zina kukangana. Kufufuza kwa FBI mumzinda wa Oklahoma kunaloŵetsapo kutsogolera apandu, pamene omenya nkhondo ndi apolisi a kumaloko anapereka chitetezo ndi chithandizo cha anthu ovutitsidwa. Boston Marathon adawona Boston Police, Massachusetts State Police, ndi FBI ikugwirira ntchito pamodzi pofufuza zimene zinatseka mzinda. Posachedwapa, Capitol prigal anafufuza za FBI pa January 6, 2021, kuphatikizapo ndalama zambirimbiri za ku FBI kwa anthu onse, yogwirizana ndi madipatimenti apolisi a m'dzikolo kuzungulira dzikolo kuti adziŵe ndi kugwidwa.

Kumbali ya kusungitsa mankhwala, bungwe la DEA’s Operation Overdrive ogulitsa methamphetamine kumadera akumidzi, kaŵirikaŵiri likudalira maofesi a boma akumaloko kupereka nzeru ndi chichirikizo chapansi. Mofananamo, bungwe la ATF’s National Integrated Ballessis Information Network (NIBIN) limalola apolisi a kumaloko kupereka umboni wosonyeza kuti mabomba aphulika, umene kenaka umafufuzidwa ndi kugwirizanitsa kuphulitsa kwina kulikonse, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kuchititsa kuti aikidwe ndi boma kuti akhale ndi mfuti zopanda lamulo.

Kumaliza

Kusiyana kwa kusungitsa lamulo kwa kumaloko ndi boma sikumadziŵika bwino nthaŵi zonse, koma kuzindikira mbali zimene zimathandiza nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi maofesala a iwo eni kuyamikira mphamvu ndi zofooka za dongosololo. Mabungwe a boma ndiwo otetezera atsiku ndi tsiku a chisungiko cha chitaganya, pamene mabungwe a boma amapereka zinthu zapadera ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa dziko lonse kwa milandu yaikulu. Kusungidwa kwa anthu kumafuna kuti onse aŵiriwo agwire ntchito mogwirizana, kuchitira pamodzi ndi kuyang'anirana kwakukulu kwa makampani a polisi akomweko ndi FB, kuyendera [FF:]. Monga momwe upandu umayambira ndi kukwera kwa mankhwala osokoneza upandu, ndi uchigaŵenga — mizera pakati pa dziko ndi dzikolo idzapitirizabe kuchititsa mgwirizano, kupanga mgwirizano waukulu kuposa ndi kalelo kalelo konse.