Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma ali ndi njira zapadera zopitira ku malo a chitetezo cha anthu, kukhazikitsa lamulo, ndi chithandizo cha anthu kumalire a dzikolo. Zoposa kungolamulira malirewo, kaŵirikaŵiri maofesala ameneŵa ndiwo kukhalapo koyamba kwa boma pamavuto amene amaphatikizapo anthu osamukira kwina, othaŵa kwawo, ndi ofunafuna malo opulumukira. Ntchito yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku imasintha kaya malire akakhala malo otetezeka kapena oopsa kwa anthu ena ovutika kwambiri padziko lonse. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, malire a malire a Rio Grande Valley ku San Diego imakhala ndi kuwonjezereka kwa maupandu aakulu kwambiri, kupempha boma ndi malamulo akwawo. Kumvetsa ntchito zawo, mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo, ndi madongosolo othandiza m'dziko amene amagwira ntchito zawo m’dziko.

Ntchito Yotsatira Lamulo la Boma Ndiponso Mwalamulo

Kusiyana ndi Maulamuliro a M’malire

Mabungwe osungitsa lamulo a United States amaikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mabungwe a boma monga ngati Customs and Borders Protection (CBP) ndi Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa lamulo la kusamukira ndi kusungika kwa anthu. Mabungwe a boma osungitsa malamulo, ngakhale kuli tero, amagwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amasumika maganizo pa lamulo lachigamulo, chisungiko cha pamsewu, ndi kuyankha kwadzidzidzi. Pamavuto a anthu, ntchito zimenezi zingasokoneze. Apolisi, apolisi, a misewu, ndi madipatimenti a boma apolisi a boma akakhala oyamba kuyankha chifukwa chakuti afuna mathayo osungitsa anthu kusamuka, koma chifukwa chakuti ali chuma chopezeka kwambiri kwa anthu ovutika.

Ulamuliro wa Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma amachotsa ulamuliro wawo ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo. Komanso, m'maboma monga Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, ndi California, malamulo olongosola mmene akuluakulu a boma amachitira ndi nkhani za kusamuka. Mwachitsanzo, SB 1070 imene inkafunika kalelo apolisi a ku Arizona kuti aone kuyenera kwa anthu oloŵa m’dzikolo panthaŵi yoletsedwa ndi lamulo. Ngakhale kuti makhoti anamenya zigawo zina za malamulo a boma. Komanso, malamulo a California “oteteza moyo ndi katundu amaletsa ndi kugwirizana ndi boma losungitsa anthu kusamuka. Mabungwe a bomawa amachititsa kuti malamulo agwiritsiridwe ntchito osiyanasiyana a boma pa dzikolo. Oyang'anira malamulo ayenera kuyang'anira malamulo otsutsana pamene akukwaniritsabe udindo wawo woteteza moyo ndi katundu.

Maulendo Oyambirira Panthaŵi ya Mavuto

Pamene vuto la anthu libuka . Kaya gulu lalikulu la osamukawo akudutsa malirewo mu mlingo wotentha kwambiri, kuthaŵa kwaunyinji kwa chiwawa ku Central America, kapena tsoka lachilengedwe m'chigawo cha malire . Chikalata chachikulu cha lamulo cha boma chimasintha kusungidwa kwa moyo. Choyambirira chawo ndicho kulanditsidwa, anthu atatu, mankhwala, ndi malo ogona. Ntchito imeneyi yachifundo imakhalapo m’mbali mwa ntchito zawo zosungitsa malamulo, zikumafunikira malamulo osinthika ndi kupanga zosankha mofulumira pansi pa chitsenderezo.

Mathayo Aakulu m’Nsautso Yosatha

Thandizo la Zamankhwala ndi Kudwala Kofulumira

Madokotala ambiri amakumana ndi anthu amene akudwala matenda otentha, kutha madzi, kuwonongeka kwa madzi, kapena kuwonongeka. Mabungwe ambiri masiku ano amanyamula mankhwala ofunika kwambiri ndipo ali ndi maofesala ophunzitsidwa ku chipululu choyamba kapena chithandizo chapamwamba. Amayendera limodzi ndi madokotala a m'madera ena ovuta kwambiri.

Chakudya, Madzi, ndi Kamtsuko Kochepa

Mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala opereka chithandizo cha mabotolo pa nthaŵi ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Amagaŵira madzi oikidwa m’mabotolo ndi chakudya chokonzekera kudya, amamanga malo ogona a kanthaŵi m'maseŵero kapena m'malo osungiramo zinthu, ndi kupereka mabulangete ndi ziwiya zaukhondo. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa 2014, ana aang'ono ndi mabanja, Department ya Texas of Public Safety (DPS) ikugwira ntchito ndi Texas Division of Emergency Meagency kukhazikitsa madera kumene anthu zikwi zambiri angalandireko ntchito zazikulu asanasamutsidwire kusungidwe. Ntchito zimenezi zimafuna kuti apereke unyolo, kuyang'anira kodzipereka, ndi kugwirizana ndi mabungwe osakhala a komiti ya Red Cross and the Servity Army.

Kutetezedwa Kuti Asachite Zachiwawa, Chiwawa, ndi Kugulitsa

Anthu osamukawo ali pangozi kwambiri ya kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Ndege za anthu kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwirira ntchito pafupi ndi malire, kupha anthu opanda lamulo kapena kuchirikiza. Mabungwe alamulo a boma amatsogolera kufufuza kolimbana ndi kuzunzidwa ndi zoyesayesa za anthu ovutika. Iwo amagwira ntchito ndi magulu a anthu osadziŵa kuti afunse anthu ovutika ndi kuwagwirizanitsa ndi mautumiki a anthu. Kuwonjezera apo, asilikali olondera madera odziŵika chifukwa cha kuba kapena kuukira anthu osamukira m’dziko, monga njira zakutali za chipululu kapena njira za sitima. Kupezeka kwawo koonekera bwino kungaletse upandu ndi kutsimikizira anthu kuti chitetezo chaponse chimakhalabe chofunika kwambiri ngakhale m’nthaŵi zamavuto.

Kugwirizana ndi Mautumiki ndi Maboma

Palibe bungwe limodzi limene lingayang'anire vuto la anthu palokha. Malamulo a boma nthaŵi zonse amagwira nawo ntchito mogwirizana ndi CBP, ICE, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), ndi Office of Refugees Refied Refice Reficed. Maubwenzi ameneŵa amathandiza kuti anthu azitha kugawana, kugawa ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a anthu ofika. Mabungwe a boma akugwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri: magulu onga a International Rereation Committee (IRC), Akatolika, ndi United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCRCR) amathandiza kuyang'anira milandu, ndi kuthandizana kwalamulo. Apolisi amagwira ntchito monga mlabunga, kutsimikizira kuti anthu asungidwe kapena kusamalira anthu popanda kuchedwa.

Kulankhulana kwa Onse ndi Kufalikira kwa Anthu

Kulankhulana kwapanthaŵi yake nkofunika kwambiri panthaŵi ya mavuto. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma amachenjeza anthu za moyo wabwino wa anthu onse, malo oyenderapo, ndi zinthu zimene zilipo. Iwo amathandiziranso anthu a m’deralo kuthetsa mphekesera ndi kuchepetsa mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mphekesera zofalitsa anthu ambiri osamukira m’matauni aang'ono, osungitsa malamulo amatulutsidwa ndi misonkhano ya m'matauni imathandiza kusunga chidziŵitso cholondola. Mapulatifomu a za mayanjano ndi kugwirizana kwa nyuzi za kumaloko amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufikira anthu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo anthu a chinenero cha Spain ndi olankhula chinenero chakumaloko.

Kulemba ndi Kusimba

Chidziŵitso cholondola pa zochitika za anthu . Nthano za imfa, zopulumutsa, kuthaŵa kwa odwala, ndi ma acheso ku mautumiki . Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma amasunga maofesi a boma oyang'anira zangozi, ofufuza, ndi mabungwe auyang'anira. Malipoti ochokera ku Texas Department of Public Safety on the factures , mwachitsanzo, adziŵitsa maprogramu a malo a madzi oyendera ndi kuikidwa kwa ma steshoni a boma.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Lamulo la Boma la Kukakamiza

Kulephera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Moyenera Ndiponso Kulephera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama

Mavuto a anthu ngokwera mtengo kuyankha. Mabungwe osungitsa lamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito mtengo wa owonjezera, zipangizo, zopereka, ndi ntchito popanda kuperekedwa ndi boma. Malo aang'ono okhala ndi zipinda za msonkho zochepa angagonjetsedwe ndi kusoŵa kwa mwadzidzidzi kwa maofesala mazana ambiri pa ntchito yowonjezereka. Lipoti la Texas Legislative Ballejation Board linadziŵitsa kuti ntchito za chitetezo cha dzikolo zokha zinagula $800,000 mu 2018 - 2019 biennium. Popanda thandizo la boma, mabungwe ayenera kuchotsa ndalama pa zinthu zina zofunika zaumoyo, zikutsendereza mphamvu yawo kutumikira m'malo onse mofanana.

Kulimbana ndi Kumenyana kwa Malamulo

Muyezo wa kusungitsa anthu kulowa m'dziko ndi mphamvu ya boma kaŵirikaŵiri umatsutsidwa. Maofesala a boma angatsimikizidwe ngati amaloledwa kumanga munthu wina chifukwa chongolingalira kuti akuswa lamulo. Zigamulo za khoti, monga Arizona v. United States (202], ali ndi ulamuliro wa boma wochepa m'dera lino, koma chisokonezo chikupitirizabe. Kuwonjezera apo, mikangano imabuka pamene malamulo a boma asintha mofulumira / chitsanzo, pamene boma limagwiritsira ntchito “kulolera kwa zemberana kapena kulekana kwa banja kumene apolisi ayenera kusungitsa pamenenso akuyang'anira kulephera kwa anthu. Mabungwe a abwinja aungu amapangitsa kulephera ndi kuchititsa anthu kudalirana.

Chitsenderezo cha Zandale ndi Chitaganya

Malamulo a m'malire amasintha kwambiri, amene amaika mabungwe a boma osungitsa malamulo pamalo ovuta. Iwo amayembekezeredwa panthaŵi imodzi kusungitsa malamulo oloŵera m’dziko mwamphamvu ndi anthu ena, kuchitira anthu onse phee ndi ena, ndi kulemekeza malamulo audindo a boma a boma. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku machitachita osasinthasintha m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi m’maudindo a makhalidwe abwino. Oyang'anira angaone kuti chiweruzo chawo chaukatswiri chimalamulidwa ndi malamulo andale mmalo mwa zosoŵa za ntchito. Kukwaniritsa ziyembekezo zimenezi kumafuna utsogoleri wamphamvu ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Zovuta

Osungitsa lamulo la boma amayang'anizana ndi mikhalidwe yomvetsa chisoni tsiku ndi tsiku: mwana wosiyana ndi makolo, mkazi amene anamenyedwa pamene anali paulendo, banja limene linayang'ana wachibale wake akumwalira powoloka. Ntchito ya woyang'anira monga ngati waudindo ingawombane ndi ntchito ya bwana waudindo monga wothandiza. Mavuto amabuka pamene akutsatira lamulo loletsa [1] monga ngati kutsendereza munthu wina chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo, koma kusintha kwa dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu kumawaika pangozi ya kuvulazidwa kapena kuswedwa ulemu waukulu. AAUTCTS ayankha mwa kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramuzidwe ophunzitsa anthu amene amagogomezera kuvulaza [ lamulo lakuyendetsa zinthu, koma kusintha kwa dongosolo kukufunikirabe.

Zopinga za Chinenero ndi Chikhalidwe

Osamuka m'mavuto samalankhula Chingelezi. Ambiri amalankhula zinenero za anthu monga K'iche', Mam, kapena Mitec , pamene ena amalankhula Chisipanishi ndi zinenero za m’madera ena. Kulankhulana kothandiza n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhale ndi vuto, avomereze, ndi kuti adziwe zalamulo. Mabungwe a boma agwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito yomasulira mabuku, akuluakulu a zinenero zosiyanasiyana, ndi maphunziro a chikhalidwe, koma palibe zinthu zina. Kulephera kukambirana kungayambitse kulakwa kwa zamankhwala, kusamvana kwalamulo, ndi kupwetekedwa. Kugwirizana ndi omasulira aluso ndi a chitaganya ndi omasulira ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi kuwonjezera kuvuta kwa kagwirizanitsidwa.

Makampani Opanga Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana ndi Machitidwe Abwino Koposa

Kugwirizana kwa Njira Zogwirizanitsira

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma akugwira nawo ntchito m'mabungwe ogwirizana ndi malamulo monga Bout Security Task Forces, Fusions , ndi Emergency Operations Centers . Mabungwe ameneŵa amatheketsa oyendetsa zinthu kukhala anzeru, ochirikiza zinthu, ndi ozindikira zinthu kumadera osiyanasiyana a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Texas Joint Bounes Security Active Micles Center ikulumis ku DPS, a Texas National Guard, CBP, ndi akuluakulu a boma, amalola olamulira kupanga zosankha mogwirizana panthaŵi ya kutuluka kwa boma. Njira zothandizira za ntchito za boma za kuchotsa boma, zoyendera kuchipatala, ndi kubwezeretsanso banja kumbuyo kwa kuletsa kusokonezedwa kwa mavuto.

Kugwirizana ndi Mabungwe Osakhala Andale

NGO zimapereka ukatswiri ndi chuma zimene mabungwe a boma sapeza. Magulu onga Red Cross amayang'anira malo osamalira anthu ambiri, Madokotala Opanda Borders amapereka chithandizo cha mankhwala kumadera akutali, ndi Council Lourage USA imapereka njira yalamulo. Malolal detalranda amvetsa (MHOUs) pakati pa mabungwe a boma ndi NGOs amandandalika mbali, mathero a malamulo, ndi chitetezo cha m'matupilo. Mapangano ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti pali chithandizo chopanda malire cha chithandizo kudzera m'njira ya kupyosanja. Bournland Crisis Continum , mgwirizano wa malamulo ndi NGOS ku El , ndi chitsanzo chimene chaperekedwa kumadera ena.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kupita Patsogolo

Pozindikira kufunika kwapadera kwa ntchito yothandiza anthu m’malire, mabungwe ambiri a boma apanga maprogramu ophunzitsa anthu mwapadera.

  • lamulo la anthu ndi malamulo a ufulu wa anthu - - kukwaniritsa Misonkhano ya Geneva, chitetezo, ndi kusakhalanso obwezera
  • Kufunsa mafunso-kufufuza – njira zofunsira opulumuka chiwawa popanda kutembenuzidwanso
  • Kupeza ndi chinenero – kumvetsetsa chiyambi cha anthu osamuka ndi kugwira ntchito ndi omasulira
  • Kupitira kuchipatala m'malo ovuta kwambiri -at personal permiss, kusamala ndi kutentha, ndi kulanditsa m’chipululu
  • Kudziŵikitsa anthu za kugulitsa – kudziŵikitsa zizindikiro za ntchito yokakamiza kapena kudyerera akazi

Bungwe la National Center for Consed & Exploitad Children ndi Dipatimenti ya Kusungidwa kwa Malo a Kumalo a Dziko la United States zimapereka maphunziro amene mabungwe a boma angawatengere.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kusintha

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma akugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono kuti athandize anthu. Ma apulogalamu a galimoto amalola akuluakulu a boma kupereka lipoti la mmene zinthu zilili ndi kupempha zinthu panthaŵi yeniyeni. Makompyuta ogwiritsa ntchito makamera otentha amathandiza kupeza anthu osoŵa m'madera akutali. Ngakhale kuti anthu akutsutsana, angathandize kugwirizanitsa mabanja awo ndi kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito mautumiki. Komabe, makompyuta ayenera kuperekedwa mosamala: nkhaŵa zachinsinsi ndi ngozi ya kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito makompyuta.

Malo Opangira Mafaelo ndi Malo Opereka Malipiro

Boma ndi maboma akumeneko achirikiza makampani ochirikiza ndalama zambiri amene amazindikira mtolo wa kuthandiza anthu amene ali nawo. Shelter ndi Services Program (SSP) yoperekedwa ndi FEMA imapereka ndalama ku mabungwe a boma ndi malo amene amapereka chithandizo cha chakudya kwa anthu osamukira kumene angofika kumene. Komabe ndalama zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri sizikwanira ndipo sizidalirika. Maboma ena apereka malamulo opanga ndalama zothandizira anthu, pamene ena apanga mgwirizano wapoyera kuti aphikire mipata. Njira yaitali ikufuna kugwirizanitsa kugaŵana kwa boma ndi ntchito zaudindo zothandiza anthu, limodzi ndi maapperropria ongo.

Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo ndi Kufunika kwa Njira Yolozera Ufulu

Kuchoka pa Kusinthana Kupita ku Kusintha kwa Anthu

M'mbiri, lamulo lamalire lagogomezera kusungidwa kwa anthu pa chithandizo. Komabe, pamene mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma akupitirizabe kuyang'anira mtengo wa mavuto a anthu, kusintha kwa paradigm kwachepa. Makampani amene amatsatira njira yozikidwa pa kuyenera kwa ] . . Ndilo limodzi lomwe limene limaika ulemu, chisungiko, ndi kuyenerera kwa lamulo kwa anthu onse, kuti apeze zotsatira zabwino kwa onse aŵiri osamukira kwina ndi otetezeka kwa anthu onse. Kutero kumafuna kulinganiza, malamulo a cohnector, ndi kudzipereka kulinganiza pogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu.

Ziyamikiro za Maboma ndi Atsogoleri a Maboma

  • [[MLT:0] Apereka lamulo la anthu [ – Malamulo a Boma ayenera kuvomereza ndi kusungitsa ntchito zaumoyo ndi kusungitsa lamulo, kulekanitsa ndi kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko.
  • Zitsanzo za kugwira ntchito kwa mfundo zogwirizana [[FL:1] – Federal ndi mabungwe a boma ayenera kusaina mapangano apadera amene amalongosola ntchito, zochititsa ntchito, ndi njira zoyendetsera.
  • Akutidwa ndi kusokonezeka maganizo – maofesala onse a kutsogolo ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuzindikira ndi kuchitapo kanthu ku kupsinjika maganizo, ndi ziwiya zapadera za anthu osoŵa chitetezo.
  • Insinsi ya chidziŵitso ndi kufufuza – Fund ponena za kupambana kwa njira zachitukuko ndi zotsatira za thanzi la anthu osamuka.
  • Kudziwitsa za mlandu wa anthu – kukhazikitsa makomiti auyang’aniro kapena makomiti ogwirizanitsa anthu kutsimikizira kuti ntchito za lamulo zimalemekeza zoyenera za anthu.

Chingelezi Chamakono

Mavuto a anthu pa malire saali okha ku United States. Mabungwe a malire a ku Ulaya, monga ngati Guardia Civil ndi Apolisi a Chigriki a ku Spain, amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ofananawo ku Mediterranean. A African Union ndi International Organization for Migration apanga maziko a kulamulira kwa malire omwe amaphatikizapo ufulu wa anthu. Kupenda kotsatira malamulo a boma la United States, makamaka ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito njira zopulumutsira anthu panthaŵi yosamukira ku Mediterranean, ndi njira zina zopimira kundende. Malingaliro apadziko lonse alimbikitsa mfundo yakuti kulabadira malire kwa anthu kuli ponse paŵiri thayo lalamulo ndi lothandiza.

Kumaliza

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma ali ofunika kwambiri m'maseŵera ovuta, kaŵirikaŵiri atsoka, a m'mabwalo a mavuto a anthu. Iwo amatumikira monga oyamba kuvomereza, odziŵa za anthu, otetezera, ndi ogwirizanitsa, pamene akugwira ntchito movutikira ndi malamulo. Kugwira ntchito kwawo mwachindunji kumayambukira miyoyo ya anthu zikwi makumi ambiri chaka chilichonse. Kupita patsogolo, kutsatsa malonda m'kugwirizanitsa, maphunziro a ufulu wa anthu, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu kudzalimbitsa mphamvu yawo ya kuvomereza ndi kukhutiritsa bwino lomwe. Opanga malamulo onse ayenera kuzindikira kuti chitetezo cha pamalire ndi kusoŵapo kanthu pa kuyenera kwa anthu. Mwakutsatira njira yokwanira, malamulo, malamulo angakwaniritse maimbidwe ake: kuteteza moyo ngakhale m’mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa malamulo a boma lolamulira pa malire, onani U.S. Zitsogozo ndi Chitetezo cha Boma. chuma chalamulo. ACLU] Kufufuza kwa ufulu ku malire [ kumapereka lingaliro la ufulu wa anthu. Chitsogozo cha ntchito chingapezeke kuchokera ku [[FLT:] United Nations Commissioner for Round . Zifanizo za boma zakuyaluza za tsatanetsatane mu zofalitsa za dziko pa malire otetezedwa. [FLD:]. [FLT]. [FM] Chomalizira, [MGUMT]