Pamene masoka achilengedwe achitika, kaya mphepo zamkuntho, moto wotentha, madzi osefukira, kapena zivomezi, funso la mwamsanga la anthu ambiri nlakuti: ndani amene ali ndi udindo? Yankho nlovuta. Ku United States, kuchitika kwa tsoka ndi kuyesayesa kochitidwa ndi boma, lililonse lokhala ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana amene ayenera kugwira ntchito pamodzi mopanikiza kwambiri. Kumvetsa zimenezi si maphunziro okha; kungathandize nzika, atsogoleri a chitaganya, ndi eni mabizinesi kuwongolera bwino kwambiri mavuto a mwadzidzidzi.

Masoka achilengedwe akuwonjezeka ponse paŵiri m'kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa. Malinga ndi National Oceanic ndi Atmospheric Administration , United States inakumana ndi matsoka a dzuŵa osiyana 28 biliyoni ndi nyengo ndi kuchepa kwa nyengo mu 2023 mokha, kuchuluka kwa mbiri. Zimenezi zikugogomezera kufunika kwa kuchitapo kanthu kwa boma pamlingo uliwonse. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene malo, boma, ndi maboma a dziko amasamalira masoka achilengedwe, mphamvu ndi zopimira, ndi mmene kudalirana kwawo kumathandizira kukonza bwino.

Boma Lakumaloko: Mzera Woyamba wa Kutetezera

Mphepo ya mkuntho ikagwa m’dera linalake, akuluakulu a boma ndi amene ayenera kuyambitsapo ntchito.

Mautumiki a Zamsanga ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse

Madipatimenti a moto akwawo, apolisi, ndi mautumiki a zachipatala (EMS) ndi oyamba kuyankha. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pansi pa mizinda kapena mabwana a zangozi a m'chigawo, amene amagwirizanitsa zofufuza zoyambirira, zachipatala, ndi kuthawa kwa anthu. Kutetezeka kwa anthu ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri: akuluakulu a boma a m'deralo amasankha kuti ndi kuti apereke malamulo oletsa kuthaŵa, amakhazikitsa malo obisalirako, ndi kutseka misewu kapena mabuloni amene amachititsa ngozi.

Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya moto wamoto wa 2023 Maui County, akuluakulu a Maui County anali ndi udindo wochenjeza anthu kuti athawe, kutumiza antchito ozimitsa moto, ndiponso kuyang’anira ntchito yobisa moto patangotha nthawi yochepa.

Kuyang’anira Zinthu ndi Kukonzekera kwa Anthu

Maboma a m’maderawo amayang'aniranso zinthu zimene zimathandiza kuti anthu akhale otetezeka: misewu, mabulogo, makompyuta, mapulogalamu a madzi, ndi nyumba za anthu. Ayenera kuyang'anira ndi kukonza zinthu zofunika kwambiri pambuyo pa tsoka ndi kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zofunikira zamagetsi zakonzedwa mwamsanga. Pambuyo pa kuyankha, mabungwe a m'deralo amapanga zokonzekera dala , kugaŵira mabogi operekera zinthu zamwadzidzidzi, ndi kuyendetsa makampani a maphunziro a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri m’mphepete mwa nyanja amakonzekera malo ophunzitsira anthu kuti ateteze nyumba zawo ndi kupanga makonzedwe a zamwayi.

Maboma a m’dzikolo alinso ndi udindo wokonza ndi kukonzanso njira zawo zothetsera ngozi, zimene zimadziŵikitsa ngozi ndi njira zochepetsera ngozi.

Boma Ladziko: Kugwirizanitsa ndi Kuchepetsa Chuma

Ngati tsoka lakula kuposa mphamvu ya boma, boma likhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo. Maboma amatumikira monga mlatho pakati pa anthu othandizira a m'dzikolo ndi ziwiya za boma, kukonza njira zothandizira anthu, antchito, zipangizo, ndi ndalama.

Kusamalira Zamsanga kwa Boma Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Chuma

Boma lililonse lili ndi bungwe loyang'anira zangozi (kaŵirikaŵiri lotchedwa State Emergency Management Agency or Office of Emergency Services) limene limayang'anira kukonzekera tsoka, kuyankha, ndi kuchira m'dziko lonselo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amasunga miyulu ya zinthu zofunikira, kugwirizanitsa kutumizidwa kwa asilikali a National Guard, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zangozi za boma panthaŵi ya tsoka.

Pamene chuma chakumaloko chatha, boma lingapereke antchito owonjezereka, zipangizo, ndi chithandizo cha ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa 2018 Camp Fire ku California, Ofesi ya California ya Emergency Service (Cal OES) inagwirizanitsa kuperekedwa kwa zikwi za ozimitsa moto, apolisi, ndi ziŵiya za zotetezera kuchokera ku dzikolo. Iwo anakhozanso kupempha thandizo kuchokera ku maiko ena, kutsimikizira kuti gulu la ozimitsa moto la ku Oregon, Washington, ndi Arizona agwirizane mwamsanga ndi nkhondoyo.

Kuyang’anira Umoyo wa Onse ndi Kugwirizanitsa

Maboma amayang’aniranso ngozi zaumoyo wa anthu pakagwa masoka, amaonetsetsa kuti matenda akuchitika, amaonetsetsa kuti madzi akumwa akutetezeka, ndiponso amasamalira anthu amene athawa kwawo.

Kugwirizanitsa dziko ndi ntchito ina yofunika kwambiri. Emergency Management Alternation (EMAC) ndi pangano lothandizana pakati pa maboma onse 50, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, ndi Virgin Islands ya U.S. pamene boma lifuna zinthu zowonjezereka . Zonga ngati kufufuza ndi kutumiza zinthu, tiachipatala, kapena zipangizo zolemera . Dongosolo limeneli linagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa nthaŵi ya mphepo ya Katrina ndi posachedwapa mu 2022.

Boma Lothandiza: Malo Osungira Zinthu Zachilengedwe ndi Malo Othandiza

Ntchito ya boma ndiyo kupereka chichirikizo pamene tsoka lagonjetsa boma ndi maluso a kumaloko. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ndi bungwe lotsogolera la boma kaamba ka chivomerezo cha tsoka ndi kuchira, koma madipatimenti ena [1] kuphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya Defense, Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Utumiki wa Anthu, ndi Army Corps of Enginers .

FEMA ndi Ntchito Yosasintha ya Dziko Lonse

FEMA imagwirizanitsa zoyesayesa za kuyankha za boma kupyolera mwa Responseal Framework , imene imalongosola mmene mabungwe a boma amagwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi maulamuliro, malo, mafuko, ndi malo. Pamene tsoka lilengezedwa kukhala vuto la boma ndi Pulezidenti, FEMA ingapereke chuma chonga nyumba za kanthaŵi, chakudya ndi zopereka za madzi, timu za mankhwala, ndi chithandizo cha ndalama.

FEMA imatsogoleranso programu ya Munthu Mthandizo, imene imapatsa eninyumba ndi obwereka ndalama kaamba ka kutaikiridwa kotsimikizirika, ndi programu ya Public help, imene imathandizira boma ndi maboma a kumaloko kumanganso nyumba zowonongeka. M'chaka cha 2023, FEMA inapereka ndalama zoposa $15 biliyoni m’kupereka chithandizo chatsoka.

Makonzedwe a Kuthandiza ndi Kuphunzitsa

Pambuyo pa kuyankha kwa tsoka lachindunji, boma la boma limapereka ndalama ndi ngongole kuthandiza anthu kukonzekera ndi kuchira ku masoka. Malo a Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) amene amachepetsa ngozi zamtsogolo, monga kukweza nyumba m'madera osefukira kapena kuwonjezera zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Small Business Administration (SA) imapereka ngongole za ngozi zochepera kwa makampani, eninyumba, ndi obwereka malo.

FEMA imagwiritsanso ntchito bungwe la Emergency Management Institute (EMI), limene limalangiza akatswiri a za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu pangozi m’madera onse a boma.

Kuthandizana Pakati pa Boma

Ngati gulu la anthu a m’deralo, boma, ndi boma la boma likugwira ntchito bwino, ndalama zimapita kumene kuli kofunika kwambiri.

Kuphunzitsa Anthu Ogwirizana ndi Lamulo Logwirizana

Njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yothandizira ndi yophunzitsa pamodzi. Makampani onse amatenga nawo mbali m’kuyeseza zochitika zenizeni za tsoka, kuyambira pa zivomezi mpaka miliri. Othandiza olankhulana ndi anzawo, kuyesa njira zolankhulirana, ndi kudziŵa malo amene alinganiza tsoka lenileni lisanachitike.

Pachochitika chenicheni, kakonzedwe ka lamulo kogwirizana kamagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupangira zosankha. Pansi pa National Incident Management System (NIMS), oimira ochokera ku maulamuliro onse oyambukiridwa ndi mabungwe amagwira ntchito pamodzi pa malo amodzi a lamulo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti aliyense azichita ndi zinthu zofunika ndi chidziŵitso chimodzimodzi, kuchepetsa kusokonezeka ndi kufanana kwa ntchito.

Kugaŵana Chidziŵitso ndi Kusankha Zochita za Chidziŵitso

Kugaŵana chidziŵitso ndi mbali ina yofunika kwambiri. Mabungwe akwawo amasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha panthaka ponena za kuwonongeka ndi zosoŵa, zimene kenaka zimagawidwa pa mlingo wa boma ndi boma kuti adziŵitse zinthu zoikizidwa. Zida zamakono monga GIS mapu, masamu a satellite, ndi kuyang'anira pulogalamu yamakono ya za chikhalidwe zimathandiza kupanga chithunzi chofanana.

Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya chigumula cha 2022 ku Kentucky, mabwana a zangozi akumeneko anagwiritsa ntchito malo osungirako zinthu ndi malipoti a pansi pojambula malo osefukira, pamene mabungwe a boma ndi a boma anagwiritsira ntchito mfundozo kukonzanso ntchito zopulumutsa ndi kutumiza nyumba za kanthaŵi. Mtundu umenewu wa njira zopimira ndi kutsimikizira kuti chithandizocho chikufikira anthu amene akuchifuna kwambiri.

Kugwirizana ndi Anthu ndi Kuyenerana

Milingo yonse ya boma iyeneranso kugwirizana ndi anthu oyambukiridwa kuti amvetsetse zosoŵa zawo zenizeni . Makamaka anthu osungidwa m'zaka za m'mbuyomu amene angayang'anizane ndi zopinga zina zowonjezereka pa masoka. Kupezeka kwa chilankhulo, malo opumira, ndi kulankhulana kwa chikhalidwe nzofunika kuti anthu ayankhidwe mosalakwika. Makonzedwe atsopano a FEMA amagogomezera kulinganiza kwabwino monga lamulo lalikulu, ndipo mabungwe ambiri a boma ndi mabungwe a kumaloko akumanga mabungwe othandizira kutsimikizira kuti mawu osiyanasiyana akumvedwa.

Kufufuza za Makhoti: Kulabadira kwa Boma Kuchitidwa

Masoka enieni a dziko amapereka maphunziro amphamvu ponena za ntchito ndi zimene zimafunikira kuwongoleredwa m’kulandira kwa boma.

Mphepo ya Katrina (2005): Kulephera Kugwirizana

Mphepo ya Katrina imatchedwa kuti ndi nthano ya zimene zimachitika boma likayamba kugwira ntchito.

Kufufuza koopsa kutatha kunasonyeza kulephera kwakukulu pamlingo uliwonse: kulephera kuthawa kwa akuluakulu a boma, kusakonzekera kwa boma, ndi kuchedwetsa kugwiritsa ntchito chuma cha boma. Tsokalo linayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo kudutsa kwa Post-Katrina Emergency Managementment Act ya 2006, yomwe inalimbitsa ulamuliro wa FEMA ndi kuwongolera njira za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.

Ku California moto wa m’matope (2088): Kugwirizana kwa Boma ndi Boma

M'chaka cha 2018, mzinda wa Paradaiso umene unawonongedwa ndi kupha anthu 85, unasonyeza mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa boma ndi boma. Cal OES mwamsanga anasonkhanitsa zikwi za ozimitsa moto ndi akuluakulu a boma, pamene FEMA inapereka chithandizo cha ndalama ndi nyumba za kanthaŵi kwa opulumuka. Kuyankha kunatamandidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha liŵiro lake, komanso tsokalo linagogomezeranso nkhani zanthaŵi yaitali zokhudza kuteteza malo ndi kuyang'anira malo kumene kumafuna boma, boma, ndi kugwirizana ndi malo.

COVID-19 Pandemic (20-2021): Kufuna kuchiritsa kwa anthu ambiri

Mliri wa Chovid-19 sunali wachilengedwe, koma unayesa chivomerezo cha boma pamlingo uliwonse m’njira zosadziŵika. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko anali ndi thayo la kupima, kujambula, ndi kugaŵira katemera. Maboma anakhazikitsa malo osungirako, kuyang'anira chipatala, ndi kugwirizanitsa kupezera zipangizo zodzitetezera. Boma la boma, kupyolera mwa CDC ndi NIH, linapereka chitsogozo, kupereka ndalama, ndi kuchirikiza katemera.

Mliriwu unavumbula kusiyana kwakukulu kwa njira zothandizira anthu ku thanzi ndiponso mgwirizano wa boma, komanso unawonjezera zinthu zina monga masitediyamu a telemedicine ndi makompyuta olemba zinthu zimene zidzathandiza kuti tsoka lichitike m’tsogolo.

Kukonzekera Masoka Am’tsogolo

Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukuchitika kwambiri ndipo nthaŵi zambiri kumachitika masoka achilengedwe, maboma osiyanasiyana ayenera kukonzekera ndi kuvomereza njira zawo.

Kuika Malonda Pantchito Yosintha Zinthu

Kulimbitsa maziko olimbana ndi masoka kumachepetsa kuwonongeka ndi kuchira mofulumira. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukweza misewu ndi nyumba m'madera osefukira madzi, kulimbikitsa mphamvu zothetsera moto wa magetsi, ndi kutumiza sukulu ndi zipatala kuti zipirire zivomezi. [[FLT: 0] FMA Building Refrastructive and Restallicture and Community (BRIC] programu ya boma yopereka ndalama zothandizira ntchito zimenezi, ndipo malamulo ayenera kukhazikitsa njira zothandizira kufotokoza mavuto aakulu kwambiri.

Kufutukula Maphunziro a M’chitaganya ndi Maprogramu Okonzekera

Maboma ayenera kukonzekeretsa anthu ndi mabanja awo m’mikupiti yophunzitsa anthu kuti azitha kumanga mabogi a zamwadzidzidzi, kukonza njira zolankhulirana ndi banja, ndiponso kumvetsa njira zopulumukira. Maprogramu monga a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) odzifunira kuthandiza akatswiri opereka chithandizo pa nthawi ya masoka, kuwonjezera mphamvu za anthu a m’deralo ndi kulimbikitsa khalidwe la kufuna kuthawa.

Kudziŵa za Kutha kwa Dongosolo ndi Luso la Zamakono

Kufufuza zinthu zowonjezera, nzeru zopeka, ndi zipangizo zoyendera nthaŵi yeniyeni zingawongolere mbali iliyonse ya kuyang'anira tsoka. Kuyerekezera kunganeneretu njira ndi malo osefukira, kulola kuthaŵa koyamba. Kuyang'anira chikhalidwe cha anthu kungathandize akuluakulu a boma kuzindikira zosoŵa zimene zikubuka ndi zolakwika. Kupanga mabizinesi ameneŵa kudzakhala ndi phindu lalikulu mofulumira, ndiponso logwira mtima kwambiri.

Limbikitsani Ubwenzi Wogwirizana

Kugwirizana sikungayambike panthaŵi ya mavuto. Maboma ayenera kupanga mayanjano mwa mapangano a chithandizo, mapulogalamu ophunzitsana, ndi mapulatifomu a kukambitsirana. Kuphunzitsa kwanthaŵi zonse kwapathengo kumene kumaphatikizapo malo akwanuko, boma, ndi boma, komanso mabungwe aumwini ndi mabungwe osapanga phindu.

Kumaliza

Masoka achilengedwe sapita, koma njira imene maboma amachitira ndi ingachititse kusiyana pakati pa chitaganya chimene chimachira mwamsanga ndi chimene chimalimbana kwa zaka. Maboma a kumaloko amapereka yankho lapanthaŵi yomweyo, panthano yapansi imene imapulumutsa miyoyo. Maboma amawonjezera chuma ndi kugwirizana ndi mayiko. Boma limapereka chichirikizo chachikulu ndi ndalama pamene mphamvu za boma ndi za boma za kumaloko zikugonjetsedwa. Ngati zimenezi zimagwira ntchito pamodzi bwino lomwe, mwalamulo logwirizana, chidziŵitso, ndi pangano la mudzi.

Kwa nzika, kuzindikira mbali zimenezi ndi chinthu choyamba chimene chingathandize kuti zikhale ndi chidziŵitso ndiponso kuti zikhale zokonzeka kuyankha tsoka. Kudziwa bungwe limene angapezere ndalama, mmene angapezere zinthu, ndiponso zimene angayembekezere pakagwa tsoka lililonse kungachepetse nkhawa ndi kuwongolera zinthu.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri za mmene mungakonzekere kukumana ndi masoka achilengedwe, chezerani Kuŵerenga.gov [1] ndi .FLT .FM .FM .