Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Kumvetsa Makonzedwe a Malamulo N’kofunika

Zokumana nazo zochepa nzowopsa monga ngati kuloŵa m'bwalo lamilandu popanda kuzindikira bwino zimene zidzachitika. Kaya muli wophunzira wophunzira za boma, mphunzitsi wokonzekera phunziro, kapena munthu amene amangofuna kukhala nzika yodziŵa, kumvetsetsa maziko a makhoti ndi milandu n’zofunika. Malamulo amalamulira zonse kuyambira pa kuswa malamulo kupita ku ku kuphatikizana kwa makampani, ndipo njira zake zimasankha mmene chilungamo chimatumikidwira.

Malo a Malamulo

Nthambi za Boma ndi Mbali ya Makhoti

Malamulo samakhala opanda kanthu. M'maiko ambiri a demokalase, mphamvu zimagawidwa pakati pa nthambi zitatu: nthambi ya malamulo (imene imapanga malamulo), nthambi ya akulu (imene imakhazikitsa malamulo), ndi nthambi yachiweruzo (imene imamasulira malamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano). Makhoti ndiwo mabungwe aakulu a nthambi yachiweruzo. Amasankha ngati lamulo laswedwa, kaya pangano liyenera kusungidwa, ndi kaya munthu ayenera kulipira chilango kapena kulangidwa ndi apandu.

Magwero a Chilamulo

Kuti mumvetse bwino malamulo a makhoti, choyamba muyenera kudziwa kumene malamulo amachokera.

  • Chilamulo cha Qualituni [1] – lamulo lalikulu la dziko, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la boma ndi kutetezera zoyenera zazikulu.
  • Chilamulo cha aphunzitsi – Malamulo operekedwa ndi malamulo (m., Congress, malumbiro a boma).
  • [[NT.0] Lamulo la lamulo – Malamulo opangidwa ndi mabungwe a boma (m’jere, EPA, SEC) pansi pa ulamuliro woperekedwa ndi malamulo.
  • Lamulo la Chikommon [[FLT :1] – Woweruzajijijiyo wozikidwa pa chitsanzo (zigamulo za khoti). Izi nzofunika kwambiri mu United States ndi maiko ena okhala ndi mwambo wa Anglo - American.

Kugwirizana kwa malamulo ndi malamulo wamba kungakhale kovuta, n’chifukwa chake akatswiri a zamalamulo amaphunzira kwa zaka zambiri mmene angawafotokozere.

Mabwalo Amilandu Onyenga

Makhoti amapangidwa m’mabwalo a milandu ngati mapiramidi [1] Milandu kaŵirikaŵiri imayamba pamlingo waung’ono ndipo ingapimidwe ku mlingo wapamwamba.

Makhoti Ozenga Milandu

Makhoti a milandu ndi malo oloŵerapo. Makhoti ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa makhoti a milandu, ndi kupenda mboni, ndi kupereka chigamulo. Makhoti a boma, ali ndi makhoti 94 a boma. Makhoti ozenga milandu amasiyana kwambiri m'dzina ndi m’manja koma amatumikira chifuno chimodzi.

Makhoti Ozenga Ululu

Si anthu onse amene alephera amazengedwanso mlandu. M’malo mwake, angapereke chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandulo ku khoti lapakati. Makhoti ameneŵa samva umboni watsopano; iwo amapenda mbiri yozenga mlandu kuti aone ngati zolakwa zalamulo zapangidwa. Angachirikize chigamulo choyambirira, kuchotsa, kapena kutumiza mlanduwo ku mlandu watsopano. M'makhoti a boma, makhoti a a a audola amatchedwa [[FLT: 0] makhoti a apilo a apilo.

Makhoti Apamwamba

Khoti lalikulu koposa m'boma limatchedwa kuti Bwalo Lapamwamba. Ku United States, Khoti Lapamwamba la United States limakhala pamwamba pa dongosolo la boma. Maboma ambiri alinso ndi khoti lalikulu la boma (nthaŵi zina lotchedwa khoti lopezerapo njira yomalizira). Makhoti ameneŵa amamva kokha mbali yochepa ya milandu imene ikupereka kwa iwo, makamaka ija imakhudza mafunso ofunika a lamulo kapena kumene makhoti apereka zigamulo zotsutsana.

Makhoti Apadera

Kuwonjezera pa akuluakulu a boma, mabwalo ambiri a boma akonza njira yosamalirira bwino milandu ina. Zitsanzo zake ndi izi:

  • [[FL:0] Makhoti a m’mabanja – chisudzulo, kusunga ana, ndi kulera ana.
  • Makhoti a Bankrupt – makhoti a Federal amene amasamalira kukonzanso ndi kuchotsa ngongole.
  • Makhoti a matalente – milandu yaing'ono ya pamsewu.
  • Khoti la Tax [[FLT :1] – Kutsutsa ndi akuluakulu a msonkho.
  • khoti la mankhwala [[FLT ] – Chiŵeruzo chosagwiritsidwa ntchito m’malo mwa opalamula opanda chiwawa a anamgoneka, chinasumika pa kuchiritsa mmalo mwa chilango.

Makhoti apadera ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi njira zina zamwamwaŵi, koma malamulo a mkhalidwe oyenera akugwirabe ntchito.

Oseŵera Otchuka m’Khoti

Anthu ambiri amene amayesedwa amakhala ndi udindo wosiyanasiyana.

  • Woweruza - Woweruza pa nkhani, malamulo otsutsa, amalangiza oweruza, ndi (pazengero lapa benchi) amagamula chigamulo. Woweruza ndiye wosunga lamulo ndipo ayenera kukhala wopanda tsankho.
  • Jury [FLT :1] – Kagulu ka nzika (monga ngati 6 mpaka 12 m'milandu yaupandu) amene akumva umboni ndi kupereka chigamulo. M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, milandu ingagamule mlandu ndi kuwonongeka.
  • Mtolankhani (m’milandu yaupandu) – Loya woimira boma, wokhala ndi thayo la kutsimikizira liwongo la woimbidwa mlanduyo mosakaikira kwenikweni.
  • Loya wa khosi – imaimira woimbidwa mlandu, kutetezera ufulu wawo ndi kutsutsa mlandu wa boma. Woimbidwa mlandu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa kuimira lamulo; ngati sangathe kugula, khoti liyenera kukhazikitsa wotetezera anthu onse.
  • Loya wa Plaintiff (m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni) – imaimira gulu lobweretsa mlandu, kufunafuna chiwonjezero kapena lamulo.
  • Uphungu wa CD (chivol) [[FL:1] – imaimira chipani chikuzengedwa mlandu.
  • [[FULT:0] Mtolankhani wa khoti --aike mawu a mawu amodzi a chilichonse chimene chikanenedwa m’khoti.
  • Bailiff [[FLT :1] – Amasunga dongosolo, Oimbidwa mlandu, ndi kuyang'anira juli.

Milandu ya Apandu: Njira Ziŵiri Zosiyana

Kusiyana kwakukulu kokhudza malamulo ndi kusiyana pakati pa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi milandu ya apandu.

Milandu ya Apandu

M’nkhani yaupandu, boma limaimba mlandu munthu (woimbidwa mlandu) wa kuswa lamulo. Woweruzayo ayenera kutsimikizira liwongo kupyola chikaikiro chomveka , muyezo wapamwamba koposa wa umboni m'dongosolo la zamalamulo. Ngati woimbidwa mlandu wapezeka ndi mlandu, chilango chingaphatikizepo kulipira, kuikidwa m’ndende, kapena ngakhale chilango cha imfa m'zigawo zina. Zitsanzo: kuba, kupha, kupha, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Milandu ya Chiŵeniŵeni

Milandu yachiŵeni imaphatikizapo mikangano pakati pa zipani za anthu (anthu wamba, mabizinesi, kapena mabungwe). Chipani chobweretsa mlandu (wopatula) chimafunafuna chiwombolo cha ndalama kapena lamulo lofuna kuti chipani china chichite kapena kuleka kuchita kanthu kena. Mtolo wa chitsimikizo ngwochepa: kuyang'anitsitsa umboni , kutanthauza kuti uli wothekera kwambiri kuposa kuti woimbidwa mlandu ali woyenerera. Zitsanzo: kuswa pangano, kuvulazidwa kwaumwini, chisudzulo, kutsutsana kwa chuma, kutsutsana kwa katundu.

Zochita zina, monga ngozi yoyendetsa galimoto yoledzera, zingatsogolere ku milandu yaupandu iŵiri (kudzera m’boma) ndi mlandu wa boma (wovulazidwayo). Zotsatira zake zimakhala zaufulu; mlanduwo ungaphedwe mwa kukhululukidwa pamene mlanduwo ukupezekabe kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali wolakwa.

Sitepe 76by 76: Kuyesedwa kwa Anthu

Kumvetsa mbali ya mlandu kumachotsa chinsinsi ndi nkhaŵa zambiri.

1. Kupitiriza Kuzenga

Kale kwambiri asanatsegule mawu, maloya amatulukira, kutsata, ndi kutsata. Malamulo angawonjezenso umboni wachidule pakati pa magulu. Malamulo angaperekenso malingaliro ochotsapo (kugamula mlanduwo kulibe maziko alamulo) kapena kugamula kwachidule kwa chiweruzo [ (kupanda mfundo zotsutsana, kotero kuti woweruzayo angalamulire popanda kuzenga mlandu). Nkhani zambiri zimathetsedwa mkati mwa mbali imeneyi kapena kuchonderera.

Kusankha Zochita za Jury (Kukonda Kudya Moŵa)

Ngati mlanduwo upita ku mlandu wa oweruza, sitepe loyamba ndi kusankha komiti yaupoti. Ntchitoyo imatchedwa kuopsa [1] (kuchokera ku Chifulenchi kaamba ka “kulankhula choonadi”). Attorney kwa mbali zonse ziŵiri zokayikira kuti zikhoza kuvumbula tsankho limene lingakhudze tsankho lawo. Mbali iliyonse ingagwiritse ntchito nambala yochepa ya kuchotsa mavuto kuletsa popanda kupereka chifukwa, ndi chiŵerengero chosaŵerengeka cha [[FLT:]. (g.

Mawu Otsegulira

Mlandu wa mlandu kapena wa apolisi umayamba kaye, ndipo mawu ameneŵa saali umboni; ndi mapu a misewu kuthandiza oweruzawo kumvetsetsa umboni umene ukubwerawo.

4. Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Mulungu Ndi Woona

Imeneyi ndi mtima wa mlandu. Mbali yokhala ndi mtolo wa umboni (kuzunza kapena kutsutsa) imapereka mlandu wake choyamba. Mboni zimaitanidwa ndi kufufuzidwa. Umboni uliwonse umakhala ndi mayeso aukali kwa [ (ku] ndi gulu limene linazitcha zimenezi), kenaka [[FLT:] compast [ku] compasting [ku] (kugwirizana ndi gulu lotsutsa), ndipo nthaŵi zina [FLT:] kugamula [FLT] ndi [FLT] [FLT] [[FLT]]. Umboni woonekera monga zolembedwa, zithunzi, ndi zida, ndi kusonyezedwa monga malamulo. Woweruza.

Nkhani Zomaliza

Mabwalo onse aŵiri atapuma, loya aliyense akupereka chigomeko chomaliza akumapeka umboni ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake oweruza ayenera kulamulira mowayanja.

6. Malangizo ndi Malonjezo Ongofuna Kuwalemba

Woweruza amaŵerenga [[FLT: 0] malangizo achinsinsi , kulongosola lamulo logwira ntchito ndi muyezo wa chitsimikizo wa oweruza ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito. Oweruza amapatula ntchito m'chipinda chogamula mlanduwo kuti akambirane mwamseri. Ayenera kufikira chigamulo chimodzi m’milandu yaupandu (m’maboma ambiri) ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni (kuphatikizapo ena amalola zigamulo zambiri). Ngati ajuli savomereza, kuweruza kolakwika kumalengezedwa, ndipo mlanduwo ungabwezedwenso.

Kuweruza ndi Kutsatira Makalata a Pambuyo pa Kubadwa kwa Mwana

Oweruza amabwerera ku khoti ndi kulengeza chigamulo chawo. Mlandu waupandu, chigamulo cha “wopanda liwongo” chimatanthauza kukhululukidwa; “kulakwa” kumatsogolera kuweruza pa mlandu wa pambuyo pake. M’nkhani yachiŵeruzi, ajuli angapereke chiwombolo kapena kusapeza chowawitsa. Pambuyo pa chigamulocho, chigamulocho chingapereke mlandu watsopano.

Kupempha: Ufulu Wotsutsa

Pa nthawi zambiri, munthu amene walepherayo amakhala ndi ufulu wochita apilo, koma kuchonderera si kwachiwiri. Kupempho kumangonena kuti pa mlanduwo panachitika zolakwa. Munthuyu (wosangalatsa) amajambula mwachidule zimene zinalakwika. Khoti lina la ku khoti la Appellate likhoza kuyankha.

  • Kutsimikizira (chigwirizano) chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu.
  • Kubwerera kumbuyo (kusintha) chosankha.
  • Remand (kubweza mlandu kumbuyo) kaamba ka kuzenga mlandu kwatsopano kapena zochitika zowonjezereka.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kusintha chigamulo (m.g., kuchepetsa zowonongeka).

Makhoti opereka milandu samamva kaŵirikaŵiri milandu ya pakamwa pa mlandu uliwonse; ambiri amagamulidwa kokha pachidule cholembedwa. Khoti Lalikulu la United States, mwachitsanzo, limapatsa cortiori [1] (mayeso oti amve) pafupifupi 1% ya mapempho amene amalandira.

Mawu Ofunika a Malamulo

Kudziŵa bwino mawu ofunika kwambiri kumathandiza kuti zikalata zalamulo ndi milandu ya khoti zikhale zosavuta kuipeza.

  • [[FULT:0] Plaintiff – Chipani chimene chimayambitsa mlandu wa boma.
  • [[FULT:0] Defant [[FLT :1] – Chipani chikuimbidwa mlandu kapena kuimbidwa mlandu wa upandu.
  • Complant – Ndi mawu olembedwa amene amayamba kuweruza mlandu wa boma, kufotokoza zonena za woweruza.
  • Kuzenga mlandu – A mlandu walamulo woperekedwa ndi ajuli aakulu, wogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri pa milandu yaikulu.
  • Subpoena[[FLT :1] – Lamulo la khoti lofuna munthu kuwonekera ndi kupereka umboni kapena kupanga zikalata.
  • Dict – Chigamulo chofikiridwa ndi ajuli kapena woweruza pambuyo pa kuzenga mlandu.
  • Kuzenga [[FLT :1] – Khoti lomaliza logamula mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo chithandizo choperekedwa (ndalama, lamulo, ndi zina zotero).
  • [[FULT:0] Appal [[FLT :1] – Kupempha ku khoti lapamwamba kupenda zotsatira za mlandu.
  • Kuwonjezera chikaikiro choyenera + Muyezo wa umboni m'milandu yaupandu (yapamwamba kwambiri).
  • Kulingalira za umboni – Muyezo m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni (kuthekera koposa 50%).
  • Chochitika [1] – chitsutso chalamulo chotsutsa funso, mbali ya umboni, kapena njira.
  • Ogwirizana ndi chitsutso.
  • Kulamulira [[FLT :1] – Woweruza savomereza nalola funso kapena umboni.

Mmene Mungaphunzirire Zambiri: Ophunzira ndi Aphunzitsi Abwino

Kumanga luso lodziwa kulemba ndi kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga.

Mapeto ake: Kupatsidwa Mphamvu Mwachidziŵitso

Malamulo ndi malamulo ambirimbiri, ntchito, ndi zochitika, koma n’zosamveka. Mwa kuphunzira kapangidwe ka makhoti, masitepe a mlandu, ndi mawu ofunika, aliyense angafike pa nkhani za malamulo modalirana kwambiri. Ngati mukuphunzira zamalamulo, kukonzekera maphunziro m’kalasi, kapena kungofuna kumvetsetsa nkhani ya nkhani za m'nkhani zapamwamba, chidziŵitso cha mtsogoleri ameneyu chimapereka maziko olimba. Kumbukirani kuti malamulo amasiyana ndi mphamvu, ndipo pamene muyang'anizana ndi nkhani yeniyeni yalamulo, kufunsira loya lailo nthaŵi zonse ndi njira yanzeru. Koma kumvetsetsa kwa maziko kwa [FLT:] makhoti akugwira ntchito [FLD:1] ndi [FLD] m'po amachitika mkati mwa chiyeso [FFFF:]