Chiyambi: Chiwopsezo cha Kulamulira Unduna Wachidemokrase

Pankhani zapamwamba za ndale zadziko zamakono, pali chida chimene chimawoneka ngati chiŵiya chofufuzira. Kufufuza kwa makampani kwalinganizidwira kusasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso koma kuloŵetsamo chidziŵitso chachiphamaso mwachindunji kwa voti ̱ maganizo pansi pa chikuto cha kufufuza kwa malingaliro. Ngakhale kuti agwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kukhoza kwawo kuwononga malamulo a democracy ndi madongosolo a zandale ndi ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri. M'nyengo ya kusonkhanitsa ndi kutsendereza, kupotoza kochenjera kwa kutsendereza mavoti, kunyozetsa nkhani yapo poyera, kuipitsa, ndi kuipitsa bwino kugwirizana kwa democracy . Kumvetsetsa njira imeneyi, zotsatira zake, ndi machiritso ake, ndi machiritso ofunika kwa aliyense amene aikidwa kusunga umphumphu.

Kuyang'ana koyambirira, kufunsira kokakamiza kungaoneke ngati kuyang'ana foni kapena kufufuza kwa pa Intaneti. Munthu amafunsidwa mafunso osiyanasiyana okhudza munthu wobatizidwa. Komabe, mafunsowa ali ndi malo onyenga kapena osocheretsa, amene amaonekera ngati auchete wa sayansi. Cholinga chenicheni si kuyesa anthu koma kuyendetsa malo oyenera. Kunyenga kumeneku kumakhudza mtima weniweni wa democracy, umene umadalira pa kupanga mavoti odziwa, kusankha okha. Nkhaniyi imafufuza zimene zimawachititsa kupotopetsa, mmene amatsutsira malamulo a demokalase, zotsatira zoopsa za ntchito yawo yosayang'aniridwa, ndi njira za konkiritsira zimene tingatsatire kuti titeteze dongosolo lathu la ndale.

Kufotokoza Zopotoza Zosonkhezera: Mmbulu m’Nkhosa ’

Kuti amvetse ngozi yokakamiza kufufuza, munthu ayenera choyamba kuwasiyanitsa ndi kusanthula kwa malingaliro. Kufufuza kotsimikizirika kwapangidwa kupima maganizo a anthu ndi kuvuta kwa sayansi. Amagwiritsira ntchito mawu osaloŵerera, zitsanzo zongopeka, ndi njira zoonekera bwino zopangira chidziŵitso chodalirika cha makampani, atolankhani, ndi ofufuza kugwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa masanthula. Chonulirapo ndicho kupima , osati kukopa . Mosiyana ndi, kukakamiza kusanthula kuli ziŵitso zobisira zobisika ngati kufufuza. Mawuwo anatchulidwa ndi wasayansi ndi wofufuza Albert Cantil, amene anawafotokoza kukhala “mawonetsadi kuti“ [machenjera].

Zomwe Zimachitika Ngati Pali Popotopoto

  • Kufunsa mafunso ndi odzala: Mmalo mwa “Kodi mungavote yani?” Kufufuza kokakamiza kungafunse kuti, “Kodi mungachirikizebe X ngati mukudziŵa kuti adaikidwa kaamba ka kuthaŵa msonkho?” (ngakhale ngati palibe kusindikiza koteroko).
  • Kuchotsa chidziŵitso choipa kapena chonyenga: Maziko a kufunsira ndiko kuyambitsa mawu owononga. Funso lenilenilo limafalitsa mphekesera, mosasamala kanthu za kutsimikizirika kwake.
  • Palibe zolembedwa zenizeni: [[FLT :1] Kaŵirikaŵiri, kuitanirako nkwachidule kwambiri [1] Funso limodzi kapena aŵiri . Ndipo mayankho ake salembedwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa cholinga cha kupha. Woitanayo sangafune ngakhale kudziŵa za anthu.
  • Volyumu yapamwamba, utali wachidule: Kufufuza kwa mavoti kumachitidwa mwachangu kudzaza omvetsera oikidwiratu, kaŵirikaŵiri madzulo a chisankho, pamene kulibe nthaŵi yakufufuza zenizeni kapena kuyankha.

Zitsanzo Zakale

Kufufuza kokakamiza sikuli kwachilendo. Mu 2000 Republican pulezidenti primerial primries, kufufuza kokakamiza ku South Carolina kunafunsa ofufuza ngati angachirikize John McCaine ngati adadziŵa kuti iye anali ndi mwana wakuda wa magehe . Zopekazo zinayambitsa kukayikira kumene kunapangitsa McCaine ’ kutaikiridwa m'bomalo. Momwemonso, mu 2016 Democratic, kukakamiza kufufuza m'maboma angapo zinapereka lingaliro lakuti Bernie Sanders sanapereke msonkho kapena kuti Hillary Klux Klan adagwirizana ndi Ku Klux Klan. Njira zimenezi zimatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe ofufuza mayeruzi, koma zimapitirizabe chifukwa chakuti akugwira ntchito.

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zotchuka kwambiri chinachitika mu 2012, panachitika msonkhano wokhudza anthu ambirimbiri osankhidwa ndi boma la Republican. Pa kafukufuku wina, anapeza funso lakuti: “Mutadziwa kuti munthu wina wa ku Russia anaimba mlandu Sudhene kuti akuvutitsa anthu pogonana ndi munthu amene kale anali wantchito ndipo wangokhala kunja kwa khoti, kodi mungakhale wovuta kwambiri kumuvotera?

Mmene Kupotoza Mavudzi Kumakhudzira Makhalidwe a Anthu Olamulira

Demokalase imadalira malamulo osalembedwa: kulemekeza choonadi, mpikisano wabwino, kudzisankhira zochita, ndi kukhulupirira masankho.

Kufalitsa Mawu Olakwika Pansi pa Kasupe

Misinformation ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu ku demokrase, ndipo kufunsira kokakamiza kuli njira yoperekera mochenjera kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi kuukira koonekeratu, kumene kungatsutsidwe m'kutsutsana kapena kuyang'aniridwa ndi ofalitsa nkhani, kufufuza kosonkhezera kumafalitsa mabodza mu kugwirizana komwe popanda kulembedwa ndi anthu. Wovotayo amamva “vuto lachisawawa" limene limafuna kuchititsa manyazi, ndipo chifukwa chakuti limaperekedwa monga kufunsa kosatenga mbali, kunena kwake kumapeza kudalirika. , sangafunse ngati si zoona, [1] Ofunsidwa ambiri. Kufufuzakuku kumachititsa kupenda kothandiza kwambiri popanga nkhani zimene ngakhale pambuyo pomalemba. Kunawanyansidwa. Kunanso kumangonena mofuula, ndipo kumangonena mofuula.

Kuipitsa Maginito Opangidwa ndi Mazira

Pa maziko ake, democracy imathokoza kukhoza kwa nzika za kukonza malingaliro awo ozikidwa pa chidziŵitso cholondola. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumene kumafuna ufulu mwa kunyalanyaza malingaliro osuliza a wovota. Kufunsa funso lokakamiza kuchititsa kufunsako kumayambitsa kuyankha kwa wobatizidwa, ngakhale ngati lingaliro lake lapamwamba nlabodza. Ili ndi mtundu wa kusokonezeka maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kokakamiza kumene kumafunsa kuti, “Kodi mungachirikize Y ngati mwapeza kuti akukweza misonkhoma ya m'kalasi?” Pamene Candidate Y sanachirikizepo msonkho woterowo. Pambuyo pake, wovotayo angakumbukire, “IIIII ndikumva kuti Y ikufuna kukweza misonkhoma, koma magwero akuimbidwa ndi katswiri wa za jning.

Kukhulupirira Magulu a Zandale

Kukhulupirira ndiko kusonkhezera anthu kulinganiza. Nzika ziyenera kukhulupirira kuti masankho ngolungama, kuti oyembekezera kubatizidwa adzapikisana moona mtima, ndi kuti kupendako kumaonedwa monga ngati kutengerapo mbali za makhalidwe abwino. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumawononga chidaliro chawo pamiyeso yambiri. Pamene ovota azindikira kuti anyengedwa, amakhala okayikira osati kokha za ndawala yolakwa komanso za dongosolo lonse lopanga zinthu. Iwo angagamule kuti ndale ndi chinthu wamba koma maseŵera a machenjera oipa, kuchepetsa kufunitsitsa kwawo kutengamo mbali. Ndiponso, mapendedwe oyenera amavutika ndi kuyankha mlandu uliwonse. Voter amaopa kuti zingasonkhetse kufufuzako. Kufufuza kumeneku kungasokoneze kulondola maganizo kwa anthu onse, kufooketsa chida cha zida zankhondo zogwiritsira ntchito anthu.

Kuchepetsa Mpikisano Wabwino

Kuseŵera kwapamwamba ndi njira yoyambira ya mpikisano wa demokalase. Opikisana ayenera kupambana kapena kulephera chifukwa cha malingaliro awo, khalidwe, ndi malamulo, osati chifukwa cha kukhoza kwawo kugwiritsa ntchito machenjera oipa. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumapereka phindu lolakwika kwa awo ofunitsitsa kuswa miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino. Mkupiti umene umakakamiza kufunsira kupikisana ndi munthu wosayenerera ukhoza kuchititsa kuti mnzakeyo asalakwe, chifukwa chakuti kuukirako sikuyenera kuchititsa kubwezera maganizo ake ndipo sikumayambitsa kusokonezeka kofanana ndi wailesi yakanema. Wofuna kuyang'anira pulogalamuyo kaŵirikaŵiri satha kuzindikira gwero kapena kuyankha panthaŵi yake. Kuku kumayang'ana mwamphamvu woseŵera wosayenerera, kuletsa anthu oona mtima kuti asaloŵe m’bwalo la maseŵera ndi zinthu zopindulitsa.

Zotsatirapo za Demokrase

Kufufuza kochuluka kokakamiza kumachitika m’madera ambiri, osati m’mafuko a anthu a mitundu ina, koma ngati saletsedwa, kungasokoneze chilengedwe chonse cha demokalase.

Wosuliza Wowonjezereka ndi Wosapambana

Kufalitsa nkhani zokopa anthu mobwerezabwereza kumachititsa kukayikira. Oimba nyimbo amayamba kuona kulankhulana kwa ndale monga kopanda pake, choncho amasiya. Amasiya kumvetsera makambitsirano a zandale, ofufuza, ndi kuleka kuonekera pa mavoti. Kutsutsa kumeneku ndi imfa ya anthu olankhula nawo pa demokalase. Pamene otola satha kusiyanitsa choonadi ndi kujambula, ambiri amangosankha. Chotulukapo nchaching'ono, chokondera chimene chili chosavuta kuchisintha. Kufufuza kwa 2019 kochitidwa ndi Pew Research Center kunapeza kuti 35% ya Aamereka adadalira manyuzipepala okha kuti apereke lipoti a nkhani molondola ndi molondola; akulimbikitsa kusanthula kwa kusadalirana kumeneku mwa kusokoneza mzera wapakati pa nkhani ndi nkhani.

Kukulitsa Malaŵi

Kufufuza kochititsa kuwonjezereka kwa malo mwa kufalitsa maluŵa a adani. Iwo samaloŵa m'malo odabwitsa; mmalo mwake, iwo anaimba zinenezo zopambanitsa ndi zonama zimene zimaonetsa chitsutso kukhala choipitsa, chowopsa, kapena chosavulaza . Zimenezi zimalimbitsa kukhulupirika kwa mafuko ndi kupanga kugwirizana kopitira kutsogolo. Pamene ofufuza ku Florida akumva kufunsira kokakamiza kufuna munthu wofuna “kugonjetsa apolisi,” ndi ku Ohio kumva munthu wina wofuna“ kugwirizanitsa chitetezo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, [1] sauzidwa za kusiyana kwenikweni kwa malamulo. Iwo amasintha ndi kukwiya kwa anthu. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, zimenezi zimakulitsa kugaŵana ndi kuchotsa malo oyenera pa democracy.

Mabungwe Omenyera Demokalase Akufooka

Mabungwe monga a ofalitsa nkhani, makhoti, ndi makomiti a masankho amadalira pa kudalira anthu kuti azigwira ntchito. Kufufuza kwaunyinji kumene kumasokoneza mfundo ndi kupangitsa kuti chipani chilichonse chikhale chovuta kubisa choonadi. Ofufuza ayesa kuchotsa zonena zonama, koma kukakamiza kuchitidwa mthunzi, popanda kuulutsidwa, palibe cholembedwa chapoyera. Pofika nthaŵi imeneyi, cholakwika chimafalitsidwa. Chiwonongeko chimadalira pa mfundo yogwirizana ndi mfundo za choonadi; kusonkhezera kufufuzira kokhudza chinsinsi ndi mabodza opeka amene sangathe kulembedwa mosavuta. Zimenezi zimafooketsa ntchito ya mtola nkhani za choonadi ndi kuchepetsa mfundo zolondola.

Kuteteza Malo Olamulira Adziko: Kulabadira Kosiyanasiyana

Ngakhale kuti kuopsa kwa chiwopsezocho n’koopsa, pali njira zogwira mtima zimene zingathandize kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mayeso.

Kusintha Kolimba ndi Kukakamiza

Malamulo a boma ndi a boma amakono ngosakwanira. Bungwe la Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limalamulira ofufuza koma silimafuna kuti anthu afufuze. Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo otsutsana ndi telefoni ya ndale zadziko “kuipitsa” kapena chinyengo, koma samakakamiza. Njira yokayikiridwa ingaphatikizepo:

  • Kuvumbula: Kufunsa aliyense wamakono kuchititsa kufunsa kuti adziŵe chigawo kapena gululo kuchirikiza kuitanira, ndi kunena poyamba kuti chifuno ndicho kusonkhanitsa malingaliro (ndi chilango cha kupotoza).
  • Kufufuza kokakamiza pamaso pa masankho: Maboma angapo onga New Hampshire ndi California ali ndi malamulo amene amaletsa kutsata kusanthula m'masiku otsiriza chisankho chisanachitike. Mafunso ameneŵa ayenera kufutukulidwa ndi kutsatiridwa mogwirizana.
  • Kusonyeza njira ya kudandaula: Dongosolo lapakati kumene osankha angapereke foni yokayikitsa, kuyambitsa kufufuza ndi mabungwe a chisankho kapena maloya wamkulu.

Kusintha kuyenera kukhala kosamala kusadodometsa pa kuyankhula kwaufulu kapena kusanthula, koma malamulo omveka bwino oletsa njira zofufuzira zachinyengo angapose malamulo a m'malamulo. Brennan Center ya Chilungamo [ yafalitsa lamulo lachitsanzo limene limalinganiza kulinganiza kwa Kukonzanso Koyamba ndi kufunika kwa kutetezera otola ku njira zachinyengo.

Maphunziro a Zopangapanga ndi Kulemba ndi Kulemba

Njira yabwino kwambiri yotetezera ku kukakamiza anthu kufunsira ndiyo kufunsira kwa unzika. Oimba ayenera kuzindikira mmene kufunsirako kumamvekera ndipo ayenera kudziŵa kuti kungawachititse. Mikupiti ya maphunziro yochitidwa ndi mabungwe a anthu osakhala apartishani, masukulu, ndi magulu a boma angaphunzitse anthu kuzindikira zizindikiro: kufufuza kwachidule, mafunso odzala, milandu yoperekedwa monga mafunso, ndi munthu woimba amene satha kupereka gwero la zandale. Ngati ofufuzawo azindikira kuti “chisolo” chilidi kuyesa kopeka, angakane uthengawo. Maprogramu a Media ophunzitsa kuŵerenga amene ayenera kukakamiza kufunsira zinthu monga phunziro. Zimenezi zimayendera limodzi ndi zoyesayesa zambiri zolimbana ndi nkhondo yozama kwambiri, mabowonekedwe, ndi kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena.

Kuwonana Bwino Kochokera ku Mkupiti ndi Manyuzipepala

Kampeni ziyenera kuchitidwa modzifunira ku miyezo ya kusanthula kwa makhalidwe. American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) ili ndi mpambo wa makhalidwe umene umaletsa kusanthula; ndawala zimene zimachita chizindikiro cha umphumphu wawo. Atolankhani amachitanso mbali yofunika kwambiri. Pamene kusuntha madera ofufuza, manyuzipepala a pa TV, ayenera kupenda ndi kusimba, kutchula wochirikiza ngati adziŵika, ndi kufotokoza njirayo kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anthu onse kungaletse tsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa 2018 kutsa kufunsira mpikisano m'fuko ku Virginia Colleganion, manyuzipepala akufalitsa nkhani zimene zinavumbula kuitanira ndi kutsutsa poyera.

Kuchirikiza Mkupiti Waukulu

Chikhalidwe chandale chiyenera kusintha kuti chione umphumphu kukhala wofunika kwambiri pa nthaŵi yaifupi. Mabungwe ndi atsogoleri a zipani ayenera kukakamiza ofunsira amene amagwiritsira ntchito mayeso. Opereka ndi ochirikiza ufulu angapereke chichilikizo pa pangano la kusagwiritsira ntchito machenjera. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zikuwoneka kukhala zongoyerekezera, miyambo imasintha: maupandu a zachuma, kulira kwa agalu a fuko, ndi njira zina zofala zimene zikutsutsidwa tsopano. Njira imodzimodziyi ikhoza kugwira ntchito kutsendereza mapendedwe. Pamene polisi ya makhalidwe abwino ikhala chizindikiro cha ulemu kwa Focioda [1] Chisonkhetso cha kunyenga mwa kukopa.

Kumaliza: Kusunga Maziko a Chosankha Chodziŵa

Kufufuza kokakamiza sikuli chinthu chosavulaza cha ndale zankhanza ndi zosalongosoka. Zimaimira kupotoza dala ntchito ya demokrase, yolinganizidwa kunyalanyaza malingaliro ndi kukhazikitsa zikhulupiriro zonyenga. Monga momwe nkhani ino yasonyezera, kukhoza kwawo kuchotsa malamulo a demokalase n’kwakuya: kumafalitsa nkhani zabodza, kululuza ufulu wosankha, kuchotsa chidaliro m’mabungwe, ndi kukweza wosankhayo pambali yoseŵera kwa oseŵera osayenera. Zotsatira zake ndizo, kuwonongeka kwa gulu, kuwonongeka kwa democracynication .

Koma pali chiyembekezo. Mwakuphatikiza malamulo apamwamba, maphunziro opanga ovota, machitachita oonetsa dala, ndi kudzipereka kwa mwambo ku ndale za makhalidwe abwino, tingathetse kuwonongeka kochititsidwa ndi kufufuza. Cholinga sichochotsa mitu yonse yovuta pa kupikisana, koma kutsimikizira kuti palibe njira yotsutsana ndi lamulo la demokrase limene limatsutsa mfundo yaikulu yakuti otola ayenera kukhala okhoza kusankha mogwirizana ndi chidziŵitso cholondola, chowona mtima. [FLT: 0] Chitetezero cha malamulo a democracy chimayamba ndi kukanidwa kwa ziŵiya zachinyengo zonga ngati kukakamiza masankho. Nzika zirizo], pamene amva “chiwombo, chili ndi mphamvu yokayikana, lipoti, ndi kukana kuikana.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa mbiri ndi ziyambukiro za kufufuza kokakamiza, onani [[FLT: 0] Center yofufuza ya Pew [FLT :1] malongosoledwe a kulankhulana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi Malamulo a [[FLT] Confect] Confective Cause [[[FLT:]] Amapereka masitepe a khonthi kuti amvetsetse ndi kukana zimenezi kuopsa kwa demokrase.