Kawirikawiri kayendetsedwe ka malamulo a anthu si koyera, kotsatizana ndi mfundo zimene ambiri angafune. M’malo mwake, ndi bwalo lotsutsana kumene kuli zikondwerero zolinganizidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri limakakamiza opanga malamulo kuloŵa m'zovuta kutsatsa malonda a malo okhala ndi malamulo a msonkho. Nkhaniyi imakulitsa maudindo a anthu ofufuza zinthu, kupereka kuyang'anitsitsa mitundu yonse ya anthu, njira zawo, kumvetsetsa mmene magulu ameneŵa amagwira ntchito, maluso amene amagwiritsira ntchito, ndi malonda osapeŵeka amene amapanga nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuzindikira mphamvu zenizeni za ulamuliro. Nkhaniyi imawonjezera ubale wosulirira, kupereka kuyang'anitsitsa kwa mitundu ya magulu, njira zawo, maluso oyerekezera amene amalongosola mphamvu zawo, ndi malonda opanga malonda amene amatulukapo.

Kodi Magulu Okondwerera Nchiyani?

Magulu achidwi (odziŵikanso monga magulu osonkhezera, magulu aukapolo, kapena zikondwerero zapadera) ali magulu olinganizidwa a anthu kapena mabungwe amene amafuna kusonkhezera kayendetsedwe ka boma kuti kapititse patsogolo chikondwerero kapena cholinga chimodzi. Iwo ngosiyana ndi magulu andale zadziko m’chakuti safuna kulowa m’malo; mmalo mwake, amayesayesa kulinganiza zosankha za awo amene ali m’ulamuliro.

Magulu achidwi amabwera m’njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:

  • Magulu a ziwongola dzanja [[FL:1] - Awa akuimira mabizinesi, maukwati a antchito, mayanjano a malonda, ndi mabungwe aukatswiri. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Chamber of Commerce ya U.S., American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), ndi American Medical Association.
  • [[FLT: 0] Magulu achifuniro chachiputu - Izi zichilikizo za zochititsa zimene zalinganizidwira kupindulitsa anthu onse, monga ngati kutetezeredwa kwa malo okhala, kuyenera kwa ogula, kapena ufulu wa anthu. Zitsanzo ndi Sierra Club, Public Citizen, ndi American Civil Liberes Union (ACLU).
  • Magulu a zaumulungu ] – Awa amachirikiza mpambo wakutiwakuti wa zikhulupiriro kapena nthanthi, monga ngati tanki za maganizo okhazikika (m., The Heritage Foundation) kapena mabungwe opita patsogolo a maadocia (m., Famba Ok.org).
  • Magulu audzu amodzi -] – Izi zisumika maganizo pa nkhani yochepera, yapadera, yonga ngati kuyenera kwa mfuti (National Rifle Association), kuchotsa mimba (NARAL Pro-Choice America), kapena ubwino wa nyama (Anthu Odziŵa za Chithandizo cha Nyama).
  • Magulu a zikondwerero za Government [[FLT :1] – Awa akuimira zikondwerero za maboma a boma ndi a kumaloko, monga ngati Bwanamkubwa wa Nationals Association kapena National League of Cities.

Magulu osiyanasiyana amatanthauza kuti bwalo la malamulolo nlodzala ndi mawu opikisana, lililonse likumagwiritsira ntchito chuma chake kufutukula uthenga wake.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zolimbikitsa

Magulu achisangalalo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira njira zopangira zinthu. Njira zotchuka kwambiri ndi monga kukopa anthu kuti apeze njira zoyendera, kulipira ndalama za pulogalamu, kutumiza udzu, ndi kukonza makampani oulutsira nkhani.

Kuvuula

Kusintha kuli kuyesayesa kwachindunji kwa kusonkhezera opanga malamulo, oyendetsa, kapena akuluakulu ena a boma. Akatswiri osonkhezera amakumana ndi opanga malamulo, kupereka kufufuza ndi madata, malamulo opanga lamulo, ndi kupereka umboni pakumva. Mchitidwewo umatetezeredwa pansi pa ufulu Woyamba wa kupempha boma. Malinga ndi zolembedwa za Center for Responsive Politive Politilitilities, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito njira zokopa ku United States zoposa $.7 biliyoni mu 2023 yokha [Openset ) . Lobbing ingakhale yothandiza kwambiri, makamaka pamene magulu agwirizana bwino ndi oimira kapena akatswiri a zaluso akupereka opanga malamulo osoŵa.

Ndalama za Mkupiti

Magulu achikondwerero amafunanso kusonkhezera zisankho kupyolera m'makomiti a ndale zadziko (PAC) ndi ma PC , amene amakweza ndi kuwonongera ndalama kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la 2010 mu Citizens United v. Federal Evolution Commission [[[FLL:1]] chimachotsa malire pa zowonongedwa zaumwini ndi makampani ndi maukwati, zotsogolera ku kukwera m'makampani akunja. Magulu tsopano angawonongere ndalama zosamalitsa malonda, makalata olunjika, ndi makono popanda kuvumbula zonse za opereka. Mphamvu za ndalama zimenezi zimapanga chisonkhezero chowonekeratulira opanga zikondwerero zazikulu za opereka zinthu, mafunso ochititsa kuŵerengera mlandu kwa democracy. Mabutho akonzanso a kayendetseke kayendetseka, osavomereza njira ya kayendetseka. [Fokt]

Kuzemba

Pamene magulu alephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo mwa malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenukira kumakhoti. Magulu achifunitso amalunjika kukhoti, kuvomereza ma assicus culia (" bwenzi la khoti"), ndi kuchirikiza zitokoso za lamulo kapena kuchirikiza malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, National Association for the Adrideration of Colored People (NAACP) yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchotsa sukulu za aserverse ku Brown v. Board of Education [. Posachedwapa, magulu a zachilengedwe asuta bungwe lotetezera malo okhalako kuti asungitse mpweya woyera ndi malamulo a madzi. Litigation imalola magulu kuchotsa njira za malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa zimene zingachitike zaka makumi ambiri.

Kugwidwa ndi Madzulo

Magulu angagwiritsire ntchito mamembala a mameseji, mawailesi, ndi kutsatsa malonda kuti asonkhezere anthu wamba kuti aonane ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, kupezeka pa misonkhano, kusaina zikalata, kapena kuvota pa ntchito za ofufuza. Kupita patsogolo kwa luso lamakono kwachititsa udzu kusonkhanitsa mofulumira ndi kutsika. Magulu angagwiritsire ntchito mameseti a ma email, a za mayanjano, ndi malonda a kusonkhezera ochirikiza pa kanthaŵi kochepa. Kupambana kwa gulu la Tea Party ndi Black Live Conques kutsutsa zonse ziŵirizo kutsimikizira mphamvu ya udzu ya kusunthauzira nkhani zandale. Komabe, magulu otchuka nthaŵi zina amaloŵa mu "astraturfing," kumene amapanga kaonekedwe konyenga kagulu kaudzu pamene akuyendetsa ntchito yaudzu ndi kubanki ndi malonda a bungwe la kampani.

Maunansi a Ofalitsa ndi a Anthu

Magulu achidwi amawononga kwambiri kugwirizanitsa malingaliro a anthu kudzera m'kutsatsa malonda, kutulutsa, kutulutsa, ndi makampani oulutsira nkhani za anthu. Mwa kukonza nkhani zogwirizana ndi anthu, angapange kuchirikiza kwa anthu malo awo ndi kukakamiza andale kuti achitepo kanthu. "Fash count" nkhani yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi otsutsa a Affordble Care Act ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha njira yokopa imene inasonkhezera kwambiri mfundozo. Mkupiti wa Media umakhala wothandiza kwambiri pophatikizana ndi kuvomereza ndi kufalitsa.

Malonda a Malamulo a Boma

Magulu a anthu ofuna kutchuka amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zopitira ku malonda. Opanga malamulo ayenera kulinganiza ndalama zofunikira, kugula zinthu zosoŵa, ndiponso kupima phindu la kanthaŵi kochepa kuti zisamawonongeke. Zotsatirazi ndi mbali zikuluzikulu zimene malondawa amaonekera.

Zosangalatsa Zopikisana

Kawirikawiri malamulo amakhudza gulu limodzi lokha; malamulo ambiri amapanga opambana ndi olephera. Mwachitsanzo, chosankha cha kufutukula mafuta opangidwa pagombe chingasangalatse makampani ndi antchito koma okwiya ndi malo okhala ndi madera a kugombe. Makitentala afunikira kuyendetsa nkhondo zimenezi, kaŵirikaŵiri kupanga zosankha zimene zimagwirizana ndi mphamvu, magulu olinganizidwa bwino kwambiri, zikondwerero zochepa zolinganizidwa. Zimenezi zimafotokozedwa motchuka ndi wasayansi wandale Mancur Olson mu [[FLT: 0] Logic of Cooperation Act , zimene zimatsutsa kuti timagulu tating'ono, to otchuka, timatha kulinganiza bwino kuposa magulu aakulu, omwazikana, ngakhale pamene otchulidwa posonyeza chikondwerero chachikulu chapo.

Kusamuka kwa Malo Opezera Maluso

Magulu achiwongola dzanja amapikisana osati kokha kaamba ka malamulo komanso kaamba ka ndalama za boma. Kugulitsa ndalama zoperekera msonkho, kupuma, kapena kupereka ndalama zothandizira anthu ku zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zothandizira pa famu ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha ndalama zopezera ndalama zolipirira pa ulimi zimene zimapindulitsa chiŵerengero cha otulutsa ndalama za okhoma msonkho ndi malonda apadziko lonse. Kugulitsako kuli pakati pa kuchirikiza maindasitale a boma ndi kusunga chipambano. Congregational Bactal Office ndi Government Accountactive Office imapereka zikalata zothandizira za malonda otero owonongera ndalama, koma zikalata zawo kaŵirikaŵiri zimanyalanyazidwa chifukwa cha chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko [[FLT: 0] [GA] [[FLT:].[FLD]

Zolinga Zakanthaŵi

Magulu achisangalalo kaŵirikaŵiri amaika patsogolo phindu lokhazikika, lokhalitsa. Mwachitsanzo, maukwati a antchito angafulumire kuwonjezereka kwa malipiro amwamsanga, amene angathandize antchito lerolino koma angatsogolere ku kutaikiridwa ntchito ngati wowalemba ntchitoyo achita kuntchito kapena asamukira kwina. Mofananamo, magulu a chilengedwe angatsutse kulolera kulikonse kumene kumachedwetsa kutulutsa mpweya, lamulo lokhoza kuchititsa kupita patsogolo. Okonza malamulo ayenera kupenda mwamsanga za zimene zikufunikira tsopano ndi zotsatirapo za mtsogolo.

Kuŵerengera Mlandu Mwademokrase

Kusintha kwakukulu kulipo pakati pa chiyambukiro cha chiwongola dzanja ndi kufanana kwa demokalase. Pamene malamulo apangidwa ndi ndalama ndi mphamvu ya gulu, lamulo la "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" lanyalanyazidwa. Ofufuza angaone kuti mawu awo amamizidwa ndi zikondwerero zapadera, kuchititsa kukayikira ndi kutsika. Masinthidwe monga ngati kuchepetsa ndalama, zofunika, ndi kuchirikiza kwapoyera kwa masankhoti akuyesa kugwirizanitsa dongosololo, koma amayang'anizana ndi chitsutso cholimba kuchokera ku magulu amene akupindula ndi mkhalidwewo. Pew Research Center yalemba motsimikiza nkhaŵa yapo pa za anthu pa za ndale zadziko (Pt Research Center Center).

Mafakitale Opanga Mafuleji

Akatswiri apeza mfundo zosiyanasiyana zofotokoza mmene magulu andale amagwirira ntchito.

Kukonda zinthu

Nthanthi ya Pluraist, yogwirizana ndi Robert Dahl, imavomereza kuti demokrase imadziŵika bwino koposa monga mpikisano pakati pa magulu ambiri. Mwa ichi, palibe gulu limodzi limene limalamulira chifukwa chakuti mphamvu imafalitsidwa, ndipo magulu osiyanasiyana amapambana pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Boma limachita monga wopikisana, wofalitsa pakati pa mawu opikisana. Ochirikiza amanena kuti kuchirikiza demokrase kumatsimikizira kuti zikondwerero zambiri zimamvedwa, kuletsa kupondereza anthu ambiri.

Kukhulupirira kuti munthu ali ndi matenda a m’thupi

Mosiyana, nthanthi yapamwamba imanenetsa kuti mphamvu imaikidwa m’manja mwa anthu ochepa olemera, atsogoleri a makampani, ndi magulu ogwirizana kwambiri. Osuliza za kuchuluka kwa anthu amanena kuti si magulu onse amene ali ndi chuma chofanana kapena kupezeka. Kufufuza kotchuka kwa C. Wright Mills, [[FL:0] Mphamvu Elite [1], adatsutsa kuti kagulu kakang'ono ka bizinesi, asilikali, ndi atsogoleri andale kamapereka zosankha zopindulitsa kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kuthandizira kwa anthu.

Chiphunzitso cha Kusankha kwa Anthu

Nthanthi ya anthu onse imagwira ntchito pa kalingaliridwe ka zachuma pa zandale, ikumati opanga malamulo, mofanana ndi otenga nawo mbali m'masitolo, amachita zinthu modzifunira okha. Lingaliro limeneli likusonyeza kuti magulu achidwi amagwiritsira ntchito njira zandale kuti apeze "atsamunda" – mapindu apadera amene sapezeka mwa mpikisano waufulu. Akatswiri osankha a anthu akugogomezera za vuto la "kufufuza," kumene opanga malamulo amasankha kuchirikiza ntchito zapamwamba za wina ndi mnzake, zomwe zimachititsa kuti zipambane.

Kufufuza Magulu Ofuna Kupeza Chikondwerero

Kupenda zitsanzo zachindunji kumasonyeza mmene gulu limayambukirira anthu okondwerera kukhala malonda enieni.

Bungwe la National Rifle Association (NRA)

NRA ndi imodzi ya magulu amphamvu kwambiri a anthu a mtundu umodzi m'mbiri ya America. Mwa kukopa anthu ambiri, kupereka zopereka, ndi kukhala m’gulu la anthu ofunitsitsa, yatsekereza kapena kufooketsa njira zolamulira mfuti pambuyo powombera anthu. Chisonkhezero cha NRA chachititsa kutsatsa malonda pakati pa ufulu wachiŵiri wa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi chitetezo kwa anthu. Pambuyo pa 2018 Parkland kuombera mfuti, gulu linayang'anizana ndi mavuto a mkati ndi ndalama zotsika, koma limakhalabe ndi mphamvu yake yaitali pa malamulo a mfuti. Kuyendetsa kwa gulu lamalonda kuli koonekera bwino: Kupambana kwa gulu la kusungitsa kutuluka kwa mfuti kwathandizira kukwera kwa imfa za mfuti, komabe chiletso chirichonse chiyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zandale.

Ndalama Zothandiza Kuteteza M’malo Okhala (EDF)

EDF imachita njira yogwirizana ndi malonda a malo okhala, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwirizana ndi makampani ndi madongosolo ochirikiza kutulutsa mpweya. Chiyambukiro chake chinathandiza kukonza za 1990 Ceat Air Act ndi malamulo a nyengo yotsatira. Komabe, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti mwa kugwira ntchito m'dongosolo, EDF yavomereza kulolera zimene zimachedwetsa kutulutsa zinthu. Kugulitsa kuli pakati pa kupita patsogolo kwa kupita patsogolo ndi kusunga kudalirana kwa kusintha kwakukulu. Njira ya EDF imasonyeza mmene magulu a anthu amene angapange malamulo ndi anthu ena amene amafuna kusintha kachitidwe ka zinthu.

AARP (American Association of Resuddores)

AARP ndi gulu lalikulu la anthu amene amachirikiza anthu achikulire a ku America, makamaka pa Social Security ndi Medicare . Mphamvu yake yokopa yathandiza kuteteza mapindu ngakhale pamene anthu a zaka ndi ndalama zoikizira ali nazo kusungunulidwa. Kugulitsa kuli pakati pa kutetezera opuma amakono ndi kutsimikizira kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa maprogramu. AARP nthaŵi zina adatsutsa kusintha kumene kungawonongetse mapindu a anthu m’tsogolo, kukuchititsa kukhala kovuta kuthetsa mavuto a zachuma. Chiyambukiro cha gululo chimagogomezera chitokoso kulephera kwa maprogramu a kukwaniritsa maprogramunda a projective tractivestionstions m’octiveiveive.

Maindasitale Opanga Mankhwala

Chipatala cha mankhwala, choimiridwa ndi magulu onga PRMA, chimawononga mazana a mamiliyoni chaka chilichonse pakukopa ndi kuchirikiza machitachita a ndawala . Chiyambukiro chake chagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitengo yapamwamba ya mankhwala, mphamvu zochepera za boma, ndi zitetezero zokhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera. Kugulitsako kuli pakati pa kuyambitsa zinthu zatsopano (kupyolera pa phindu lalikulu) ndi kutsimikizira kupeza mankhwala okhoza kupezeka. Mu 2022, Kusintha kwa Makampani a mankhwala kunaphatikizapo kugula kwa mtengo wotsika, koma makampani a mankhwala a mphamvu a mphamvu zamagetsi amasonyeza mmene kuliri kovuta kugonjetsa chitsutso chachikulu. Amalonda amayendabe ndi kutsimikizira kukhala kukambitsirana kwapakati pa zamankhwala.

Ntchito za Ophunzira ndi Aphunzitsi

Kuzindikira chisonkhezero cha magulu achidwi nkofunika kwa ophunzira a mbiri, sayansi yandale, ndi a boma.

  • Phunzirani ophunzira kufufuza gulu lachikondwerero la chosankha chawo, kupenda zolinga zake, njira zake, ndi ziyambukiro za lamulo. Afuneni iwo kudziŵikitsa masinthidwe oyambitsidwa ndi kutembenuza kwa gululo.
  • Kutsutsana kolinganizidwa bwino pa nkhani monga ngati yakuti "Kodi magulu achikondwerero amapititsa patsogolo kapena kufooketsa demokrase? kapena "Kodi kusonkhezera kochitidwa kuyenera kuletsedwa?
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito ntchito yoyerekezera kumene ophunzira amachitira mbali monga oimira gulu la anthu, osonkhezera, opanga malamulo, ndi atolankhani kuti adzionere okha kukambitsirana ndi kutsatsa malonda.
  • Pemphani alendo ochokera m’mabungwe a anthu olankhula za anthu olanda (kapena malingaliro otsutsana nawo) kuti akakambitsirane ntchito yawo ndi kuyankha mafunso a ophunzira.
  • Mukakambirana zochitika za masiku ano, mumapempha ophunzira kuti alembe lamulo ndi kuona magulu amene akulimbikira kulifuna kapena kulitsutsa.
  • Kambiranani za mmene ndalama zimathandizira pa ndale za ndale, pofufuza mfundo za m’nkhani za ndale zochokera ku mayiko ena monga Opensecrets.

Kulingalira kosuliza ndiko kofunika koposa: ophunzira ayenera kuphunzira kukayikira amene amapindula ndi lamulo loperekedwa, amene mawu awo amakulitsidwa, ndi amene amachepetsedwa.

Kumaliza

Chisonkhezero cha magulu achidwi pa kugulitsana kwa boma si chabwino mwachibadwa kapena choipa; ndi mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa demokrase wamakono. Magulu amapereka chithunzi cha malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kupereka chidziŵitso chamtengo wapatali kwa opanga malamulo, ndi kutheketsa nzika kukhala ndi chipangano. Komabe iwo amasinthanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri, ndi kuyesa malire a kuyang'anira za demokrase. Kuzindikira mbali ziŵiri zimenezi kumachititsa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi kuyandikira nkhaniyo ndi freatortion. Mfungulo si kuchotsa magulu a anthu okondwerera anthu osoŵa – chonulirapocho koma kutsimikizira kuti dongosololo likhalabe lotseguka, lowonekera bwino, ndi kulabadira chikondwerero chachikulu cha anthu. Monga nzika, kuzindikira zimenezi kuli njira yoyamba yokhudza magulu onse aŵiri ndi opanga malamulo oŵerengera mlandu kaamba ka malonda amene akupanga.