Kuŵerengera Malamulo a Apolisi a Boma

Ku United States, kuŵerengera kwa apolisi kwapangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi malamulo a boma kuposa ndi malamulo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la United States lakhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ingathe kupenda kuswa malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku, malamulo a tsiku olamulira mmene mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amanenera za kusayenera kwa makhalidwe abwino, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, ndi kugwirizana ndi anthu kwafotokozedwa mokulira pamlingo wa boma. M’zaka khumi zapitazo, kamangidwe ka ntchito ya malamulo ka madipatimenti apolisi kasintha mmene akugwira ntchito, ndi maboma ogwira ntchito monga makompyuta okonza makompyuta, kuzindikira malamulo ameneŵa, ziyambukiro zawo zolinganizidwa, ndi zotsatira zake zenizeni za dziko nkofunika kwa ophunzira a chilungamo, malamulo a boma, ndi maphunziro a boma.

Chifukwa Chake Mlandu wa Boma Uyenera Kuperekedwa kwa Apolisi

Malamulo a boma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa kusungitsa lamulo chifukwa chakuti maulamuliro a apolisi amasungidwa kwambiri ndi maboma pansi pa Demendment ya Khumi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti malamulo a boma amasankha chilichonse kuchokera ku chikalata ndi kuchotsa zitsimikiziro za akapitawo ku kuwonana kwa zolembedwa za polisi. Malamulo a Federal amapereka maziko a maziko , mwachitsanzo, kuletsa Crime Control ndi Law Conflictment Act ya 1994 imavomereza DOJ kusanthula madipatimenti a apolisi [1] koma kaŵirikaŵiri samalamulira zofunika kapena zoyang'anira. Chomwe, kusintha kwakukulu kwa mlandu wa apolisi kwabwera kuchokera ku boma.

Mbali zazikulu zimene malamulo a boma amaikamo mawuwo ndi izi:

  • Kusimba za kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa zochitika, kuphatikizapo kuwomberana kwa ofisala ndi imfa zamphamvu.
  • Malamulo opangidwa ndi kamera, kuphatikizapo pamene makamera ayenera kupangidwa ndi kusungidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mapazi.
  • Kukhazikitsidwa ndi ulamuliro wa ma pulatifomu openda kapena ntchito zauyang’aniro zaufulu.
  • Kusintha kwa odziŵa kuchinjiriza ku matenda monga chotetezera m’milandu ya boma motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma.
  • Anthu onse amapeza mabuku a apolisi olangiza, kufufuza nkhani za m’nyumba, ndi mindandanda yosungiramo zinthu zosayenera.

Masitepe Aakulu a Malamulo ndi Chiyambukiro Chawo pa Kusimba

Gwiritsirani Ntchito Zofunikira za Kusimba

Chimodzi cha masinthidwe aakulu kwambiri ndicho kukakamiza kulengeza kwa zochitika zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi mphamvu. Isanafike 2015, maboma ambiri analibe lamulo kuti mabungwe osungitsa lamulo apereke ngakhale zochitika zamphamvu ku ulamuliro wapakati. Chimene chinasintha pambuyo pa zochitika zapamwamba za m'phiri chinakopa dziko lonse. Lerolino, akunena zonga Calcountion (pansi pa AB 71 ndi SB 1421), [FLT] [2]] [malamulo] afuna kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi mphamvu zonse za kuwonongeka, (pansi pa zitsutso, ndi [FLT] ziganizo [ziyenjezo] [ziyenjezo] [ziyerekezo] (pansi pa SAFFT [F]1]) Act (zi) atsa malamulo aunda atsa malipo atsatanetsatane a zamphamvu a kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu zonse, kapena zitsulo, kaŵirikaŵiri, kapena kuti munthu wochenjeza.

Chiyambukiro pa kupereka lipoti lenileni chakhala chokulira. Mwachitsanzo, ku California, chiŵerengero cha kuwombera kwa ofesala ochitidwa ndi ofesala ochitiridwa lipoti ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo chinawonjezeka ndi 60% m'zaka ziŵiri zoyambirira pambuyo pa kulembedwa kwa lamulo. Kufalikira kumeneku sikumatanthauza kuti kuwombera kowonjezereka kunachitika /rather, kumasonyeza kuchotsedwa kwa nkhani zolembedwa mochepera. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, zimenezi zikugogomezera phunziro lovuta: malamulo osonyeza kuonekera kwa zinthu okha sapanga kuŵerengera pokhapokha ngati iwo amalamula kuti aperekedwe ndi kupezeka kwa anthu onse.

Kuvala Mafoni ndi Kumasulidwa kwa Mapazi

Makamera a thupi adatamandidwa monga wosinthana maseŵera kaamba ka kuŵerengera kwa apolisi, koma kukhoza kwawo kumadalira kotheratu pa nthaŵi ndi mmene amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Malamulo a boma akhala ovuta pokhazikitsa miyezo yochepera. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT: 0] Virginia [1] (HB...1] [HB 1250]) ikufuna kuti akuluakulu a boma aumirize makamera a thupi mkati mwa zochitika zonse za kufufuza, pamene Balado [1] (HB 214.0) amalamula kuti mapazi asungidwe pa masiku 90 a zochitika zazing'ono ndi owopsa kwa anthu ena.

Komabe, nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa anthu onse pa kamera. Mayiko amasiyana kwambiri: zina monga Florida , kuyerekezera kuti kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma koma kulola kuti malamulo akwaniritsidwe kwa anthu ambiri; zina, monga ] masitilayini a magalimoto odalirika kwambiri [, amatsekereza kusiyapo lamulo la khoti. Bungwe la National Institute of Justice [ laona kuti malamulo oletsa kulowa m’thupi angasokoneze makhamera odalirika kwambiri omwe anapangidwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kumasulako kungasokoneze obisira opatulidwa. Lamulo lothandiza kuletsa anthu. Lamulo lothandiza kuchepetsa zinthu zofunika pa moyo wa munthu.

Mabodi Openda ndi Uyang’aniro Wodziimira

Malo ena kumene lamulo la boma lakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji ndi kupangidwa ndi kupatsidwa mphamvu kwa mabungwe openda a boma (CRB). M'mbiri, uyang'aniro wa apolisi wochuluka unali wa mkati, wotsogozedwa ndi dipatimentiyo. Tsopano, pafupifupi maboma 20 ali ndi malamulo amene amavomereza kapena kulamula kuti ayang'anira apolisi ena. Law ya New York’s MFROGING MS ISPTIGURENTITIGURT (LEMIO) inakhazikitsidwa ndi boma monga bungwe lapakati loyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira maofesi apolisi alionse m'boma.

Kugwira ntchito kwa CRB kumasiyana malinga ndi ulamuliro wawo. Mabungwe amene angapereke umboni ndi zolembedwa modziimira okha ) monga aja a mu Los Angeles [ ndi San Francisco . (kugwiritsira ntchito pansi pa boma kutheketsa malamulo). Mabungwe amene amapenda nkhani za mkati mwawo, mwa kusiyana, angatumikire monga mawindo. Malamulo a boma amene amapatsa mphamvu yeniyeni, mmalo mwa ntchito zaudindo, asonyeza zotsatirapo zokhoza: [FLT:] kufufuza kochitidwa mosamalitsa kwambiri. [FLD:]

Kufufuza za Matenda: California ndi New York Monga Atsogoleri a Kusintha Zinthu

Malamulo a ku California

California wakhala patsogolo pa malamulo a apolisi oŵerengera mlandu. Kachipangizoka kamaphatikizapo malamulo aŵiri odziŵika: SB 142 [[FLT ] (208) ndi SB] [2021]. SB 1421 inatsegula zolembedwa za apolisi achinsinsi akale operekera chilango, kuphatikizapo zopezedwa zokhala ndi kusaona mtima, kuukira kwa kugonana, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yopambanitsa. Lamulolo linathetsa chinsinsi chimene chinatetezeredwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuchokera ku ku ku ku kuyang'anitsitsa kwa anthu. SB 16 inawonjezera mawu otsutsa onse, osati kokha owopsa, ndi kulamula kuti mabungwe olemba a pa Intaneti.

Chiyambukiro chake chakhala chachikulu. Manyuzipepala ndi magulu oyang’anira agwiritsira ntchito zolembedwa zimenezi kuvumbula njira za makhalidwe oipa, kutsogolera ku kuchotsa zitsimikizo ndi kusintha kwa mabungwe. Komabe, lamulo linasonkhezeranso kuperekedwa kwa mabungwe apolisi, kusonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa kuonekera ndi apolisi. Kwa aphunzitsi, zimene zinachitikira California zimapereka kufufuza koonekeratu kwa mmene malamulo angabwezeretsere mphamvu pakati pa mabungwe a boma ndi osungitsa malamulo.

Mphepo ya 50 - a

Ulendo wa New York unali wodabwitsa mofananamo. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kuvomereza 50-a mu June 2020 kwa Chilamulo cha Chigawo cha ufulu wa bomalo kunasunga chinsinsi cha antchito apolisi, kupereka chitetezero chonse kaamba ka zolembedwa za makhalidwe oipa. Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa George Floyd mu 2020, bungwe la boma linasankha mokulira kuti libwezere 50-a mu June 2020. Malamulowo anatsegulira zikwi zambiri za mafalensi a filimu a Reacy [1] kuphatikizapo awo a a a nduna za milandu yowopsa yodandaula kwa nthaŵi yoyamba. [FLT:] Lamulo la New York Law's Confoctivemental InvectiveIduction Is Invectiveiveived Office [FOct3] Tsopano atulutsa chikalata choulutsira zinthu cholakwika chopezedwa chofala cha ku

Maloya ndi atolankhani alola maloya a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kusiyanitsa akuluakulu a mbiri za mphamvu yopambanitsa, zimene zachititsa kutsutsa kowonjezereka ndi chitsenderezo cha anthu. Komabe kukwaniritsa kwakhala kosagwirizana: mabungwe ena amakana chigwirizano chonse, ndi 201 chigamulo cha khoti chochepetsetsa ukulu wa zolembedwa zimene zimalingaliridwa “pemphrect". Kulimbana ndi“ chilango. Zitopezo zimasonyeza kuti ngakhale malamulo amphamvu amafuna kuyang'anira kolimba kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake.

Kusintha Zinthu Koyenera Pansi pa Boma

Kutetezeredwa koyenerera kuli chiphunzitso chalamulo chimene chimatetezera akuluakulu a boma ku thayo la boma pokhapo ngati iwo akuswa “lamulo lotsimikizirika”. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiphunzitsocho chinayambitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu la United States, maboma ali ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo kaamba ka malamulo a boma. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kapena kuchotsa chitetezo choyenerera ku lamulo la boma kapena kutetezera zikalata za boma.

Colado [SB 21-199] adachotsa chitetezo choyeneretsedwa cha maofesala a mtendere m'khoti la chiwopsezo, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa oweruza kuchititsa apolisi kuŵerengera mphamvu yopambanitsa. New Mexico Inayamba ndi HB 4 mu 2023. [[FLT:] Nyumba yovomerezeka [FL:] inapereka lamulo lofanana mu 2020]. Miyezo zimenezi sizimakhudzana ndi malamulo a boma, koma zimapanga mkhalidwe wofanana wa mlandu. Umboni woyambirira kuchokera ku Colorado umapereka chiwonjezeko chochepetsetsa m’malo ndi ziweruzo, ngakhale kuti madipatimenti ambiri apolisi tsopano akulipira ndalama zoterozo.

Mavuto ndi Zotsatirapo Zosayembekezeredwa

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma apita patsogolo kwambiri, apezanso zopinga. Malamulo ena asulizidwa chifukwa cha kuchenjera, kuchititsa bungwe la apolisi kubwerera mmbuyo kapena ngakhale “kutsika kwa fuluwenza". Ena amayang'anizana ndi mipata yokwaniritsa: 2023 lipoti la Prolice Sed Research Profeced Forum [kupezeka kuti m'zigawo ndi lipoti la lamulo, pafupifupi 30% ya mabungwe aang'ono analephera kutsatira mokwanira zofunika za kugonjera kwa chidziŵitso. Popanda ndalama zokwanira kapena zilango za kulengeza malamulo osakhala ogwirizana ndi malamulo, kutsalirabe kufunsira kwa malamulo ena.

Kuwonjezerapo, zikalata zambiri zachinsinsi m’malamulo ena, ziganizo zotetezera chinsinsi cha anthu ovutika, zagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi mabungwe kuletsa mafashoni amene ayenera kukhala aunyinji. Mwachitsanzo, 2022 ACLU Kufufuza kochuluka kwa chinsinsi kunapeza kuti Indiyana [malamulo a boma a boma], pamene akulola kupezeka m'mabuku ovomerezeka, amapatsa mabungwe ambiri kuti aone zinthu monga zachinsinsi, kusokoneza kuoneka bwino kwa zinthu. Kuyankha nkhani zimenezi, magulu a ndale amavomereza kuti boma liphatikizapo kutseka kwa kulengeza, ndi kusoŵa kwa opatula.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kuika Mabuku Patsogolo

Chimodzi cha zotulukapo zolonjeza kwambiri ndicho chiyeneretso chomakula cha madipatimenti a apolisi kufalitsa chidziŵitso pa kuima, kufufuza, kumanga, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Texts (pansi pa SB 4) ndi ] Shynington (pansi 940) yalamulira kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi madipatimenti, ndi mabolobodiredi apoyera. Zimenezi zimalola ofufuza ndi magulu a anthu kuzindikira mitundu ya anthu kapena mphamvu yochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, [FLT.FLT:] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malamulo a boma amene amalamulira kufufuza kodziimira paokha za apolisi . Ndi owonjezera kudalirika. Malamulo a SAFE-T anapanga lamulo la boma lokhala ndi ufulu wofufuza zinthu za apolisi . Oyang'anira akalephera kupereka lipoti, boma lingaletse ndalama. Mtundu umenewu wa dongosolo losungitsa lamulo umavuta chifukwa popanda ilo, kutchula kuti pakhale ngozi ya kuŵerengetsa mapepala.

Zomwe Zidzachitike M’malamulo a Boma Oŵerengera Umboni

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, mikhalidwe yambiri ili pafupi. Choyamba, maboma ambiri amatsata California ndi New York potsegula zolembedwa za chilango, kubwezeretsa zaka makumi ambiri zachinsinsi. Bipartisan kugwirizana m'maumboni monga [[FLT: 0] Arizona [1] ndi [FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Plannyvannia yayambitsa malamulo a kugwirira ntchito imeneyo. Chachiŵiri, gulu la decrevice profective omwe achita chisembwere chachikulu likuwonjezeka: [[FLT:] Maschatets [1] [FLT] [FLT:] anapatula lamulo la decvrectums [20,20] ndi la National Conviliances Option of Exmoctives of Decctive.

Chachitatu, lamulo logwirizanitsa ndalama za apolisi ndi kuŵerengera mlandu . monga ngati madipatimenti ofuna kutengera makamera a thupi kapena kugwiritsira ntchito kulondola kwa mphamvu ya boma limapatsa(mayeso) kuyesedwa mu Orogon [1] ndi Minnesota [1] . Pomalizira pake, pali chikondwerero chomakula cha kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma kusamalira apolisi kuyankha mavuto a zaumoyo, kuphatikizapo malamulo amene amachepetsa ntchito ya apolisi a zida ndi ndalama kuthandizira magulu ankhondo.

Mapeto: Mphamvu ndi Malire a Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo a boma alidi maziko amphamvu a apolisi. Angachititse kuonekera, kupatsa mphamvu, ndi kuyambitsa zotsatira za khalidwe loipa. Zokumana nazo za California ndi New York zikusonyeza kuti malamulo atsatanetsatane angasinthe kupezeka kwa anthu onse ndi kudalirana . Koma ngati aikidwa bwino, ochirikizidwa bwino, ndi ochirikizidwa kwambiri. Mavuto a kuyendetsa, kutsutsa mgwirizano, ndi zotsatira zake sizingatikumbutsa kuti malamulo okha si a pancacea.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi omwe akuphunzira nkhani imeneyi, mfungulo njakuti malamulo a siteshoni a boma ali amphamvu ndi otsutsidwa. Gawo lirilonse la nyumba ya malamulo ya boma limapereka mpata wa kukonza kapena kutumiza. Mwakumvetsetsa chiyambukiro cha malamulo omwe alipo, nzika zingachirikize kaamba ka njira zowonjezereka zogwira ntchito ndi kusunga akuluakulu osankhidwa kukhala ndi mlandu wa zipambano. Mtsogolo mwa kuŵerengera kwa apolisi sudzalembedwa mu Washington, D.C., koma m'boma lonselo .