Kuphatikiza Malamulo a Padziko Lonse ndi Kuletsa Chiŵeniŵeni kwa Pabanja

M’zaka 100 zapitazi, chisonkhezero cha malamulo apadziko lonse pa malamulo a chiŵeruziro chasintha kuchokera ku nkhaŵa yaikulu ya oimira boma kukhala mbali yaikulu ya mabwalo amilandu. Pamene malonda a malire, kusamuka, ndi kukambirana kwa foni akufulumira, makhoti a mayiko akuyang'anizana ndi mafunso alamulo amene amapitirira malire awo. Zimenezi zasintha mmene oweruza a malamulo, mmene oweruza amachitira mfundo zawo, ndi mmene akatswiri a zamalamulo amadziŵira mtundu wa kukonza milandu. Kuchokera pa kukhala bungwe la malamulo akutali osungidwira ku mayanjano a boma mpaka ku mayiko, lamulo lamitundu yonse tsopano likuyambukira mwachindunji mikangano ya tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku kusungidwa kwa ana, kuchokera ku katundu amene amanena kuti ali ndi mlandu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira zimene malamulo apadziko lonse amapangana ndi mabwalo a boma, malo ambiri, ndi mavuto ogwirizana ndi ntchito yogwirizana ndi zimenezi.

Kuti timvetse kukula kwa chisonkhezero chimenechi, choyamba munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa magulu a maziko a malamulo a mitundu yonse ndi malamulo anthanthi amene amasankha mmene maboma amalandirira malamulo ameneŵa. Ndi kokha pamene tingadziŵe njira zenizeni zimene mapangano, malamulo amwambo, ndi zigamulo zachiweruzo za mitundu yonse zimaloŵetsedwa m’malamulo a dziko. Chotulukapo chake ndicho dongosolo locholoŵana koma logwirizana mowonjezereka lomwe limayesayesa kaamba ka kugwirizana kwa maulamuliro osiyanasiyana pamene kulinga ku ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Maziko a Lamulo la Padziko Lonse ndi Chipambano Chake cha Pabanja

Magwero a Chilamulo cha Mitundu Yonse

Malamulo apadziko lonse amachokera ku mapangano atatu aakulu: mapangano (mapangano olembedwa pakati pa maboma), malamulo amwambo a dziko lonse (machitidwe amene amanena kuti amatsatiridwa motsatira lamulo lalamulo), ndi malamulo alamulo odziŵika ndi mitundu yotukuka. Kaŵirikaŵiri mapangano amagwirizanitsa miyambo yomwe ilipo kapena kupanga malamulo atsopano pa nkhani zoyambira pamalire a panyanja mpaka pa chuma cha nzeru. Malamulo ozoloŵereka amakula pang'onopang'ono mwa kuchita ntchito ya boma ndi junios [1] [1] Chikhulupiriro chakuti mchitidwewo ngwofunika mwalamulo. Kazembe, monga chikhulupiriro chabwino ndi chiletso cha kulemera, amadzaza mipata pamene pangano kapena mwambo supereka yankho lomveka bwino.

Makhotiwa samagwira ntchito mwangozi. Boma lililonse limasankha mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito malamulo a dziko lonse m’malamulo ake.

Kukonda Mbirana Mosiyana ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Zosiyanasiyana: Zitsanzo Ziwiri Zoti Anthu Atenge

Maiko ambiri amatsatira njira imodzi ya ziŵiri zokhazikitsa lamulo la dziko lonse. M'madongosolo a dziko lapansi . Mwachibadwa m'maiko ambiri a malamulo a anthu monga France, Netherlands, ndi Argentina . Mapangano a mitundu yonse amakhala mbali ya lamulo lapanyumba modzifunira pa kukwanitsidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo alamulo. Woweruza wa gulu la chimoni angagwiritsire ntchito mwachindunji makonzedwe a pangano m'nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni popanda kuyembekezera kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, European Convention on Human Rights yagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ndi makhoti a ku France m'kangano zachinsinsi ndi katundu.

M'madongosolo aŵiri ochirikiza malamulo a maiko monga United Kingdom, Australia, ndi India . Mapangano a mitundu yonse amafuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo kuti agwire ntchito m’banja. Mapanganowo sangafunikire mwachindunji kwa otsata, koma lamulo logwiritsa ntchito ndilo. Lamulo lapadziko lonse, ngakhale kuli tero, kaŵirikaŵiri limaonedwa mosiyana: Makhoti ambiri a malamulo a anthu wamba amalingalira kuti ndi mbali ya lamulo lofala popanda kutsutsana ndi lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S., mwachitsanzo, lakhala likulingalira mobwerezabwereza kuti lamulo la chitaganya cha dziko lonse ndilo lamulo la boma kaamba ka zifuno zina, monga momwe amanenera pansi pa malamulo a Alien Tort svinte.

Kusiyana kwa malingaliro kumeneku kumachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu m'njira imene malamulo apadziko lonse amayambukirira kutsutsana kwa anthu. M'maiko a m’dziko la m’dziko lakomyunizimu, woyang'anira angatchule mwachindunji pangano lochirikiza pangano. M'maiko aŵiri, pangano limodzimodzilo lingangosonkhezera kumasulira malamulo a m’nyumba kupyolera mwa principle ya kumasulira kosasintha kwa mafotokozedwe [[FLT:] [1] [malamulo] [] kuti Palamenti sanafune kuswa mathayo a dziko lonse. Kalelo kalelo kadakali kamodzi kamodzi kamodzi kanga kachoke kachoke, koma kupyolera ku njira ya chiphunzitso yosiyana.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale ndi Kufutukuka Kwamakono

Chisonkhezero cha lamulo la mitundu yonse pa kuletsa kwapanyumba si chinthu chaposachedwapa. Akatswiri amakono onga Hugo Grotius ndi Emer de Vattel analemba mokulira ponena za lamulo la mitundu yokhudza ufulu waumwini, makamaka m'zamalonda a m'nyanja ndi amwambo wa 'mapangano. Podzafika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, mapangano a mitundu yonse a kulembetsa zolembedwa, malo a maindasitale, ndi kunyamula katundu panyanja anayamba kuwonekera. Berne Convention (1886) ndi Msonkhano wa Paris (1883) zinali zitsanzo zoyambirira za mapangano a malonda ndi kutsata mapangano ambiri amene anafunikira kusungitsa miyezo ina yapamwamba m'kangano zaumwini.

Kufalikira kwa malamulo a mitundu yonse pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Dziko II kunakulitsa chikhoterero chimenechi. Kupangidwa kwa Mitundu Yogwirizana, Khoti la Zachilungamo, ndi mabungwe ambiri apadera kunatsogolera ku mapangano atsopano pa ufulu wa anthu, malonda, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi lamulo laumwini la dziko lonse. Hague Conference on Private International Law, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1893 koma yotsitsimutsidwa pambuyo pa 1945, inatulutsa misonkhano yosonkhezera kwambiri yotumikira ntchito, kutengera umboni, kukwatulidwa kwa ana, ndi kusankha kusankhidwa kwa . Zida zimenezi zinalinganizidwa makamaka kuthandiza makhoti a m'nyumba posamalira nkhani za m'dziko, kuchepetsa kugula ndi kubwerera mpikisano wa chiŵeru.

Posachedwapa, kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse kwachititsa kuti anthu agwirizane kwambiri. Msonkhano wa UN pa Contracts wa International Sale of Goods (CISG) tsopano ukulamulira chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu za malonda onse apadziko lonse. Mapangano a World Trade Organization amakhazikitsa malamulo a kusungitsa chuma cha m’banja. Komanso bungwe lomakulakula la malamulo a zachuma padziko lonse, lophatikizidwa m'mapangano a zandalama, lachititsa kuti makhoti akwanenso ntchito za boma zokhudza mayiko akunja.

Kusintha Zinthu Mwatsatanetsatane

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mwachindunji Zipatala ndi Mwambo

M'maboma a gulu la amonsist, kugwiritsira ntchito mapangano mwachindunji kuli njira yomveka kwambiri. Khoti lachiŵeniŵeni lingadalire pa makonzedwe a pangano monga lamulo lolamulira kumene panganolo limadziphera lokha . Ndilo, lolembedwa mwanjira imene imapanga ufulu kapena mathayo osungidwa popanda lamulo lowonjezereka. Mwachitsanzo, Mfundo 2 ya CISG imapereka malamulo operekera ndi kuvomereza malonda a mitundu yonse. Khoti la Germany kapena Switzerland liyang'anizana ndi mkangano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a CISG lidzagwiritsira ntchito malamulowo mwachindunji, lamulo lapamwamba logulitsa malonda a m'dziko.

Malamulo adziko lonse akusangalalanso ndi ziyambukiro zachindunji m'madongosolo ambiri a zamalamulo. Chiphunzitso cha cha mitundu m'lamulo lofala la Amereka chinalola makhoti kugamula milandu yozikidwa pa malamulo amwambo olamulira piracy, mphotho, ndi maudindo a akazembe. Zitsanzo zamakono zimaphatikizapo kuvomereza kwa kutetezedwa kwa ulamuliro ndi kachitidwe ka chiphunzitso cha boma. Ku United Kingdom, Nyumba ya Ambuye mu [FLT:]. Bow Street Metropolitan Spendiary Magistrate, expectet [Foct:] (199]) adakhulupirira kuti lamulo lamwambo pa kuzunza kuchotsa malo akale osungidwa ku boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo lokhudza lamulo laupandu lachiŵerulo lingabuke m’matsutsa malamulo aulendo kapena akuluakulu a boma.

Anamasulira Malangizo a Mayiko Ena

Ngakhale pamene pangano silikugwira ntchito mwachindunji, makhoti a kudziko kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'ana ku lamulo la mitundu yonse monga chithandizo chomasulira. Izi zimachitika kupyolera mwa ziŵiya zingapo za chiphunzitso. Charmarming Betsy . Malamulo ambiri a m'dziko amaphatikizapo malamulo olangiza makhoti kumasulira malamulo mwanjira imene singaswe lamulo la mitundu yonse, ngati nkotheka. Mofananamo, Khoti la Ulaya la Chilungamo la EU liyenera kutembenuzidwa mosasintha ndi mapangano a mitundu yonse amene EU ili chipani.

Ntchito yomasulira imeneyi njofala kwambiri m'malamulo a boma osakhala odziŵika bwino kapena olembedwa bwino. Mwachitsanzo, khoti lomasulira lamulo lakuteteza lapanyumba lingalingalire bungwe la UN Guideline for Consumer Protection kuti adziŵe tanthauzo la "kulephera kuchita ntchito. Khoti la banja logamula kuti mwana akondweretsedwe ndi UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, ngakhale ngati dziko silinaigwiritse ntchito mokwanira. Zikalata zimenezi zingakulitse mfundo zachiweruzo ndi kuchirikiza miyezo yapadziko lonse popanda kupempha kuti ikhale ndi ufulu walamulo.

Zoyesayesa za Magulu Apadziko Lonse Zogwirizana

Mabungwe apadziko lonse amagwira ntchito zolimba kugwirizanitsa malamulo a boma, kuchepetsa mikangano ndi kugwirizana. Bungwe la UN la International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) limapanga malamulo achitsanzo pa kusinthika, kusungunulidwa, malonda amagetsi, ndi ndalama zopitira ku mzera. Malamulo achitsanzo ameneŵa amatengedwa ndi malamulo a boma, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti anthu asakhalenso ndi mgwirizano. Mofananamo, bungwe la International Institute for Unication of Private Law (UNITSIT) limapanga malamulo a mayiko onse amalonda amene makhoti atsati atsata ngakhale m'nkhani zosagwirizana.

Hague Conference on Private International Law ikupitirizabe kuyambitsa misonkhano imene imapanga njira zopitira ku malire. Chisankho cha 2005 cha Msonkhano wa Bwalo ndi Chigamulo cha 2019 chitsimikiziritsa kuti zigamulo zosankha ndi ziweruzo zotulukapo zidziŵike ku malire. Pamene maboma ambiri akugwirizanitsa zipangizo zimenezi, makhoti a m’dziko apeza kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa malamulo othandizira kuyendetsa chilungamo chachiŵeniŵeni.

Mabungwe a chigawo cha Ulaya achitanso mbali ina. Bungwe la European Union lagwirizanitsa malamulo aakulu aumwini mwa malamulo ndi malangizo . "malamulo oyendetsera zinthu, kuteteza zinthu, ndi zina zambiri. Khoti la Chilungamo la European Union limatsimikizira kuti likufuna kumasulira chimodzimodzi, ndipo makhoti a mayiko ayenera kutsatira malamulo ake. Ku Africa, khoti la African Court on Human and Peoples’s Rights ndi madera monga Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) layambitsa chisankho cha juriprpure chimene chimathandiza kuweruza milandu yachiŵeniŵeni. Mabu a madera ameneŵa amachititsa kuti chigwirizanitse zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimaposa zoyesayesa za padziko lonse.

Chiyambukiro Chachikulu pa Mbali za Kuletsa Chiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo la Malonda

Lamulo lapadziko lonse la malonda ndilo chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri cha lamulo la dziko lonse lolamulira mwachindunji malamulo a boma. CHISG, wokhala ndi mamembala oposa 90, imapereka boma logwirizana pa mapangano pakati pa zipani zamalonda m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Pamene mkangano ubuka, khoti lapanyumba liyenera kugamula ngati CISG ikugwira ntchito ndipo kenaka kugwiritsira ntchito makonzedwe ake pa kupangidwa, mathayo, kuswa, ndi mankhwala. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kuti oweruza asiye malingaliro ozoloŵereka apanyumba . Ngati kuti alingalire kapena lamulo laposi potengera malamulo apadziko lonse. Chotulukapo ndicho chigamulo cha lamulo limene latchulidwa mowonjezereka, kupanga lamulo lofala la malonda.

Kupatula pa kugulitsidwa, mfundo zapadziko lonse zokakamiza anthu, mavuto, ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino zakhudza malamulo a m'banja.

Lamulo la Banja ndi Lamulo la M’mayiko Ena

Malamulo abanja ndiwo malo kumene lamulo lamitundu yonse lakhala ndi zopereka zozama. Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, yovomerezedwa mu 1980, imafuna makhoti kubwezera ana mwamsanga kudziko lawo lakumudzi. Msonkhano umenewu wagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi maboma oposa 100, ndipo kufunsira kwake kumayambitsa kuchuluka kwa mathithithiransiti a . Makhoti adziko ayenera kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zogaŵira za msonkhano, kaŵirikaŵiri m'mikangano ya malingaliro pakati pa makolo ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana.

Makhoti amene amasamalira nkhani zimenezi nthaŵi zambiri amatchula za misonkhano yachigawo, ngakhale kuti nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo yakhazikitsa malamulo atsatiridwa ndi mfundo za m’bungwe la UN lonena za ufulu wa mwana, lomwe tsopano likuphatikizapo malamulo a m’makhoti padziko lonse.

Lamulo Lochita Zosafunika ndi Ufulu Waumunthu

Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu afalikira m'njira zingapo. Ovutika ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe nthaŵi zina amabweretsa suti m'mayiko atatu, kudalira pa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse kapena malamulo monga U.S. Alien Tort Sigmentte. M'nkhani zimenezi, makhoti ayenera kusankha kaya ngati lamulo lapadziko lonse limapereka chochititsa cha zochita ndi kuti kaya limalola kuyenerana ndi mabungwe a anthu kapena akuluakulu a boma. Nkhani za m'dziko monga Kiobel v. Royal Dutchroleum [1] (2013) ndi . Bank ya Aluya. [FL:] [1] (20:8]) imaonetsa mmene mlandu wa U. Supt. Courtmans ndi wogwirizana ndi malamulo a mitundu yonse ya padziko lonse.

Pambuyo pa mlandu wapamwamba umenewu, malamulo apadziko lonse asonkhezera anthu a m'banja kupanga zosankha m'njira zambiri zamwambo. Khoti la European Court of Human Rights lagamula kuti maboma ayenera kupereka mankhwala othandiza kuvulaza kwa munthu amene achitapo ndi nthumwi za boma kapena zipani za anthu pambali zina. Makhoti a Boma ku Council of Europe ayenera kupenda malamulo ameneŵa posankha zopereka ndalama za boma. M'mabwalo a zachilengedwe, misonkhano yokhudza kuipitsa ndi kuchititsa ngozi za ntchito za boma imapereka miyezo imene makhoti a dzikolo amayendera kwambiri.

Chuma ndi Kutenga Zinthu Pambuyo

Malamulo a katundu, amene angaoneke ngati a m'banja, amagwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko lonse. Mapangano a zachuma apadziko lonse amateteza oikizira achilendo kuti asapindulitse popanda malipiro, ndipo mayiko ena amalola oikizira ndalama kubweretsa makhoti a m'dziko chifukwa cha mapangano. Makhoti a boma ayenera kumasulira malire a panganolo, tanthauzo la ndalama, ndi malipiro oyenera. Msonkhano wa UNIDROIT Principles ndi Cape Town pa zipangizo za ndege zakhala zikusinthana ndi malamulo ena a malonda, kukhudza zoyenera za chuma m'zotengera m'thumba.

Lamulo la kupambana lidakalipo kwakukulukulu m'dziko, koma bungwe la EU lokhala ndi production Regation (650 / 2012) lili ndi ulamuliro wowonongeka, lamulo logwira ntchito, ndi kuzindikira ziweruzo m'maiko onse a m'mayiko a m'bungwe. Makhoti a m'mayiko a EU tsopano amatsatira lamulo limodzi logamula malamulo olamulira, kaŵirikaŵiri amasiya kukhazikitsa nkhondo zawo zapabanja. Misonkhano ya mayiko imathandizanso kuti malo a mzera wa malire a dzikolo azikhala osavuta.

Kukumana ndi Mavuto Ndiponso Kulephera

Ulamuliro ndi Kudera Nkhaŵa za Kulamulira

Mwinamwake vuto lopitirizabe ndilo kusagwirizana kwa lamulo la dziko lonse ndi ulamuliro wa dziko. Oweruza ena, mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo, ndi oweruza amaona malamulo apadziko lonse kukhala kuloŵerera pa ulamuliro wa demokrase. Nkhaŵa imeneyi imaonekera m'makangano akuti kaya makhoti a m'mayiko onse ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano a ufulu wachibadwidwe amene boma silinavomereze, kapena ngati ayenera kugonjera ku makhoti a mayiko. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, oweruza a boma ena amatsutsa kutchula zochitika zachilendo kapena zapadziko lonse pankhani za malamulo a boma, akutsutsa kuti khoti liyenera kudalira pa mapangano a ku America okha.

Ngakhale m'madongosolo a amonism, oweruza angazengereze kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo lapadziko lonse ngati likutsutsana ndi lamulo lapanyumba lomveka kapena makonzedwe a lamulo. Lamulo lakuti pambuyo pake malamulo alamulo amalamulira mapangano a boma limakhazikitsidwa bwino mu United States ndi m'maiko angapo a anthu. Ngati lamulo lapanyumba liri lomveka bwino ndipo likutsutsana ndi thayo lapadziko lonse, khoti liyenera kukakamiza lamulo lapanyumba za anthu .

Kukakamiza ndi Kuthandiza

Kulingalira kuti khoti lapamudzi limatsatira bwino lamulo lapadziko lonse, kukhazikitsa chiweruzo chake ku malire kumakhala chopinga chachikulu. Kusoŵa kwa njira yosungitsa lamulo padziko lonse kumatanthauza kuti chiweruzo choperekedwa m'boma lina chinganyalanyazidwe kapena kuperekedwanso m'dziko lina. Ngakhale m'pangano la Zigamulo za Hague, kuzindikira kumayenera kunyalanyazidwa popanda malamulo a boma ndi zochitika zofunikira. Maboma amene ali ndi dongosolo lachiweruzo lotukuka sangakhale ndi mphamvu yokakamiza zigamulo zamitundu yonse, ndipo mikangano ya ndale ingafooketse mgwirizano.

Ndiponso, malamulo apadziko lonse kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka miyezo yochepa, kusiya ufulu wapadera wa kusintha kwa m'banja. Khoti la European Court of Human Rights limavomereza kuti "mkazi wa chiyamikiro" pogwiritsira ntchito zoyenera za msonkhano. CHISG imalola anthu kuchotsapo ntchito yake yonse. Kusintha kumeneku, ngakhale kuti kuli kofunika kuti apeze chilolezo chokulira, kungatsogolere ku kugwiritsira ntchito kosiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Malamulo Apadziko Lonse Ochepa

Simbali zonse za kutsutsana kwa anthu zimene zimakhudzidwa ndi lamulo la dziko lonse. Malamulo a katundu, malamulo angozi zapanyumba, malamulo a banja kaamba ka okwatirana a kugonana (kunja kwa Ulaya ndi madera ena oŵerengeka), ndi mbali zambiri za kutsagana zikukhalabe zosakhudzidwa ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse. Lamulo lapadziko lonse limene lilipo kaŵirikaŵiri limagawanika, kufotokoza zochitika zenizeni za mtanda koma kutuluka mipata yaikulu. Kuyesayesa kwa kusokoneza kumapitiriza pang’onopang’ono, monga momwe maboma amatetezera miyambo yawo yalamulo yapakhomo. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya malamulo apadziko lonse amalonda yafotokozedwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri koma apanga kupita patsogolo pang'ono.

Ngakhale kumene lamulo lamitundu yonse limagwira ntchito, chisonkhezero chake chogwira ntchito chimadalira pa kuphunzitsa ndi kufunitsitsa kwa oweruza a m’nyumba. Oweruza ambiri sazoloŵera zipangizo za dziko lonse ndi osoŵa zipangizo zofufuzira. Zitsulo, mtengo wa mapangano, ndi unyinji wa mapangano zingaletse makhoti kuloŵerera m’malamulo a mitundu yonse. Madongosolo a maphunziro alamulo aloŵa m’malamulo a maiko onse pang’onopang’ono, koma njirayo njosiyana m’maiko onse ndi m’mabwalo a milandu.

Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo ndi Kufalikira kwa Mikhalidwe

Chitsogozo cha chisonkhezero cha lamulo lapadziko lonse chimasonyeza kuti malamulo a boma ali ogwirizana kwambiri. Kugulitsa zinthu, kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi nzeru zopanga zikuyambitsa mafunso alamulo amene palibe boma limodzi lingayankhe lokha. General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) yakhala ikugwira kale ntchito monga chitsanzo cha malamulo otetezera a zachinsinsi m'mayiko ambiri, ndi makhoti m’mayiko amenewo akumasulira malamulo awo a m’dzikolo mogwirizana ndi malamulo a GDPR'. International arbitation ikupitiriza kupambana, ndipo malamulo ake ogwirizana ndi malamulo a m'malamulo a boma a boma a m'dziko ayamba kuvomerezedwa ndi makhoti a nkhani zovuta zamalonda.

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumasonyeza malire ena. Ofufuza milandu m'maiko angapo atsutsa kuti kusakwanira kwa boma kumaswa mapangano a malo okhala kapena mathayo a ufulu wa anthu. Makhoti a m'nyumba ayamba kutchula za Paris Agreement ndi Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change polingalira zawo, ngakhale pamene mlanduwo wapangidwa monga chitokoso chapanyumba kapena cha lamulo loyang'anira. Nkhani yapadera ya Adatchi [[FLT: 0] Urgenda Foundation v. Netherlands . [FLT:] (209)) anaona Khoti Lapamwamba la Netherlands likudalira pa Msonkhano wa ku Ulaya wa ufulu wa kuchepetsa kutulutsa kutulutsa mabomba, chigamu chimene chasonkhezera nkhani zofananazo ku Belgium, Germany, ndi United Kingdom.

Luso la zopangapanga likusinthanso mmene malamulo apadziko lonse amafikira makhoti a m'dziko. Zikalata za mu intaneti zonga United Nations Pactive County ndi CISG database [[ imapanga ziŵiya zamitundu yonse kukhala zopezeka kwambiri kuposa kale. Mabungwe a milandu, monga ngati [FLT:] Genographial Panet Network [1] ndi chigawo, amalola oweruza kugawana zokumana nazo ndi machitachita zabwino. Mtanda umenewu umalimbikitsa makhoti kuyang'ana kupyola malire a boma chifukwa cha kukopana, pang’onopang'ono amamanga jupluga ya dziko lonse lapansi la anthu ogwirizana.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kukaniza ndi kubwezera kukhoza kupitirizabe. Magulu a Populist m'maiko angapo adakayikira kuyenera kwa lamulo la mitundu yonse, ndipo okhazikitsa nyumba za malamulo ena akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa magwero akunja kapena a mitundu yonse ndi makhoti a m'dziko. Kulinganiza pakati pa kumasuka ndi kudziimira kudzakhala kopitirizabe, kopangidwa ndi mphamvu zandale monga ngati zotsutsana za lamulo. Komabe, zitsenderezo za kudalira pa dziko lapansi ndi chuma, kusamuka kwa mzera wa dziko, kugwirizanitsa kwa ndandanda ya makono ndi , kumapitirizabe kubwerera kumbuyo kwa lamulo lamitundu yonse.

Kwa odziŵa za lamulo ndi akatswiri, kumvetsetsa mphamvu imeneyi nkofunika. Olamulira amene angadziŵitse zida zamitundu yonse zofunika ndi kutsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo adzatumikira bwino ogula awo m'dziko logwirizana. Oweruza amene amadziŵa malamulo a mitundu yonse angatulutse zigamulo zogwirizana ndi zolungama m'nkhani za m’mphepete mwa mzera. Ndipo ophunzira amene amaphunzira kugwirizana kwa malamulo a mitundu yonse ndi a m’dziko lapansi amakonzekera ntchito imene imakhala ndi malire, koma ngakhale kuti sanachitepo kanthu koposa kalelo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo apadziko lonse asintha kwambiri malamulo a boma, lamulo la banja, ndi malamulo a katundu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto okhudzana ndi ulamuliro, kusungitsa, ndi kulinganiza zinthu, magulu onga UNCITRAL, UNIDROIT, ndi Hague Conference, malamulo apadziko lonse asinthanso malamulo a pangano, malamulo a banja, tort, ndi malamulo a katundu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto okhudzana ndi ulamuliro, kusungitsa, ndi malire akukhalabe, mikhalidwe yachibadwa ya kugwirizanitsa zinthu zambiri. Mtsogolo mwachidziŵikire mudzawona kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi malamulo a dziko lonse monga malo okhalako, a makono, ndi nkhani za ufulu wa anthu zikusonkhezera makhoti kuyang'ana kupyola malire a dziko. Pakuti aliyense woloŵetsedwa m'chiweruzo, kugwirizanitsa chisonkhezero chimenechi sichiri machitachita ntchito ya maphunziro chabe yalamulo padziko lonse lapansi.