Kulimbana kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe ku United States kwakhala mibadwo yambiri, yodziŵika ndi zipambano zolimba ndi zopinga zosalekeza. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ndi zigamulo za khoti zachotsa mitundu yambiri ya tsankho, zovuta zamakono zikupitirizabe kusintha / kuchokera ku ziletso zovotera ku kukondera. Kwa anthu amene akuyang'anizana ndi kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe, kudziŵa kumene angapezere chithandizo ndi kumvetsetsa malamulo amene amawatetezera; kaŵirikaŵiri ndilo maziko ogamulapo kaya chilungamo chikwaniritsidwe. Nkhaniyi imapereka chitsogozo chothandiza ku zinsinsinsi zazikulu, zitetezero zalamulo, ndi njira zoyenerera zimene zimapezeka ku nkhani za kuyendetsa malamulo m'dziko m'malo amakono.

Kumvetsetsa Ufulu wa Anthu m’Nyengo Yamakono

Pa maziko awo, ufulu wachibadwidwe uli zitsimikizo za kuchitiridwa ndi kutetezeredwa kofanana pansi pa lamulo. Iwo amatetezera anthu ku tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana (kuphatikizapo mimba, kugonana, ndi kudziŵika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi), chiyambi cha dziko, msinkhu, kupunduka, ndi zinthu zina zambiri monga kuchuluka kwa malo kapena chidziŵitso cha majini. Lingalirolo limaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kutenga mbali kotheratu m’moyo wa anthu onse, kupeza nyumba ndi ntchito popanda kukondera, ndi kulandira chilungamo chofanana m’dongosolo la malamulo.

Lerolino, nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe zimayenderana ndi mbali iliyonse ya chitaganya: mpambo wa munthu wa zip ungatsimikizire kuti angapeze maphunziro abwino, madzi oyera, ndi malo otetezereka. Technoloji yayambitsa malire atsopano, monga ngati kudziŵidwa kwa nkhope kumene kumasokoneza anthu a mitundu, ndi ziŵiya zogwiritsira ntchito kulembedwa kumene kumachirikiza kukondera kwa m’mbiri. Kumvetsetsa zoyenera za anthu m’zaka za zana la 21 kumatanthauza kuzindikira kuti tsankho lingakhale lomveka bwino ndi logwirizana ndi dongosolo, ndi kuti malamulo ayenera kutetezera anthu ku mitundu yatsopano ya kusalingana.

Malamulo Ofunika Kwambiri Oteteza Ufulu wa Anthu

Malamulo ameneŵa, limodzi ndi kusintha kwa matanthauzo a Khoti Lalikulu, ndi matanthauzo a mabwana, eninyumba, mabungwe a boma, ndi mabizinesi amene amathandizira anthu onse, zimasonyeza udindo wa olemba ntchito, eni nyumba, makampani a boma.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo lapadera limeneli limaletsa tsankho m'madera ambiri ofunika. Zikalata zachiwiri zimaletsa kuikidwa pagulu m'nyumba za anthu (mahotela, malesitilanti, mabwalo a maseŵero). Zida VI VI zimaletsa tsankho ndi ntchito iliyonse imene boma limapereka. Zida VII zimaletsa tsankho la ntchito zochokera ku fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena dziko lakwanu. Zakhala zikukuzidwa kuti ziphike munthu aliyense amene akudandaula za tsankho. Bungwe la Ofesala la Supreme Court (EOC) likuonetsetsa kuti ntchito imeneyi ikuyendetse [FLT: 0] Bostock v. Clayton County .

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Atangoperekedwa kuti agonjetse zipinga zalamulo pa boma ndi m'miyezo yakumaloko imene inaletsa Aafirika kusonyeza kuyenera kwawo kwa kuvota, Act imaletsa tsankho la mafuko povota. Chigawo chake chachikulu, Chigawo 5, chinafuna maulamuliro ena okhala ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo ovota. Makonzedwe monga a Khoti Lapamwamba la 2013 lomwe linafooketsedwa ndi chigamulo cha Shelby County v. Khoti . Khoti la Acter . [FLT: 1] Ilit . Komabe, chigawo 2 chidakali chida champhamvu chotsutsa ntchito yosanthula yovota ndi kutumiza mapangano m'dziko lonselo. Mabungwe onga [[FLT:]

Lamulo la Kusamalira Nyumba la mu 1968

Zikalata za Utatu za Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Malamulo, zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri monga Fair House Act, zimaletsa kukondera pogulitsa, pobwereka nyumba, kapena popereka ndalama zochokera ku mtundu, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, malo a thangata, kapena kupunduka. Zimaletsanso kubwereka machitachita ogulitsa zinthu zimene zimavulaza kwambiri anthu ochepa. Dipatimenti ya House ndi Urban Development (HUD) imakakamiza Act, ndipo anthu angadandaule mwachindunji kudzera ku Ofesi ya Hid of Fair Holication and Avity Omic Ove Ovement. Nkhani zaposachedwapa zakhala zikulankhula ndi tsankho pa kusatsa malonda a za pa Intaneti otsatsa malonda a za nyumba, kusonyeza kuyendetsa kwa ntchito yamakono yamakono.

Anthu a ku America Odwala (ADA) a mu 1990

ADA imaletsa tsankho kwa anthu olumala pantchito (Tit I), boma ndi mautumiki a boma (Tit II), malo ogona a anthu onse (Tit III), ndi foni (Tit IV). Imafuna malo okhala bwino monga ndandanda yosinthidwa ya ntchito, omasulira chilankhulo cha manja, kapena olumala apanjika pa njinga ya olumala (Tit III), ADA yakhala ikuthandiza kuwongolera kupezeka kwa anthu onse, koma lamulo limakhala losalingana. [[FLT: 0] Disacy Rights Images & Supertion Fund [FL:1] imapatsa anthu zinthu zalamulo ndi zikopa za anthu oyang'anizana ndi ADAckis.

Zitetezero Zina za Magulu Otetezera

Malamulo ena aakulu amaphatikizapo Age Discrimination in Obster Act (1967), imene imateteza antchito 40 ndi kupitirirapo; Umutwe IX of the Education Amendments (1972), umene umaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana m’mabungwe a maphunziro ochirikizidwa ndi boma; ndi bungwe la Respocration Respectment Restion Act (USTERRA), limene limatetezera ntchito za mamembala ankhondo. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chokulirapo, kuchotsa mikhalidwe monga ngati malo a muukwati, mayanjano a ndale, kapena kulemera ndi kulemera.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Anthu ku Boma

Kuzindikira kugwirizana kwa lamulo la boma ndi la boma nkovuta. Malamulo a Federal amaika malo otetezereka ocheperapo omwe munthu aliyense wa ku Amereka angayembekezere. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo awo a ufulu wa anthu amene amapyola miyezo ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena amaletsa poyera tsankho lozikidwa pa mtundu wa tsitsi ndi kapesedwe ka tsitsi kotetezera, pamene ena ali ndi chitetezo champhamvu cha LGBTQ + anthu okhala m’nyumba ndi m'nyumba za anthu onse.

Pamene lamulo la boma lipereka chitetezo chokulirapo, ilo limaloŵa mmalo mwa maulamuliro a boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, malamulo a boma sangachepetse chitetezo cha boma. Kwa anthu amene akuyang'anizana ndi tsankho, kuli kopindulitsa kukonza madandaulo panthaŵi imodzi pansi pa malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma. Zipani zonga EEC] ali ndi mapangano a ntchito limodzi ndi mabungwe a ntchito oyenera a boma, kutanthauza kuti kudandaula kungachititse kufufuza kosiyanasiyana.

Ziŵiya za Kuchirikiza Ufulu wa Nzika

Kuletsa kusoŵa ufulu wachibadwidwe kungakuchititseni kumva kukhala wovuta kwambiri, koma mabungwe ambiri amapereka chithandizo chalamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa anthu, ndi maphunziro.

Mabungwe a Boma Ovomerezeka ndi Malamulo ndi Akhama

  • American Liberties Union (ACLU): ACLU akuchititsa chiyambukiro pa nkhani zambiri za ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, kubereka, kuvota, ndi chiweruzo chafuko. Maboma ake amaperekanso chichirikizo cha kumaloko. Webusaiti ya ACLU [ ALBU] imapempha “Kudziŵa Ufulu Wanu wa Ufulu Wanu, ufulu wa kubereka, ufulu wosankha, ndi chilungamo chaufuko.
  • NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF): adakhazikitsidwa monga gulu lopatulidwa kuchokera ku NAACP, LDF isumika pa ligigation, kugamula, ndi maphunziro a anthu ogwirizana ndi chilungamo cha fuko, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a malingana, kuvota, ndi kukonzanso chilungamo.
  • Bungwe la Opportunity Commission (EOC): [[FLT ] Bungwe lalikulu la boma lokhazikitsa malamulo a tsankho pantchito. Anthu ayenera kulembetsa mlandu wa EEOC asanapereke kwa abwana awo. Bungweli limagaŵira mapepala a pa Intaneti, magetsi otentha a pa Intaneti (1-69-4000), ndi chuma m’zinenero zambiri.
  • National Organization for Women (NOW): [[FLT ] THETS] Ochirikiza ufulu wa akazi kupyolera mwa ntchito zaudzu, kukopa, ndi kachitidwe ka lamulo. Chisonkhezerero chake chimaphatikizapo chilungamo cha kubala, kulingana kwa chuma, ndi kutha chiwawa chozikidwa pa amuna.
  • Kummwera kwa Upofu Lwizo la (SPLC): [[FLT ] yodziŵika kaamba ka kulondola magulu a udani ndi kutsutsa magulu a azungu otsutsa kusuta, SPLC amagwiranso ntchito pa chiweruzo cha osamukira, kusintha chilungamo cha achichepere, ndi kusanthula ufulu wa kuvota.
  • Kampeni ya Ufulu Wachindunji wa Anthu (HRC): Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la LGBTQ+ advocacy mu U.S., HRC imapereka ziŵiya za kulingana kwa ntchito, kupezeka kwa zaumoyo, ndi zitetezero za lamulo za LGBTQ+ anthu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Didisability Rights Education & Super Fund (DEFF): Malamulo ndi malamulo a dziko odzipereka kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu okhala ndi zilema mwa mautumiki alamulo, lamulo la kuletsa, ndi maphunziro.

Boma Limayendera Zinthu Mwachangu

  • Kuchotsa Chilungamo (DOJ) Chigawo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: ndi kuswa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo upandu wa chidani, kusamvera kwa apolisi, ndi tsankho la kachitidwe ka zinthu. Kudandaula kungaperekedwe pa Intaneti kudzera ku DOJ’S .
  • Malo a Nyumba ndi Chitukuko cha Urban (HUD): Akufotokoza kudandaula kwa kusoŵa nyumba. [1] House Hosle Hotline (1-69-977) imapereka chithandizo m'kukonza milandu.
  • Office for Civil Rights (OCR) mu HHS: malamulo oletsa tsankho m'maprogramu a zaumoyo amene amalandira ndalama za boma. Izi zimaphatikizapo nkhani zokhudza kulephera kupezeka, kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero, ndi kusankhana zipembedzo m’mautumiki a zaumoyo.

Zitetezero za Malamulo pa Tsankho: Njira Imodzi Imodzi

Pamene kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe kuchitika, njira yopangira chigamulo kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo madandaulo a boma, kuimira lamulo, ndi “‘ ngati kuli kofunika, ” kudziŵa masitepe enieniwo kungachepetse kuwopa ndi kuwonjezera mwaŵi wa chipambano.

Muzilemba Zonse

Musanachitepo kanthu, sonkhanitsani umboni wonse wokhudzana ndi zimenezi. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ma email, mauthenga a pa foni, zithunzi, maumboni, ndi mafaelo a masiku, nthaŵi, ndi malo a zochitika. Pa ntchito, ganizirani za kuwerengera, kachitidwe ka ka kapenyedwe, ndi ndemanga zilizonse za akuluakulu a ntchito zimene zimapereka lingaliro la tsankho. Kusunga magazini atsatanetsatane kungathandize kukhazikitsa khalidwe labwino.

2. Kutchula M’kati Mwanu Kudandaula

Olemba ntchito ambiri, sukulu, ndi osungira nyumba ali ndi njira zachibadwa zoperekera dandaulo. Tsatirani izi, ngati zingatheke, choyamba kudziŵitsa bungwelo. Nthaŵi zambiri sitepe limeneli limakhala lofunika pa zikalata zalamulo zapambuyo pake, monga momwe limasonyeza kuti bungwelo linali ndi mwaŵi wakuwongolera kuswa. Sungani makope onse a mkati ndi mayankhidwe.

Agency Yoyenerera Idzalipiriridwa

Kuti mupeze ntchito, EEOC imafuna kuti aikidwe mlandu pamasiku 180 a ntchito yopatula boma (imene inachitidwa masiku 300 m’mayiko amene muli bungwe loona za ntchito). Nyumba, mafaelo ndi HUD pasanathe chaka chimodzi. Kuti mukhale ndi ufulu wovota, lankhulani ndi bungwe la DOJ’S Civil Rights Division. Mabungwe ambiri amalola pa Intaneti kutsegula maloya, ndipo simufunikira loya kukhoma kuti muyambitse ntchitoyi.

4. Pezani Kalata Yabwino Yopita ku Udzu

Atafufuza, EEOC angapereke chidziŵitso cha “kulondola ndi kutsogolo , chimene chiri chofunika kulemba mlandu wachinsinsi m'khoti la boma pansi pa malamulo a tsankho la ntchito. Chidziŵitsochi chimakulolani kupitiriza ngakhale ngati bungwelo silinapeze chochititsa. Lamulo la kuletsa kulinganiza ndi masiku 90 kuti mulandire kalata.

Pezani Chithunzi cha Malamulo

Milandu ya ufulu wa nzika njocholoŵana ndi yosasintha. Kuonana ndi loya wozoloŵera m'mbali yanu yakutiyakuti (ntchito, nyumba, kupunduka, ndi zina zotero) kumayamikiridwa kwambiri. Oimira ufulu wachibadwidwe ambiri amagwira ntchito pa maziko a ndalama zoyendetsera kapena kupyolera mwa mabungwe osapanga phindu. Mabungwe a zaufulu ndi mautumiki a bungwe la backarbar angathandize kupeza uphungu wokhoza kupezeka. Ngati simungathe kupeza loya, mabungwe onga ACLU kapena LDF nthaŵi zina amayang'anira nkhani zofunika zimene zimadzutsa mafunso alamulo.

Kufufuza Zothetsa Nkhani Zina

Mabungwe ena amanena kuti mabungwewa angathetse mikangano mofulumira ndiponso popanda kuwonongetsa ndalama zambiri. Koma sibwino kukambirana ngati pali tsankho lotere.

Kulankhulana Monga Njira Yomalizira

Malamulo angakhale opatsa nthaŵi, odula, ndi otopetsa maganizo. Komabe, iwo adakali chida chovuta kwambiri choperekera ufulu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Malamulo ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe angatulukepo m'kubwezera ndi kubwezera, kupatsa mpumulo (malamulo a boma oletsa ntchito yopatula milandu), ndi ndalama zolipirira mlandu wa loya. Mabwalo a gulu amathandiza kwambiri kuyang'anira kukondera kofala.

Mavuto a Kuyenera kwa Anthu

Ngakhale kuti milandu ipambana, kuzindikila mavuto amenewa kumathandiza anthu ndi ocilikiza boma kugonjetsa njila zawo.

Tsankho la Madongosolo ndi Bias

Ufuko watsankho kaŵirikaŵiri waloŵedwa m’malo ndi mitundu yauchikulire ya tsankho yovuta kutsimikizira. Tsankho laungwiro, kusungidwa kwa magulu, ndi kusalingana kwa malo . Monga nyumba zokhalamo zopatulidwa zimene zimachokera ku kusiyanitsa kwa m’mbiri kwa chuma, thanzi, ndi mwaŵi. Kuchotsa ziyambukiro (malamulo auchete amene amavulaza kwambiri magulu otetezedwa) kumafuna umboni wa masamu ndi kuyang’anizana ndi kusanthula kwalamulo.

Zopinga Zalamulo ndi Zachikhalidwe

Kuchuluka kwa masiku otsatizana, njira za bungwe, ndi malamulo a malamulo kungaletse anthu kufunafuna zinthu. Anthu ambiri sazindikira za mawindo achidule a kukonza milandu. Kuwonjezerapo, mtengo wa kubwezera ndi kuopa kubwezera [1] makamaka kwa antchito amene afuna kungokhala chete. Kuyang'ana kwa EEOC kumatanthauzanso nthaŵi yaitali yodikira kuti afufuze.

Kusazindikira ndi Kusoŵa Maphunziro

Kufufuza kokhazikika kumasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku America samadziŵa kuti amatetezeredwa ufulu wawo wonse wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, antchito ambiri sakudziŵa kuti ADA imasamalira matenda a maganizo kapena kuti tsankho la pathupi ndilo mtundu wa tsankho la kugonana pansi pa Pregnant Workers Fairness Act. Linested English Succerity ndi digital imachepetsanso kupezeka kwa chidziŵitso.

Kubwezera ndi Kuopa

Anthu amene amabwezera anzawo chifukwa choopa kubwezera, amavutika chifukwa choopa kuti anthu ena aziwachitira nkhanza.

Kuopsa kwa Njira Zopangira Zinthu Zamakono

Maalamu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'ntchito, polishi, kuwonjezera, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo zingapereke kukondera kwa ufuko ndi ukazi. Kusoŵa kwa kuonekera kwa madongosolo ameneŵa kumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kutsutsa tsankho. Malamulo amakono a ufulu wachibadwidwe akupezabe (maulamuliro ndi makhoti akungoyamba kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo oletsa kusokoneza nzeru zopeka. Magulu a anthu akusonkhezera kutetezera kwamphamvu [[FLT:]]

Kuphunzira ndi Kuphunzira: Kupita Patsogolo

Kuwonjezera pa kupemphana mlandu kwa munthu aliyense, n’kofunika kuti anthu asinthe nthaŵi yaitali.

Malo Ogwirira Ntchito a M’chitaganya ndi Maphunziro Anu Odziŵa

Mabungwe a Grasroot kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi malo ochitira zinthu aulere m’masukulu, matchalitchi, ndi m'malo osungira anthu. Magawo ameneŵa amafotokoza nkhani ngati mmene angachitire ndi apolisi, mmene angalembedwere tsankhu, ndi mmene angalembedwere madandaulo. Machaputala a ACLU, NAACP, ndi SPLC kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka aphunzitsi. Ngakhale kampani imodzi ikhoza kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri kuti asunge ufulu wawo.

Kupititsa Ufulu wa Dziko Lonse ku Tsima la Sukulu

Kuphunzitsa mbiri ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi chitetezo chamakono m'masukulu a K-12 kumamanga maziko a kuzindikira. Nkhani ziyenera kuphatikizapo Civil Rights Community Movement, malamulo, ndi nkhani zamakono monga ufulu wovota ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti. Maphunziro ogwirizana, milandu yonyoza, ndi olankhula nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe akuchititsa nkhaniyo kukhala yokhudzana ndi nkhani.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta ndi Zinthu Zina

Makompyuta a zaufauzi akulitsa mawu a m’mphepete ndipo angasinthe zinthu zopanda chilungamo za m'dziko. Mahashtag, mapempho a pa Intaneti, ndi maumboni a pa vidiyo asintha malamulo ndi mlandu wa makampani. Komabe, ochirikiza ayeneranso kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zolakwika ndi zapamwamba. Magulu onga Expronic Foundation [1] Amapereka zinthu zofunika pa ufulu wa makompyuta ndi kufotokoza zinthu mwaufulu pa Intaneti.

Kuphwanya Lamulo ndi Kuloŵa M’pangano Loloza Kumbuyo

Kusintha malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kusonkhezera kuwonjezereka kwa mlingo wa kumaloko, boma, ndi boma. Mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amachenjezeratu za malamulo otsala, kulinganiza ndawala za kulemba makalata, ndi kugwirizanitsa maumboni akumva. Anthu angapereke chopereka mwa kulankhulana ndi akuluakulu awo osankhidwa, kupezeka m'maholo a tauni, ndi kuvota m'masankho alionse . Kuphatikizapo mapulatimenti a sukulu ndi mafuko a kumaloko amene amapanga makomiti a sukulu, maloya, ndi mamejaji.

Kumaliza

Kuletsa mavuto a ufulu wachibadwidwe kumafuna ponse paŵiri chidziŵitso ndi kachitidwe. Mwakumvetsetsa chitetezo chalamulo choikidwa m'malamulo a boma ndi a boma, kugwiritsira ntchito ndandanda ya kuyang'anira ndi mabungwe alamulo, ndi kutsatira masitepe olinganizidwa kusamalira tsankho, anthu angalimbanenso bwino. Ntchito yogwirizana ya maphunziro ndi kuletsa kusalingana kwa malamulo. Zolinga za nzika sizifunikira kutetezeredwa ndi kukonzedwa nthaŵi zonse. Kaya mukuyang'anizana ndi kusokonezedwa kapena kuima mogwirizana ndi ena, chuma ndi zipangizo zalamulo zofotokozedwa pano zimapereka maziko kaamba ka kufunafuna chilungamo ndi kumanga tsogolo losayenerera.