Ntchito yoyenerera imakhala imodzi ya zitetezero zazikulu koposa m'dongosolo la zamalamulo lililonse lokhudza malamulo. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti boma silingamane anthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda choyamba kupereka njira zolungama. Pazochitika zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu, njira yoyenerera imapereka chitsimikizo chakuti munthu aliyense alandira chidziŵitso, mpata woyenera kumvedwa, ndi wopanga zigamulo zosaloŵerera. Malamulo ameneŵa si zolinga chabe zopanda pake; ali oyenerera, osungidwa amene amapanga ufulu umene umaumba makhoti, mabungwe, ndi akuluakulu a ntchito a . Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira kuphunzira malamulo kapena zigawo, njira yozindikira ndiyo yofunika chifukwa chakuti amagwirizanitsa kuikidwa kwa zigamulo za chiweruzo ndi kusunga chidaliro chapo m’dongosolo la chiweruzo.

Kodi Zinthu Ziyenera Kuchitika Bwanji?

Malamulo a boma amatsatira lamulo lakuti boma litsatire njira zolungama ndi zokhazikitsidwa za lamulo lisanachite kanthu kalikonse kamene kamayambukira ufulu wa munthu. Ku United States, lingaliro limeneli laikidwa m'Chisinthiko chachisanu, chimene chimagwira ntchito ku boma la boma, ndi Demendment ya 1450, imene imawonjezera zofunika ku maboma. Zosintha zonse ziŵiri zimalengeza kuti palibe munthu amene “adzalandira moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo.

Kachitidwe koyenera kofuna kudziŵidwa kasumika pa njira ndi masitepe amene boma liyenera kutsatira. Imafunsa kuti: Kodi ndi mtundu wotani wa chidziŵitso chimene chiyenera kuperekedwa? Kodi ndi mtundu wotani wa kumvetsera ? Wopanga chigamulo? Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti zofunika zenizeni zimasiyana malinga ndi nkhani yake, koma zinthu zazikulu sizisintha: kuzindikira, mwaŵi woti amvedwe, ndi khoti lopanda mbali.

Kudziwitsa, kutetezera ufulu wina wofunika ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, mosasamala kanthu za njira zimene amagwiritsira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lalikulu lazindikira kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira, kuyenera kulera ana, ndi kuyenera kwa kudzilamulira nkofunika kwambiri kwakuti boma silingawatsutse pokhapokha ngati lili ndi chifukwa chomveka. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira yoyenerera ndiyo njira yochititsa mkangano ndi yogwirizana, njira yoyenerera ya bwalo lamilandu ndi ntchito zauyang'aniro.

Mbiri Yakale

Maziko a njira yoyenerera akufika ku England wa m'zaka zapakati. Mawuwo amatchulidwa kukhala mawu oyamba olembedwa a lamulolo. Mutu wake 39 wotchuka unalengeza kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene angagwidwe, kumangidwa, kapena kulandidwa ufulu wake kusiyapo “mwa chiweruziro chololedwa cha ausinkhu wake kapena ndi lamulo la dzikolo. Mawuwo, “lamulo la dziko,” potsirizira pake linayerekezeredwa ndi“ dongosolo la malamulo. . Pambuyo pake malamulo a Chingelezi, monga ngati Chilolezo cha Kuyenera (1628) ndi Habeas Corpus Act (1679), analimbitsa lingaliro lakuti koronalo silingapitse kapena kulanga anthu popanda kutsatira malamulo alamulo.

Magna Carta ndi Choloŵa Chake

Olamulira amene anakakamiza Mfumu John kusaina Magna Carta anali odera nkhaŵa kwakukulukulu ndi kuletsa ochenjera a mfumu. Iwo anakakamiza kuti mikangano ithetsedwe m'makhoti okhazikitsidwa, osati ndi cholinga cha mfumu. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, chitetezo cha tchatacho chinakula kuchokera kwa nduna zonse ku anthu onse aufulu, ndipo potsirizira pake kwa munthu aliyense m’dzikolo. Angelezi a m’mapolonenti ananyamula miyambo imeneyi ku America, kumene anaikidwa m’malamulo a boma ndipo pomalizira pake ku U.S. Malamulo a Chilamulo a Justice Felix Frankfur adawona, “kugonjetsedwa kwa ufulu wa ku America, si kwapang’onong’ono, mbiri ya kachitidwe ka kachitidwe ka ."

Chitukuko mu United States

Pamene Bill of Rights anavomerezedwa mu 1791, Demetrition yachisanu inaperekedwa kuti palibe aliyense “akanamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Koyamba, mawuwa anagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Demende la 145 linafutukula chiletso chofanana ndi zigawo. Mndandanda wa zigamulo zapadera cha zaka za zana la 19 ndi la 20, Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba kulongosola njira yoyenerera m'dziko ndi zaupandu. Malamulo apadera monga [FLT: 0] Supt [F.FFFF:1] adalandira chivomerezo choyenera kuperekedwa ndi chisankhomo chamakono. [FL.FF.F.NULD]

Mfundo Zothandiza

Ngakhale kuti mfundo zachindunji za mmene zinthu zimayendera zimasiyana, mfundo zina zimagwira ntchito pa nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu zomwe, mfundo zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti anthu sachita zinthu motsatira malamulo a boma ndiponso kuti milandu ya boma imathetsedwa bwino.

  • Notice: [[FLT :1] Boma liyenera kudziŵitsa munthu aliyense za kachitidwe kalamulo kalikonse kamene kamakhudza ufulu wawo. Chenjezerani kuti mukhale woyenerera kufikira chipani chokondwerera, perekani mikhalidwe. M’nkhani za boma, zimenezi zimatanthauza utumiki waumwini wa kupempha ndi kudandaula. M’milanduwo, zimaphatikizapo kulembetsa milandu ndi kusungidwa kwa chilolezo cha kumangidwa kapena kuitanidwa.
  • Kudziwitsa kuti Amvedwe: Munthu ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo wa kupereka umboni, kutsutsa malo awo, ndi kuyankha ku zonena zawo. M'nkhani za boma, zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuyendetsa mafaelo a mafaelo, kuchitapo kanthu, ndi kupereka umboni pamlandu. M'machitidwe aupandu, amaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa mboni, kuitana mboni zodzitetezera, ndi kukweza chitetezo.
  • Tribunal: Wopanga chigamulo] Kaya woweruza, juli, kapena mkulu waboma . Kuwonekera kwa tsankho, monga ngati chikondwerero cha zachuma m’chotulukapo kapena kudziloŵetsa kwaumwini m’nkhaniyo, kumaswa njira yoyenerera. Nzika ziri ndi kuyenera kwa kumvedwa ndi woweruza amene sanagamule nkhaniyo.
  • Kuyenera ku Uphungu: M'milandu, Appendumpliji ya Sixth imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa loya, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba lagamula kuti kuyenera kumeneku kuli kofunika kwambiri kwakuti boma lipereke uphungu kwa oimbidwa mlandu amene sangathe kuigula. M’nkhani za boma, nthaŵi zambiri palibe ufulu wa lamulo wa kupereka uphungu, ngakhale kuti zochitika zina (monga kusunga ana kapena kudzipereka mwaufulu) zingafunikire uphungu woikidwa kutsimikizira chilungamo.
  • Malongosoledwe ndi Malamulo a Umboni: Ilionse lija nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu ziyenera kutsatira malamulo okhazikitsidwa amene amalamulira mmene umboni umaperekedwera, umboni wotsimikizirika, ndi mmene zosankha zimapangidwira. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa umboni wosadalirika kapena wokondera kuipitsa chipambano ndi kutsimikizira kuti zigamulozo zimadalira pa maziko olingalirika.

Kutsatira Machitidwe a Ziŵeniŵeni

Pansi pa ntchito za boma pamagwira ntchito nthaŵi iliyonse (kapena chipani chachinsinsi chochita ndi ulamuliro wa boma) chikufunafuna kulanda katundu wa munthu kapena ufulu wake. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuzenga mlandu pa mapangano, kutsutsana kwa banja, kuweruza milandu pa mapindu, ndipo ngakhale machitidwe a sukulu. Funso lalikulu nlakuti: Kodi ndi njira yotani imene ikufunika kuti itsimikizire kuti ikhale yolungama? Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu [FL:0] Maws v. Eldidge [1] chinakhazikitsa mayeso atatu oyenera kuti ayankhidwe. Makhoti (1) chikondweretso chaumwini chimene chidzayambukiridwa, (2) kuopsa kwa kusoŵa zinthu zofunikira pa malamulo okhalapo ndi mtengo wake, ndi kutetezera kowonjezera, ndi (3) zipambani za boma, kuphatikizapo ndi kuwonjezera katundu ndi kuwonjezera ntchito.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri M’chochitika Chawo

  • Kuzenga mlandu: Sungathe kupitiriza ngati woimbidwa mlandu wadziŵitsidwa bwino. Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni ndi olingana ndi boma amafunikira kuperekedwa kwa munthu, utumiki ndi makalata ndi chivomerezo, kapena, m’mikhalidwe yochepa, kufalitsidwa. Utumiki wosayenerera ungachotse chiweruzo.
  • Zifukwa: Magulu onse aŵiri ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza chidziŵitso choyenerera. Malamulo a kutulukira kulola mapepala kupempha, kutenga, ndi kufunsa mafunso. Popanda kutulukira, chipani sichingapeze umboni wofunikira kutsimikizira mlanduwo, kuchepetsa mpata wa kumvedwa.
  • Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni: Oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli m'milandu ku lamulo (motsutsana ndi kulondola) ndi mboni ndi umboni. Oweruza ayenera kukhala opanda tsankho, ndipo nkhanizo ziyenera kuchitidwa m’khoti lapoyera pokhapo ngati mikhalidwe yapadera ikufuna kutsekedwa.
  • Appals: Ngakhale kuti palibe kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kufunsira m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, maulamuliro ambiri amapereka chimodzi. Kuchonderera kumakhala ngati chitseko cha chitetezo chowongolera zolakwa zimene zingakhale zitaswa njira yofunikira pozenga mlandu.

Malo ena ofunika kwambiri amene ntchito yoweruza yakhala ikuchitidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. Mabungwe amene amagamula kuti kuli bwino kubweretsa mapindu a kusoŵa kwa Ubwino wa Anthu, malipiro a ulova, kapena malaisensi aukatswiri ayenera kupereka chimvero kwa oyang'anira wosatenga mbali. Goldberg v. Kelly[ [1970] [1970], Khoti Lapamwamba linapanga kuti likhale loyenerera kuchotsa mapindu a anthu, boma liyenera kupereka chidziŵitso chapasadakhale, mwaŵi wa kupereka umboni ndi kuyang'ana kwa mboni, ndi chigamulo cholembedwa. [[FLT.FLT:] Maws . [FLT] Maws .]

Kutsatira Mchitidwe wa Apandu

M’milandu yaupandu, mitengoyo ili pamtengo wapamwamba kwambiri: kutaya ufulu, kapena ngakhale moyo. Motero, chitetezo choyenera chimakula kwambiri ndipo chimaikidwa m’bungwe la Ufulu wa Anthu komanso m’zoweruza. Malamulo a Nambala 5 ndi 6 amatsimikizira poyera kuti gulu lonse liyenera kuweruza maupandu: kuweruza kwa apandu: kuweruza kwa ajuli aakulu, kuteteza ku ngozi yowirikiza kawiri, kuyenera kwa kukhala chete, ku mlandu wapoyera ndi wa ajuli opanda tsankho, kuyenera kwa Mboni, kuyenera kwa kukakamiza anthu kuti apeze mboni, ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri pa Upandu

  • Kulunjika ku Kuweruza Kofulumira: Malamulo a Sixth Reformation amatsimikizira kuzengedwa mlandu “posachedwa.” Zimenezi zimaletsa kumangidwa mosadziŵika, zimatsimikizira kuti umboni ukhalabe watsopano, ndi kuchepetsa nkhaŵa kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa mayeso anayi a mafashoni mu Barker v. Wingo [ [7] 07] kutsimikizira ngati kuyenera kwaswedwa: kuchedwa, chifukwa chozengereza, kuyembekezera kwa woimbidwa mlandu, ndi kukondera woimbidwa mlandu.
  • Kudziwitsa za Kusintha: Mzembe aliyense amalingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo kufikira atatsimikiziridwa kukhala wa liwongo mosakaikira koyenera. Lamulo limeneli, loikidwa mu Mu Re Winship [ (1970]), limafuna kuti apereke mlandu kuti asenze mtolo wonse wa umboni. Juries ayenera kulangizidwa kuti kulingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo ndi mbali yofunika ya mlandu wolungama.
  • Kuyenera Kukhalabe Wachinsinsi: [[FLT :1] Mpambo wachisanu umatetezera oimbidwa mlandu kusakakamizidwa kudzitsutsa. Chigamulo chapadera mu Miranda v. Arizona (1966]] amafuna apolisi kudziŵitsa okayikira za kuyenera kumeneku, limodzi ndi kuyenera kwa uphungu, asanafunsidwe. Makalata opezedwa m'kuswa [[FLT: 4.] Maranda [1] Kaŵirikaŵiri amamveka kukhala oyenera.
  • Kuyenera Kupereka Uphungu: Mpambo Wadziko Wachisanu ndi chimodzi ukutsimikizira kuyenera kwa loya. Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963), Bwalo Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa uphungu kwa woimbidwa mlandu aliyense amene akuyang'anizana ndi mlandu wa kulephera kulipira loya. Pambuyo pake mlanduwu unawonjezera ku ufulu umenewu ku mlandu uliwonse umene ungaperekedwe, kuphatikizapo olakwa.
  • Kulunjika ku Jury Trip: kaamba ka milandu yaikulu (imene imakhala ndi chilango cha kumangidwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi), Demendment yachisanu ndi chimodzi imatsimikizira kuzenga mlandu ndi juli yopanda tsankho yotengedwa ku chigawo choyera cha chitaganya. Woimbidwa mlanduyo angalande ufulu umenewu, koma woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kukhala wodziŵa ndi wodzifunira.
  • Kutsimikizira kwa Umboni wa Kufufuza: [[FT:1] Pansi pa [[FT:] Brady v. Maryland [1] (), oweruza ayenera kuvumbula umboni umene uli wabwino kwa woimbidwa mlandu ndi zinthu zimene ziri ndi liwongo kapena chilango. Kulephera kuchita zimenezo kumaswa njira yoyenera, mosasamala kanthu kuti kaya woweruzayo anachita mwachikhulupiriro chabwino.

Kuwonjezera pa zitsimikizo zimenezi, oimbidwa mlandu akukhala ndi njira yoyenerera ku kuzenga mlandu koyenera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti woweruzayo ayenera kukhala wopanda tsankho, malangizo a ajuli sayenera kutchula lamulo molakwa, ndipo mkhalidwe wa khoti suyenera kukhala wogwirizana. Mabwalo a milandu, monga ngati kuimbidwa mlandu, kumvedwa kwa maliro, ndi kuponderezedwa, ziyeneranso kugwirizana ndi njira yoyenerera. Mwachitsanzo, beil siiyenera kuikidwa pamlingo wokulirapo kotero kuti iyang’anitsitsa woimbidwa mlandu asanazengedwe mlandu, ndiponso siingakanidwe popanda kumvedwa popanda kuyang'anizana ndi ngozi ya kuuluka ndi ngozi kwa anthu.

Zotsatirapo za Kuswa Njira Yoyendera

Pamene njira yoyenerera yaswedwa, zotsatirapo zingakhale zoopsa. Mlandu waupandu ungachititse kupondereza umboni, kuchotsa zinenezo, kapena kuchotsa chitsimikizo pa mlandu. M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, chiweruzo chingapangidwe, ndipo maphwando angakakamizidwe kubwezera. Koma zotsatirapo zake sizipita pa milandu iliyonse. Kuphwanya malamulo kumachititsa anthu kutaya chikhulupiriro chawo ndipo kumachititsa anthu kukayikira chilungamo ndi kulingana kwa malamulo.

Zotsatira za Kuswa

  • Appeleals ndi Reversals : Otetezera amene angasonyeze kuti ufulu wawo woyenerera wa ntchito unapotozedwa amayenera kupendanso. Ngati khoti la apulota lipeza kuti kulakwako sikuli kopanda vuto , chifukwa chikadakhudza zotsatira. Pa zochitika zina, mlanduwo ungabwezedwenso kuti ukaweruzidwe ndi njira zoyenerera.
  • Lamulo la Acticussionary: M'milandu, umboni wopezedwa woswa njira yoyenerera (mwachitsanzo, mwa kufunafuna kosaloleka kapena kuulula kokakamiza) ungachotsedwe pa kuzengedwa pansi pa lamulo la kuchotsedwa. Lamulo limeneli, ngakhale likutsutsana, limatumikira monga chiletso choletsa kusamvera kwa apolisi ndi kuchirikiza umphumphu wa a judiary.
  • Andende angatsutse kulakwa kwa kumangidwa kwawo kupyolera mwa kutchula za Habeas corpus, akutsimikizira kuti njira yoyenerera yoswa lamulo inapereka kuweruza kwawo kosalungama kwenikweni. Federal habeas amapereka kufufuza komalizira pa zolakwa za boma.
  • Public Ocry and Reform: profile yoyenerera yolephera [1] monga ngati kulakwa kwa pambuyo pake kochotsedwa ndi umboni wa DNA .Yachititsa zigamulo za kukonzanso chilungamo cha apandu. Kusintha m'njira zodziŵikitsa kwa mboni zoona ndi maso, machitidwe ofunsira, ndi malamulo opezedwa zonsezo zasonkhezeredwa ndi kuswa dongosolo lolembedwa.

M’nkhani za boma, kuphwanya malamulo kwa boma nthaŵi zambiri kumawononga malamulo, monga kuchotsa mapindu popanda kuweruza koyenera. mabungwe a boma angalamuliridwe kupereka mapindu osintha kapena kulipira zowonongeka.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a kachitidwe koyenera sindiwo zotsala za mbiri; iwo amakhala ndi zitsimikizo zimene zimasintha ku mikhalidwe yatsopano pamene zikusunga mapindu a chilungamo ndi ulemu wa munthu mmodzi. Kuchokera ku Magna Carta mpaka Mathews v. Elvelit . ndi Mandanda] [[ [kamodzi]], lamulo lakulitsa chinjirizo lopezeka kwa munthu aliyense woyang'anizana ndi ntchito za boma. Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amene amaphunzira moyenerera njira za njira za maluso, koma monga njira zimene zimalekanitsa lamulo la lamulo ndi mphamvu yodziimira. Mwakumvetsetsa ndi kuchirikiza malamulo ameneŵa, tingathe kuthandiza kuti chilungamo ndi kupezeka ndi kuchitika kwa anthu onse.