Kodi Mphamvu Zake Zili Pamlingo Wotani?

Kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro ndiko lamulo la maziko m'mademokrase. Ilo likusonya kugaŵira ulamuliro mwadala pakati pa nthambi zosiyana za boma . Mophiphiritsira nthambi zauyang'aniro, za malamulo, ndi zachiweruzo . Kulekanitsidwa kumeneku kwalinganizidwira kuletsa kusumika kwa ulamuliro, zimene zakhala zikutsogolera ku kupondereza ndi kunyonyotsoka kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi nkofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika zimene zimafuna kudziŵa mmene maboma amakono amagwirira ntchito ndi mmene ufulu wawo umatetezeredwa.

Pakatikati pake, kulinganizika kwa mphamvu kumatsimikizira kuti nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mathayo osiyana ndi kukhoza kuchepetsa zochita za nthambi zina. Dongosolo limeneli la uyang'aniro wa onse kaŵirikaŵiri limatchedwa machecks ndi madiresi . Popanda dongosolo lotero, boma limaika maupandu kuloŵa mu ulamuliro wa authoritarianism, kumene nthambi imodzi / kapena munthu mmodzi . Kulinganizika kwa mphamvu sikuli lingaliro lachikhalire; kumachokera ku ku kumasulira kwa malamulo, kachitidwe kandale, ndi kukambitsirana kwapoyera.

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma

M'madongosolo a democracy ambiri, makamaka awo otsatiridwa ndi United States Constitution, mphamvu ya boma imagaŵidwa kukhala nthambi zitatu zolingana. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi ntchito yaikulu ndi mpambo wa mphamvu zimene zimailola kuyang’anira zina.

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nthambi ya akuluakulu ya boma ili ndi udindo wokhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Ilo limatsogozedwa ndi pulezidenti, nduna yaikulu, kapena mfumu, malinga ndi dongosolo la dziko. Ku United States, pulezidenti amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndi mkulu wa boma, kugwiritsa ntchito maulamuliro monga kukhazikitsa malamulo, kulamula magulu ankhondo, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a maiko ena.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo

Nthambi ya malamulo, yomwe imatchedwa Nyumba ya Malamulo, ili ndi udindo wopanga malamulo. Imaimira pulogalamu ya voti ndi mphamvu ya kachikwama ka ndalama . Malamulo ali ndi zipinda ziwiri (bidamaral) kapena imodzi (uniteral). M'dongosolo la makina, monga ngati Nyumba ya Aumearactive ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira mapangano a pulezidenti ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano a mapangano, pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya malamulo imayambitsa ndalama. Nthambi ya malamulo ilinso ndi ulamuliro wa kuletsa ndi kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma kapena akuluakulu a boma a boma chifukwa cha khalidwe loipa.

Nthambi Yoweruza

Nthambi yachiweruzo imamasulira malamulo ndi kuweruza. Ili ndi makhoti osiyanasiyana, kuyambira m'makhoti a milandu yakwawo mpaka ku makhoti aakulu. Mphamvu yaikulu ya jaji ndi yoweruza ['yaukali] yopendedwa [] mphamvu yotha kulengeza malamulo kapena zochita zaudindo zosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti nthambi zina zigwire ntchito m’malamulo. Oweruza amaikidwa makamaka kuti akhale moyo kapena kuti aichotse kutsendereza kwa ndale, kuwalola kupanga zosankha zosakondera zozikidwa pa lamulo ndi chitsanzo.

Nthambi iliyonse imadalira nthambi zina kuti izigwira ntchito bwino, ndipo zimenezi zimathandiza kuti nthambi iliyonse isakhale ndi mphamvu kwambiri.

Mbiri Yakale

Lingaliro la kulekanitsa maulamuliro a boma siliri lamakono; liri ndi maziko a malingaliro akale andale. Mwachitsanzo, Roman Republic, inali ndi malamulo osanganizidwa ndi maconsul, senate, ndi misonkhano yotchuka. Komabe, chiphunzitso chamakono cha kulinganiza mphamvu chinafotokozedwa motchuka ndi wafilosofi Wachifrenchi [[FLT: 0] Baron de Montesquieu m'ntchito yake 1748] Mzimu wa Malamulo . Montesquieu ananena kuti ufulu ungasungidwe kokha mwa kugaŵa maulamuliro andale zadziko kukhala a boma, nduna, nduna, ndi ntchito zachiweruzo, zonse zimene zinkachitika ndi matupiti osiyanasiyana. Iye anachenjeza kuti pamene munthu kapena gulu lonse lamphamvu lamphamvu, limatsatira mosapeŵeka.

Malingaliro a Montesquieu anasonkhezera kwambiri okonza malamulo a United States. M'ma 1780, pambuyo pa kupambana ufulu kuchokera ku Britain, atsogoleri a America anachenjera ndi mphamvu zamphamvu. Iwo adapeza ulamuliro pansi pa Mfumu George III ndipo anavutika pansi pa Nkhani Zofooka za Confederation. Convention ya Malamulo ya 1787 inafuna kukhazikitsa boma lamphamvu kwambiri la dzikolo pamene inali kusungitsa ufulu.

Mapepala a Ogwirizana

Kuchirikiza kuvomerezedwa kwa Malamulo, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, ndi John Jay analemba mpambo wa nkhani zolembedwa zodziŵika monga [[Foderal:0] Mapapo a Federal . [Mu ] Fiteralst N'kusinthana. [5] Madison , Madison anathandiza kuteteza mayeso ndi ziyeso. Analembanso kuti, “Chifuniro cha munthu chiyenera kupangidwa kuti chitsutse chikhumbo cha dzikolo. Chikondweretso chiyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi ufulu walamulo wa dziko. Mabaie adanena kuti mwa kupereka njira iliyonse yotsutsa kuloŵererana ndi zina, dongosolo la boma likasunga ufulu wake. Iye analembanso kuti chitetezo chachikulu kwambiri polimbana ndi “kulimbana ndi ulamuliro waudindo lapamwamba, chivomerezo chimodzi.

Zochitika zina za m’mbiri zimaphatikizapo Bill of Rights yachingelezi ya 1689, imene inachepetsa mphamvu yachifumu ndi kutsimikizira ukulu wa nyumba ya malamulo, ndi kuyambika kwa kudziimira pawekha kwa lamulo wamba.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito

Nthambi iliyonse imatha kuchepetsa mphamvu za nthambi zina ndipo izi zimalepheretsa nthambi imodzi kugwira ntchito popanda kuigwiritsa ntchito pazochitika zikuluzikulu.

  • [[FLT :0] Veto Power : Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Komabe, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapose kuitumiza ndi anthu atatu aŵiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri, kupereka chenje kwa bwana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review: [[FLT :1] Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti aung’ono a boma angagamule malamulo kapena machitidwe apamwamba amene amaswa Konsichushoni. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yotchuka Marbury v. Madison [FL:3] (1803).
  • Chiphunzitso: Nyumba ya Oimira ingapereke (lipilo loyenerera) pulezidenti, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, kapena oweruza a boma kaamba ka “chiwembu, chiphuphu, kapena upandu wina waukulu ndi olakwa. Pamenepo Nyumba ya Malamulo imakhala ndi mlandu ndipo, mwa mavoti aŵiri, ingachotse akuluakulu a boma mu ofesi.
  • Kutsimikizira: Pulezidenti amasankha ziŵalo za kabati ya kabati, oweruza a boma, ndi akazembe, koma Bungwe Lamilandu liyenera kutsimikizira kuikidwa kumeneko mwa voti yochuluka. Zimenezi zimapatsa nthambi ya malamulo mawu kwa akuluakulu a boma ndi oyang’anira milandu.
  • Ratiation : Pulezidenti akambirana mapangano ndi mitundu yachilendo, koma amagwira ntchito kokha pambuyo pa magawo aŵiri atatu a Nyumba ya Malamulo ovomereza.
  • Mphamvu ya Pumse: Congress imalamulira ndalama zonse za boma. Palibe ndalama zimene zingakokedwe ku Treasury popanda lamulo la kukonza, kupatsa nyumba ya malamulo kulowa m’malo mwa malamulo a akuluakulu.
  • Mapangano a Chivomerezo kaamba ka Moyo: [[FT:1] Oweruza a Federal amatumikira pa nthaŵi ya makhalidwe abwino, tanthauzo lakuti iwo sangachotsedwe ndi pulezidenti kapena Congress kusiyapo kokha mwa kukana. Zimenezi zimatetezera oweruza ku kubwezera kwa ndale zadziko.

Makhoti angaike malamulo a boma pa malamulo a boma, koma pulezidenti angawauze kuti azitha kuwamasulira kapena kuwalepheretsa.

Chifukwa Chake Kukhala ndi Mphamvu Zochepa Kuli Kofunika

Kulinganiza mphamvu si chinthu wamba; kuli ndi mapindu enieni a demokrase ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kupeŵa Kuzunza

Chigomeko chosonkhezera kwambiri cha maulamuliro olekanitsidwa nchakuti chimaletsa munthu mmodzi kapena gulu lirilonse kusonkhanitsa ulamuliro wosatsekeredwa. Mbiri iri yodzala ndi zitsanzo za olamulira otsekereza amene anasungunula nyumba za malamulo, kuchotsa atsamunda, ndi kulamulira mwa lamulo. Dongosolo lolimba la macheke ndi zipilala limakulitsa kwambiri. Ngakhale ngati nthambi imodzi ikhala yachiwawa, inayo ingaletse kapena kuchepetsa zochita zake, kugula nthaŵi kaamba ka chitsutso chapo ndi zitsutso za lamulo.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa nzikazo. Zingathe kukhoma msonkho, kutsekera, kutsekera, ndi kulamulira. Popanda macheke, mphamvu imeneyi ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kupondereza kutsutsa, kupondereza anthu ochepa, kapena kupondereza ufulu wa anthu. Oweruza aufulu angateteze anthu mwa kuswa malamulo ofunika, monga ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi ntchito yoyenerera. Nthambi ya malamulo imagwiranso ntchito monga polamulitsa mawu osiyanasiyana, ndipo nthambi ya boma imalangidwa mwa masankhoti ndi kuyang’anira.

Kulimbikitsidwa Kulolera Molakwa

Chifukwa chakuti palibe nthambi imene ingagwire ntchito yokha, njirayi imalimbikitsa kukambirana ndi kugwirizana. Kuti apereke lamulo, nthambi za akuluakulu a boma ndi za malamulo ziyenera kugwirizana pa zimene zilimo, kaŵirikaŵiri kufunikira kulolera. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kukhazikitsa malamulo komanso zimaletsa kupanga zosankha zofulumira. Kufunika kwa kupanga mgwirizano ndi kufunafuna malo ofanana kumalimbikitsa njira yolamulira yodzisankhira ndi yokhazikika.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuona Bwino

Makomiti a bungwe la Congregation angafufuzenso zimene asankha pa nkhani zokhudza ulamuliro; ndipo manyuzipepala aulere, otetezedwa ndi malamulo, angavumbule nkhanza. Kudziŵerengera mlandu kumeneku kungachititse kuti anthu apeze khalidwe loipa ndi kulangidwa. Akuluakulu a boma akudziŵa kuti zochita zawo zidzafufuzidwa, zimene zingaletse chiphuphu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika.

Kuchepetsa Udindo

M’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kusintha kwa zinthu kwayesa mmene anthu amaonera mayeso ndi kulinganiza zinthu.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Ntchito Yosatsatira

Mabishopu agwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malangizo a akuluakulu oletsa msonkhano pa nkhani za mkangano. Lamulo laudindo ndi lamulo loperekedwa ndi pulezidenti yemwe ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, koma siliikidwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la malamulo, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti mapresidenti ena agwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chipangizo chimenechi, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito Office. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo okhudza kusamuka kwa anthu, malamulo a malo okhalako, ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Otsutsa zimenezi amanena kuti ntchito yopanga malamulo ndi kusumika maganizo awo mu ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Oweruza angagonjetse malamulo apamwamba amene amaposa malamulo kapena ulamuliro wa boma, koma amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito nthaŵi, ndipo mabwanamze angapinga kuwonjezera malire.

Kuweruza Koletsa

Chigamulo chachiweruzo chimalozera ku zigamulo za khoti zimene zimapyola pa kumasulira kwalamulo ndi kupanga mokhutiritsa lamulo latsopano. Pamene makhoti akantha malamulo otchuka kapena kuchirikiza maulamuliro a boma aakulu, iwo nthaŵi zina amaimbidwa mlandu wa kunyalanyaza mbali yawo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, ochirikiza lamulo anena kuti makhoti ayenera kugonjera nthambi zosankhidwa kusiyapo ngati kuli kuswa lamulo kwa lamulo. Kutsutsana pa mapangidwe a Khoti Lapamwamba ndi zitsimikizo za chitsimikizo kwakhala kolulutsa kwambiri, ndi gulu lililonse lofunafuna oweruza amene ali ndi malingaliro ake.

Kuloŵa Malamulo ndi Kugawana

Hyper-partisanism yachititsa kuti makampani awiri azikhala ndi vuto lobwerezabwereza m'mabungwe a Congress, ndipo anthu aŵiriwo satha kukhazikitsa bajeti, kutsimikizira kuti mamineine, kapena nkhani zazikulu. Ena amatsutsa kuti kutsekeka kwa malungo kumeneku kuli kusokonezeka kwa mphamvu, pamene nthambi ya malamulo imalephera kukwaniritsa ntchito zake zalamulo. Komabe, mabishopuwo achitapo kanthu popanda kugamulapo, ndipo makhoti ayamba kukhazikitsa njira zosadziŵika bwino. Dirplock imalimbikitsanso kusokonezeka maganizo ndi kupangitsa kusintha zinthu, monga kuchotsa filimubuster kapena kukulitsa Supreme Court. Komabe, kusintha koteroko kungasinthe mphamvu za mphamvu zawo m’njira zosadziŵika.

Mphamvu za M’ngozi ndi Chisungiko cha Dziko

M’nthaŵi za tsoka .war, mliri, uchigaŵenga . Olamulira nthaŵi zambiri amanena kuti ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka. Parrowers Resolution, Patriot Act, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zigamulo za mtundu wa ngozi zonse zakhala zowonjezera ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuwonjezereka kwina kungakhale kofunika kuti ayankhe mwamsanga ziwopsezo, kungathetse uyang'aniro wa gulu ndi ufulu wa anthu. Nthaŵi zina oweruza abwezanso, koma makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala olemekeza akuluakulu a boma pankhani za chitetezo cha dziko. Kusunga batanthambi ndi anthu onse kufunikira kusamala.

Kutaya Mtima ndi Kukhulupirika

Kulinganiza ulamuliro kumadalira pa masankho aufulu ndi abwino amene amalola anthu kusankha oimira awo. Kutsutsana kwaposachedwapa pa malamulo a ovota, kuyendetsa, ndi ndalama za chigawo kwadzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za kaya osankhidwawo angaike mlandu ku boma. Nthambi yachiweruzo yaloŵererapo m'nkhani zosintha milandu ndi mikangano yosankha ufulu wosankha, koma malamulo angapangitsebe malo oseŵera. Democracy yatha bwino siikufuna mphamvu zokha zoleka komanso nzika zimene zingatenge mbali m’kusankha anthu amene ali ndi mphamvu.

Kuyerekezera: Kulinganiza Mphamvu m’Maufumu Ena

Kumvetsetsa madongosolo osiyanasiyana kumathandiza kuunikira nyonga ndi zofooka za anthu a ku America.

Madongosolo a Nyumba Yamalamulo

M'mademokrase a nyumba ya malamulo (m., United Kingdom, Canada, Germany), mkulu wa bungwelo amatengedwa kuchokera ku nyumba ya malamulo. Nduna yaikulu ndi bungwe la boma ndilo mamembala a nyumba ya malamulo ndipo angachotsedwe ndi kuvota kwa kusakhulupirira. Kuphatikiza maulamuliro kumeneku kumapanga njira yalamulo yogwira ntchito bwinopo, monga momwe mkulu wa makampaniyo angagwiritsire ntchito mapulogalamu ake popanda kutseguka. Komabe, machekesiwo ali ofooka: palibe kulekana kwenikweni, ndipo judiary angakhale ndi mphamvu yochepa yoswa malamulo (in UK, nyumba ya malamulo ndi yolamulira). Ena amatsutsa kuti madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo ali oyenera kuyankha mlandu chifukwa chakuti omvera angatulutse mofulumira boma, pamene ena akuda nkhaŵa ponena za kuperekedwa kwa ulamuliro m’gulu lolamulira.

Pulezidenti vs. Semi-Presidential System

Madongosolo a pulezidenti monga U.S. ndi maiko ambiri a Latin America ali ndi pulezidenti wokhazikika wa nthaŵi yokhayokha . Izi zingatsogolere ku kugaŵikana kwa boma ndi kutsata, komanso kupereka madongosolo amphamvu. Semi-presiterien (m., France) ali ndi ponse paŵiri pulezidenti ndi nduna yaikulu, kugawana mphamvu. Zimenezi zingayambitse kukhala pamodzi kumene pulezidenti ndi nyumba yaikulu ya malamulo ali ochokera ku zigawa, kukakamiza. Dongo lililonse lili ndi njira yake yolinganizidwira, monga makhoti alamulo, mabungwe audindo, ndi a boma.

Kugwirizana Monga Chenjezo Lowonjezereka

M’madongosolo a boma (m’m., U.S., Germany, Australia), mphamvu imagawidwanso pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma. Kulekanitsidwa kwa mphamvu kokhala ndi malire kumeneku kumapereka mayeso ena, monga momwe maboma angatsutsire kuchenjerera kwa boma. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States latetezera kaŵirikaŵiri ulamuliro wa boma m’madera onga maphunziro, apolisi, ndi ogwiritsira ntchito nthaka. Federalism imabala mphamvu mowonjezereka, kuipangitsa kukhala yovuta kwambiri kwa mlingo uliwonse wa boma kulamulira.

Kumaliza

Kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro sikuli mfundo ya m'zaka za zana la 18, imene imasintha zinthu imene ikupitirizabe kuumba ulamuliro wa demokrase. Ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi amene amaphunzira mfundo imeneyi amazindikira mmene maboma angatetezere ufulu pamene akukhalabe ogwira ntchito. Mantha atatu a boma . Kugawa, malamulo, ndi kuweruza ndi kukhazikitsa maziko a kugamula, kuyang'anirana. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale onga Montesquieu ndi Madison anayala maziko, koma mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kutetezera ndi kugwirizanitsa mabungwe ameneŵa ndi mavuto atsopano.

Kumvetsetsa mayeso ndi kulinganiza kwa osankha kuyang'anira, kuikidwa kwa komiti, ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo kumasonyeza kuti kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro sikumasungidwa kosatha. Kumafuna pangano lamphamvu kwa nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi oweruza. Kuzindikira kupatsa mphamvu osankha kupenda atsogoleri awo, kuzindikira ochenjerera, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha kumene kumasungitsa umphumphu wa demokalase. Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphunzitsa kulinganiza kwa mphamvu sikumangonena za kulongosola zinthu.

[[FLT:] Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka: Kugwirizana ndi ziŵiya zaudindo kungakulitse chidziŵitso chanu. Kufufuza Constitution Center ya National Conftistitution kaamba ka kufotokoza pa pepala lililonse. [FLT]] [FLT] "AS" Nambala Ayi. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FT]] [7] yokwanira pa Avanonproject. Kulingalira kosiyana, onani [FLT:] [5] [3]