Mbiri Yakale

Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu wa munthu ndi ulamuliro wa boma sikunabuke popanda kanthu. Ndi chotulukapo cha zaka mazana ambiri za kulimbana kwa ndale zadziko, chisinthiko cha filosofi, ndi zochitika zapamwamba za lamulo. Magulu akale kaŵirikaŵiri anaika wolamulira pamwamba pa lamulo, koma kusintha kwakukulu kunayamba mu Yuropu ndi zikalata zonga 1215 Magna Carta. Ilo linkakakamiza mfumu ya ku England kuvomereza kuti ngakhale koronayo inali yogonjera ku malire alamulo, kukhazikitsa lingaliro la maziko lakuti mphamvu ya boma iyenera kutsenderezedwa. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, lamulo limeneli linafalikira ndi kuwonjezereka.

Kuunikiridwa kwa zaka za zana la 17 ndi la 18 kunapereka kutsekemera kwanzeru kaamba ka ufulu wa anthu wamakono. John Locke anatsutsa kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa ku moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma chimene chinakhalako boma lisanadze. Analimbana kuti ulamuliro walamulo ukhalepo kokha mwa chivomerezo cha olamulira, ndi kuti anthu asunge kuyenera kwa kukana ulamuliro wankhanza. Chiphunzitso cha ndalee chinasonkhezera mwachindunji Oyambitsa A ku America. Panthaŵiyi, Montesquie anachirikiza kulekana kwa mphamvu, kuchenjeza kuti aperekere kulakwa. Malingaliro ake amaumba malamulo amene a boma afika pamlingo.

American Revolution (1775-1783) inali kugwiritsa ntchito kotsimikizirika kwa lingaliro la Kutseguka. Olemba boma anatsutsa kuti Britain adaswa zoyenera zawo, ndipo Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha chinakhazikitsa mfundo yakuti maboma alipo kuti atetezere ‘ Ufulu Wosalandidwa. Malamulo ndi Bill of Rights adapanga maziko otetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense pamene akupatsa boma mphamvu zokwanira kugwira ntchito. Mofananamo, Chikalata cha Kusintha kwa Malamulo a ku France cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa Nzika (1789) chinavomereza ufulu, chuma, ndi kutsutsa kupondereza monga malamulo achilengedwe chonse. Makalata oyambitsa ameneŵa anakhazikitsa mbali ya kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense pamene akupitirizabe lerolino.

Zaka za zana la 20 zinabweretsa zitokoso zatsopano ndi kufutukuka. Pambuyo pa kuwopsa kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, Chilengezo cha Universal of Human Rights (1948) chinagwirizanitsa mpambo waukulu wa ufulu wa anthu ndi wandale, kugwirizanitsa zikalata zosungitsa ufulu wa kulankhula, msonkhano, chikhulupiriro, ndi njira zofunikira. Zida zachigawo zonga ngati Msonkhano wa ufulu wa anthu wa ku Ulaya zinapanga njira zachiweruzo kaamba ka kutsutsa boma. Ku United States, Warren Court of the 1950 ndi 1960 zikukulitsa kwambiri chitetezo cha ufulu wa kulankhula, oimba mlandu, ndi machinsinsi, ufulu wa anthu kuwonjezera ufulu wa anthu ku America.

Zovala Zokopa Kwambiri

Mantha aŵiri opikisana amagwirizana ndi mkangano wa masiku ano. Ofufuza za ufulu wachibadwidwe, akutsatira Locke ndi Thomas Jefferson, akutsimikiza kuti ufulu ulipo wodziimira paokha ndi kuti ntchito ya boma ndi kuteteza, osati kuwapatsa. Malamulo ofufuza za anthu, monga Jeremy Bentham, amatsutsa kuti ufulu ndi woyambirira wa lamulo ndipo ungafotokozedwenso pamene anthu akuona kuti n’ngoyenerera. Kulimbana kumeneku kumakhudza nkhani yaikulu: Makhoti ayenera kupenda moona mtima kwambiri machitidwe a boma amene amapondereza ufulu wofunika kwambiri, kapena ayenera kunyalanyaza zigamulo za boma zokhudza chitetezo ndi dongosolo?

Malingaliro Achinsinsi

Mawu akuti "kulinganiza mphamvu" kaŵirikaŵiri amakumbutsa za nthambi zopikisana za boma, koma m’nkhani ya ufulu wa anthu, amafotokoza kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa kudziimira kwa munthu ndi chisungiko cha onse. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumafuna kumveka bwino pa malingaliro angapo ogwirizana.

Kumasulidwa Kwachiŵeniŵeni

Maufulu a nzika ndiwo ufulu waukulu umene maboma sayenera kuphwanya popanda kulungamitsa. Iwo kwenikweni amaphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, kusonkhana, chipembedzo, ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala paokha, limodzinso ndi zitetezero zachibadwa zonga ngati habeas corpus, kuyesa kolungama, ndi kutetezera ku kusanthula kosalingalira. Malamulo ameneŵa amatchulidwa m'malamulo kapena m'mapangano a mitundu yonse, koma amatsutsidwa nthaŵi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, kodi ufulu wa kulankhula umatetezera ku chiwawa? Kodi kuyenera kwa chinsinsi kwa kutumiza chidziŵitso cha makompyuta ku maaseŵero osungidwa pa maaseŵero achitatu? Makhoti ndi maauniko amayankha mafunso ameneŵa chifukwa cha mlanduwo, kukonza malire pakati pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro.

Ulamuliro wa Boma

Ulamuliro wa boma uli mphamvu yoyenerera ya boma kukhazikitsa ndi kusungitsa malamulo, kusunga dongosolo, kupereka zinthu zapoyera, ndi kutetezera dziko. Ulamuliro umenewu umachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa, osonyezedwa mwa malamulo ndi masankho a democracy. Koma ulamuliro ulibe malire. Lamulo la boma limafuna kuti zochita za boma zidziŵike, zioneke bwino, ndi kuti zikhale zopendedwa mwachiweruzo. Chitokosocho chimakhalapo polongosola ukulu wa ulamuliro: kufikira pati pamene boma lingathe kuletsa kuukira kwa chigaŵenga, kutsendereza nkhani zowopsa, kapena kukakamiza anthu kugonjera pa njira zaumoyo?

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Malamulo a kupima ndi kulinganiza ndi kutetezera kwa kuchenjera. Kugaŵana kwakukulu kwa mademokrase kwamakono pakati pa akuluakulu a boma, malamulo, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo, iriyonse yokhala ndi kukhoza kwa kutsendereza ena. Mu United States, Bwalo Lapamwamba lingapangitse malamulo amene amaswa malamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti Congress imayang'anira ndalama ndi kukhoza kupatsa nduna iliyonse. Kulekanitsa kumeneku kowongoka kumawonjezera ndi macheketi a kokhala ndi kugawa kwa boma, kumene boma ndi maboma adziko amapikisana ndi kugwirizana. Kuwonjezera apo, chitaganya cha anthu odziimira, makampani aufulu, ndi chitsutso cha ndale zadziko chimagwira ntchito monga mayeso amwayi pa ulamuliro. Popanda njira zimenezi, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma kumawonjezera ku ulamuliro.

Kuwala Kochititsa Chidwi

Malingaliro aŵiri amawonekera kaŵirikaŵiri m'kulingalira kwachiweruzo. Chigomeko choterera chimachenjeza kuti kuwonjezereka pang'ono kwa ulamuliro wa boma .kwake, kuyang'aniridwa kwa zigaŵenga zokayikiridwa , kudzatsogolera ku kupotoza kowonjezereka. Otsutsa oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito foni mopambanitsa amatchula mfundo imeneyi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, lamulo la kulinganiza ufulu limafuna kuti lamulo lililonse loletsa ufulu ndi logwirizana ndi chiwopsezo. Mwachitsanzo, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti njira zake ndizo zochepa kwambiri pokwaniritsa cholinga choyenera. Malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza oweruza kuyang'anira zinthu zopikisana popanda kuyang'anizana ndi chiwopsezo.

Kumasuka Kwachiŵeniŵeni Kuchitidwa

Ngakhale kuti ufulu wa anthu umaikidwa m'malamulo ndi makoma, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwenikweni kwa dziko kumatsutsidwa ndi kuchotsapo. Likulu la ufulu wa anthu limateteza kulankhula kwaufulu, kupembedza, kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, kuteteza ku kufunafuna kosaganizira, ndi kutsimikizira kwa njira zoyenerera ndi kuyesa kolungama. Komabe, malamulo onsewa ali ndi malire ndi osachitidwa. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo Oyamba Owonjezera sateteza kuipitsa, ziwopsezo, kapena kuipitsa. Kuyenera kwachiŵiri kwa munthu aliyense kusungirira ndi kunyamula zida, kutsimikizira ku . Helmer . [FLD] [200:1] [2001], amaikidwabe ndi malamulo oyenera. Kulimbana kopitiriza kwa kuyang'anira ufulu wa mfuti kumasonyezedwa ndi kuvomerezedwa kovomerezeka.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kulimbikira

Ufulu wa kulankhula kaŵirikaŵiri umafotokozedwa kukhala maziko a demokrase. Imatheketsa nzika kusuliza boma lawo, kuchirikiza kusintha, ndi kukhala ndi phande m'kutsutsana kwapoyera. Koma malire a kutetezeredwa kwa kulankhula pamene luso lazopangapanga ndi chitaganya asintha. Ku United States, Bwalo Lapamwamba lapereka chitetezo chachikulu ku kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko, kuphatikizapo machitidwe ophiphiritsira onga kutentha mbendera (] . Johnson . , 1989] . Komabe, kuipitsa, kusonkhezera mawu, ndi kunyoza. Ku Ulaya, malamulo a chidani: maiko ambiri amasonkhezera mawu aupandu amene amasonkhezera fuko kapena udani wachipembedzo, ngakhale pamene sasonyeza chiwopsezo chomayandikira. Kudzikira kumeneku kumasonyeza zochitika za mbiri ndi miyambo ya zamalamulo.

Kukula kwa makompyuta kwawonjezera kusagwirizana kumeneku. Mapulaneti monga Facebook ndi Twitter tsopano akupezeka pang'ono padziko lonse, akudzutsa mafunso ngati zosankha zawo zikuchita monga boma pansi pa malamulo alamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States liyenerabe kulongosola bwinobwino ngati mapulatifomu aufulu ayenera kuchirikiza mfundo za malankhulidwe pamene akuchotsa malo kapena oletsa ogwiritsa ntchito. Panthaŵiyi, mayiko onga ngati Germany akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti mapulatifomu achotse mawu a chidani mwamsanga, kuphatikiza ulamuliro wa boma ndi kusungitsa kampani. Chotulukapo chake n’chogawanika, nthaŵi zonse n’chosasinthasintha malo kuti anenere.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo

Ufulu wachipembedzo umaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri kuyenera kwa kukhulupirira ndi kuyenera kwa kuchita, koma mikangano imabuka pamene phwando lachipembedzo litsutsana ndi malamulo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito . ku United States, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Employment Division v. Smith . (1990) adakhulupirira kuti malamulo auchete a ufulu wa anthu saphwanya malamulo a ufulu wa munthu, ngakhale ngati alemetsa chipembedzo. Chigamulocho chinasonkhezera ufulu wachipembedzo (RFRA), umene unabwezeretsa kuyesa malamulo a boma kokhwima. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, milandu ya chikumbumtima yokhudza kupereka kuletsa kuletsa kulera, kuyang'anira maukwati a pa chisembwere, kapena kupempha majenawo sakufuna ufulu wachipembedzo wotsutsana ndi ufulu wa anthu. Chilungamo china sichingavumbulire chiganitso cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamulo cha ufulu cha anthu ndi chachiŵalo.

Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha

Kuyenera kwa kukhala chinsinsi sikutchulidwa mwachindunji mu U.S. Connecticut , koma Khoti Lalikulu laitchula kuchokera ku Chiyambi, Chachitatu, Chachinayi, Chachisanu, Ninth, ndi 144 Demendments. [[[FLT: 0]] Griswold v. Connecticut[[[[[FL:1]] (1965]), Khoti linathetsa lamulo loletsa kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa kulera kukhala chinsinsi kwa ukwati. [[FLT:]] Rade v. Wade v. [[FLT]] [773]) inafutukula nzeru yokhudza kutaya mimba, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake inasinthidwa. M'lipiti, mikangano yachinsinsi yakhala yokhudza kuyang'anira, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha boma, ndi chitetezero cha chidziŵitso chaumwini. Chiletsochi cha chiletso cha kulongosolanso kuti aloŵerenso pa chidziŵitso cha magetsi chakunja la United States. [4]

Kuteteza zinthu padziko lonse kwakhala kuyenera kwakukulu. Bungwe la European Union’s General Data Protection Regculation (GDPR) limapatsa anthu ufulu woyang'anira zinthu zawo ndipo limakhazikitsa udindo wosatsutsika kwa amene amakonza. Njira imeneyi yolamulira imasiyana ndi njira yogawikana kwambiri ya U.S., imene imadalira pa malamulo apadera ndi kudalira pa makampani a kudzitetezera. Kulengedwa kwa padziko lonse kwa intaneti kumatanthauza kuti makampani ndi maboma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yachinsinsi yotsutsana, kuwonjezera kuchepetsa kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa ufulu wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma kapena kampani.

Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Chitetezo

Boma lililonse limafuna mphamvu zokwanira zotetezera nzika zake ku ziwopsezo zakunja ndi chisokonezo cha mkati. Koma kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imeneyo mosapeŵeka kumaletsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Chitokoso nchakuti ulamuliro wovomerezedwa mwalamulo uli wolongosola ulamuliro popanda kupanga mkhalidwe woyang’anira kapena kufooketsa lamulo.

Chisungiko cha Dziko ndi Kuchuluka

Pambuyo pa ziukiro za September 11, 2001, mademokrase ambiri anawonjezera nzeru zawo ndi mphamvu zosungitsa malamulo. Lamulo la USA PATRIOT linaloleza kuyang'ana mafoni oyendera, kugwiritsa ntchito makampani, ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu "zosatheka" zogwirizana ndi kufufuza kwa uchigawenga. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti makonzedwe ameneŵa anaswa malamulo a Folderment ndi mawu oziziritsa. Zovumbula zotsatiridwa ndi Edward Snowden mu 2013 zinasonyeza kuti National Security Agency inali kusonkhanitsa mitumistameti pa mafoni mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu wamba a ku America, kuchititsa mavuto a zamalamulo ndi kusintha malamulo monga USA Free Act (20). Kulimbanako kukupitirizabe: maboma akuneneza kuti kuopsa koyenera kudziŵira ziwopsezo, pamene magulu aufulu akutsutsa kuti a anthu aufulu aufulu adziphe.

Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi ndi Thanzi Lachisawawa

Pamavuto .war, tsoka lachilengedwe, mliri, kaŵirikaŵiri maboma amanena kuti ali ndi mphamvu zangozi zimene zimachepetsa njira zanthaŵi yamwadzidzidzi. Mliri wa Covid . Mliri wa Covid unachititsa kufufuza padziko lonse kulinganiza ufulu ndi chisungiko. Kuletsa, machinsinsi, ziyeneretso za katemera, ndi kutsekedwa kwa makampani kudzutsa mafunso a zalamulo. Makhoti ena anachirikiza njira zimenezi pansi pa mphamvu ya boma ya apolisi yotetezera thanzi la anthu, pamene ena anazikantha monga zopitirira mobwerezabwereza kapena chifukwa cha kuswa ufulu walamulo. Nkhani yovumbula kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwa ntchito ya boma yoyang'anira. Mayiko, maboma amene anagwiritsira ntchito njira zofufuzira kapena zipata zamankhwala zimene anayang'anizana ndi zinenezo zopanga machenjera zimene zikhoza kuteteza anthu, pamene zinakhoza kutha kufalikira kwa mliri.

Kulamulira Mawu Oopsa

Lamulo la chidani cha kulankhula, kusonkhezera, ndi kutsutsa zipembedzo limayesa malire a ulamuliro wa boma. Ku United States, First Amendment imateteza ngakhale mawu onyansa ndi onyansa pokhapokha ngati lakhala lotsogolera kusonkhezera ntchito yosayeruzika. Koma mademokalase ambiri, monga Germany ndi France, ali ndi malamulo oletsa kukana Chipulumutso, kudana ndi zipembedzo. Intaneti yawonjezera kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga, ndipo imachititsa kuti boma likhale lolimba. Mapulatifomu a kakhalidwe tsopano amachotsa zimene zikuswa malamulo awo, monga ofufuza zinthu zachinsinsi. Funso lingakhale ngati maboma osankhidwa kapena mabungwe achinsinsi ayenera kukhazikitsa malire a mawu ovomerezeka. Palibe njira iliyonse yopereka yankho yangwiro, ndipo zonse ziŵirizo zingawopseze ufulu wa anthu ngati sachita kuletsa.

Kufufuza za Matenda

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ufulu ndi ulamuliro sizimasintha; zimasinthasinthana pa nkhani ya chiweruzo, malamulo, ndi kufunidwa ndi anthu.

Korematsu ndi United States (1944)

Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Dziko II, boma la United States linalamula kusamuka ndi kuikidwanso kwa anthu a ku Japan oposa 100,000. Fred Korematsu anatsutsa kutsekeredwa kwake, koma Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo lopatula pa chigamulo chotsutsana kwambiri. Khotilo linanyalanyaza kutchula kwa mkulu wa boma za ngozi, ngakhale kuti panalibe umboni wa kusadalirika pakati pa anthu a ku Japan. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, Congress Congress anapepesation ndi kupereka masinthidwe. Karema [1] Kalma [1] limakhala chitsanzo chochenjeza cha mmene kuopa chiwopsezero kungatsogolere kuukira ufulu wa boma umene umaswa ndi ufulu waukulu. Mlanduloyo ikupitirizabe kutchulidwa m'kutsutsana ndi kusungidwa kwa ufulu wa dziko lonse, kutsutsana ndi kuthanzika kwa anthu a fuko, ndi kuthanzika kwa ulamuliro waukulu.

Lamulo la USA la Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Zotsatira Zake

Mu 2001, boma linadutsa ndi kuchirikiza kwambiri zigawo za zigamulo za zigaŵenga. Mu 2013, woweruza wa boma analamula kuti ntchitoyi iswe pa pulogalamu ya boma, ndipo chigawo chachiŵiri chinanena kuti pulogalamu ya boma iyenera kuphwanya malamulo a boma, ndipo chigawo chachiwiri chinanena kuti kumasulira kwa kampani ya boma kupitirira pa cholinga cha lamulo. USA Freedom Act inamaliza kusonkhanitsa katundu wambiri koma inasunga dongosolo loyang'anira. Nkhaniyo ikusonyeza kuti ngakhale malamulo a boma angawononge ufulu wa anthu popanda kuyang'anira, ndiponso kuti kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira komiti yachiŵiri ya boma kukonza pulogalamu kukhoza kubwezeretsa zinthu zofunika.

M’bale Jackson Women’s Health Organization

Kuyenera kwa kufunafuna kutaya mimba kwakhala imodzi ya nkhani zotsutsana kwambiri m’lamulo la America. Roe v. Wade [773], Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti lamulo lalamulo la kukana kuchotsa mimba limaphatikizapo kuyang'anira kopambanitsa kwa mkazi, kuswa malamulo a boma amene analetsa kuchotsa mimba. Chigamulocho chinaikidwanso mu [[FLT:] Confective v. Casey [FLT] [FLT] [3] [1992], ngakhale kuti chinasintha kuyang'aniza kowopsa ndi muyezo wosayenerera. Mu 20222, Khoti inalo lolamulira milandu yonseyo pa milandu yonse, kuletsa kuchotsapo mimba. Chiletso chachi chimodzi chosiyana, chimatetezera kuletsa kuchiritsana ndi kuchotsapo kwamphamvu. Chiŵembu china, chimatsimikizira chivomerezo cha chivomerezo chachi, chivomezo chachikulu chachi, chiku

Miyoyo Yakuda Ili Ndi Vuto ndi Kusamvera Kwachiŵeniŵeni

Black Lives Matter gulu lina, limene linakula pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa George Floyd 2020, linayambitsa zitsutso zofalikira zotsutsa nkhanza za apolisi ndi ufuko wa dongosolo. Ofufuza anagwiritsira ntchito ufulu wawo woyamba wa kukonza zinthu kuti agwirizane ndi kusintha, koma ambiri anayang'anizana ndi apolisi olephera, kuchepetsa nthaŵi zoikidwiratu, ndi kumangidwa. Nthaŵi zina, boma linapempha chitetezo cha dziko kapena lamulo la anthu kuti liletse kutsutsa. Makhoti anagawidwa pa kaya malamulowa anali ololedwa. Mabungwewo anasonkhezeranso kusintha malamulo, monga kuletsa kutsatsa ziletso ndi kusapereka malamulo, limodzi ndi kuwonjezera kuyang'anira kuyenerera. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza mmene nzika wamba angagwiritsire ntchito ufulu wa boma kutsutsa boma, pamene akuperekeranso maupandu a ulamuliro amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa kutsutsa kutsutsa.

Malo Okhala Achinsinsi: Carpbeard v. United States (208)

Mu Kampate v. United States . . Khoti Lalikulu linalemba ngati lamulo linafunikira chilolezo chopezera mafaelo a malo a telefoni osungidwa ndi munthu wonyamula foni. Boma linatsutsa kuti chifukwa chakuti mafaleshoni a malonda a gulu lachitatu, wogulayo sanayembekezere zachinsinsi zachinsinsi pansi pa mfundo za Genear Conformation "'smetication's [3] pa kamodzi]. Khotilo linakana, kugamula kuti nthaŵi yaitali, malo odziŵika bwino oyendetsedwa ndi mabolo ovomerezedwa ndi makompyuta a makompyuta achinsinsi, ndipo chifukwa chake chilolezo chikufunika. Chigamulo chimenechi chikusonyeza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ufulu wachinsinsi m'nyengo yamakono, kuzindikira kuti boma lingakhoze kuyang’ka. Komabe, chigamulocho chinali kuchotsa mafunso ambiri okhudza nkhani za za zachuma, ndi za m'manyuzipepala za nyuzipepala za wailesi za .

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo

Kusintha kwa makompyuta, kuyendetsa zinthu padziko lonse, ndiponso kuyambika kwa ndale zandale za anthu otchuka zayambitsa mavuto atsopano pa nkhani ya ufulu ndi ulamuliro.

Kudziŵa Zinthu ndi Kudziŵa Zinthu

Maboma amakono amasonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri za munthu, kuyambira pa chidziŵitso cha munthu ndi kufunafuna njira. Mawu akuti "kapitalizimu," opangidwa ndi katswiri Shoshana Zuboff, amafotokoza kukonzanso kwa zokumana nazo za munthu: makampani amaneneratu ndi kusonkhezera khalidwe mwa kupenda masamu aakulu. Maboma nthaŵi zambiri amajambula mfundo zimenezi za malamulo, luntha, ndi kuyendetsa dziko. Kuteteza anthu a m'mayiko a Ulaya ndi Consumer Act kumathandiza anthu ambiri, koma malamulo ake si ogwirizana. Maupandu ndi akuti mafakitale omangidwa kuti ayang'ane ntchito zamalonda angakonzekere mosavuta, amachotsa ufulu wa boma popanda kusintha koonekeratu. Kuteteza zinthu kwachinsinsi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito bwino ntchito bwino ntchito chidziŵitso cha masiku athu.

Kulamulira Kwaufulu kwa Kulankhula, Kudzisunga, ndi Kusintha

Malo olankhulira a za mayanjano tsopano ndi malo oyamba a nkhani yapoyera, koma malamulo awo onena za kutsutsa, ndi kuvutitsa amasiyana kwambiri. United States amayang'anira mapulatifomu monga ochitira malonda aumwini amene sanagwirizanitsidwe ndi First Amendment, pamene European Union yapitirira Department Services Act, kuifuna kuti iwo apereke zinthu zovulaza. M’mayiko ambiri, mapulatifomu osonkhezera anthu kuti achotse mawu otsutsa kapena kufalitsa nkhani zokopa. Chotsatira chake n’chovuta, chosagwirizana kumene malire a ufulu wa kulankhulana amaikidwa ndi malamulo a gulu lantchito ndipo nthaŵi zina amalamulidwa ndi boma lapamwamba. Chitsanzo chatsopano cha mapulatifomu amene amalemekeza ufulu wa anthu pamene akulimbana ndi kuvulaza kwenikweni n’ngofunikadi, koma palibe chivomerezo.

Luntha Lopanga ndi Kupanga Zosankha Mwachangu

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito nzeru zopeka pochita ntchito, kuweruza, kuyang'anira za kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Malamulo anganeneretu za kuchotsa, kupha anthu osoŵa chithandizo, kapena kudziŵira anthu amene ali pangozi ya kusinthasintha kwa zinthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti AI ingathe kuwongolera chipambano, imayambitsanso ngozi za kukondera, kupanga zosankha zopanda pake, ndi kulephera kuchita zinthu zofunikira. Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhope motsatira malamulo, mwachitsanzo, kwachititsa nkhaŵa ponena za kudziŵika ndi kutha kwa kusadziŵika kwa dzina la munthu m’malo a anthu. mizinda yambiri yaletsa luso la zamakono, pamene makhoti ayamba kupenda ngati kuswa malamulo a Lachinayi kapena ufulu. Pamene AU ikukhala wamphamvu kwambiri, funso lidzakhala lotsimikizira kuti lithandize ufulu mmalo mwa kulamulira.

Kukonzekera kwa Pandemic ndi Mphamvu za Umoyo

Mliri wa Covid-19 unavumbula mmene maboma angaikire ziletso zokulira mofulumira pa kayendetsedwe, msonkhano, ndi ntchito ya zachuma. Matenda amtsogolo, kapena mavuto aakulu a zaumoyo, adzakakamizanso anthu kulinganiza ufulu wa munthu ndi ubwino wa onse. Kulimbana pakati pa katemera ndi kuletsa kwa chipembedzo kapena kwa filosofi, kugwiritsira ntchito kujambula kwamakono, ndi kutsekedwa kwa masukulu ndi mabizinesi kudzapitirizabe. Kujambula maphunziro kuchokera ku mliri wa matendawo, akatswiri ambiri ochirikiza mfundo zomveka bwino zolongosola za malamulo a za kachitidwe kachitidwe ka zinthu kokhudza ngozi, ndi uyang'aniro wamphamvu wa za za za komiti ya za za boma. Popanda zigamu zapamwamba, kulephera kungakhale kuwonjezereka kwachikhalire kwa ulamuliro kolungamizidwa ndi kusoŵa kwaufulu.

Chisungiko cha Dziko Lonse m’Dziko Lomwe Limadalira

Ziwopsezo za kutetezeredwa kwa boma, uchigaŵenga, ndi ndawala zotsutsa nkhani, zimafuna kugwirizana kwa mayiko onse, komanso zimapereka zifukwa zoyang'anira, kusanthula, ndi ntchito yaukali ya boma. Kugwiritsira ntchito zidzudzulo, kutumiza zinthu, ndi luntha zogawana maprogramu zimasokoneza malire a lamulo la chitetezo ndi kulephera. Kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro tsopano kumapitirira malire a dziko lonse: zoyesayesa za boma limodzi zotetezera nzika zake zingaswetse chinsinsi ndi kusonyeza ufulu wa anthu m’maiko ena. Zida zalamulo monga pangano la International Parant on Civil and Polities Rights lokhazikitsa zoyenera, koma kusungitsa malamulo kuli kopanda mphamvu. Chitoko chakukulitsa malamulo amene amalemekeza ufulu wa anthu pamene maboma akutha kuyang'anizana ndi ngozi.

Kumaliza

Kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro pakati pa ufulu wa anthu ndi ulamuliro wa boma sikuli kulinganiza kosalekeza koma kupsinjika kwakukulu kumene kumafuna chisamaliro ndi kuwongolera. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti ufulu unganyonyope pang’onopang’ono pamene nzika zikhala zopanda chidwi, ndi kuti nkhaŵa za chisungiko zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kulungamitsa malire a kulankhula, zachinsinsi, ndi zoyenerera. Komabe chitaganya chopanda ulamuliro wokwanira wa boma chimaika chipwirikiti ndi kulephera kwa anthu. Njira yanzeru ndiyo kusamala kwambiri: kuyang'anira kwachiweruzo, kulimbitsa uyang'anira, kutsimikizira kutsendereza kwa kudziimira, ndi kuchirikiza chitaganya cha anthu okangalika chimene chili ndi mphamvu yoŵerengera. Mitundu ndi ufulu wa anthu amapanga maluso a kuŵerengera mlandu, koma kwenikweni thayolo limafikira pa mbadwo uliwonse kuchepetsa kuwala kwa luso latsopano ndi kutuluka kwa zinthu. Kusungidwa kwa ufulu sikuli kupitirizabe kwa kukwaniritsa nthaŵi yokwaniritsa ntchito ya kuwongolera. [Fil.] Mabungwe a kuwonjezera: [5] ndi kutsimikizira kuti, ndipo kutsimikizira kwa mphamvu ya kutsimikizira kwa mtsogoleri chakutsimikizira kwa anthu, sikutsimikizira kuti, kuli konse, ndipo kulibe