Maziko a Boma Lokhala ndi Malire

United States Constitution imaimira dongosolo lolinganizidwa bwino lolinganizidwa kuletsa kuikidwa kwa mphamvu m'nthambi imodzi kapena mlingo umodzi wa boma. Chigwirizano chimenechi, chobadwa kuchokera kwa oyambitsawo kukayikira kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wosatsekeredwa, chimakhazikitsa malire apadera pa ulamuliro wa boma pamene chikusunga kudziimira kwa maboma. Kwa ophunzira a ku America, kuzindikira malamulo a malamulo ameneŵa n’kofunika osati kokha monga njira yamaphunziro, koma monga chipangizo chothandiza kupenda mopitiriza makambitsirano a ulamuliro wa boma m’madera osiyanasiyana kuyambira kuumoyo mpaka ku malamulo a za malo okhalako.

Akatswiri a Konsichushoni anachokera mwachindunji ku chidziŵitso chawo ndi ufumu wa Briteni ndi kuŵerenga kwawo anthanthi Ountry onga Montesquieu, amene anatsutsa kuti ufulu umafuna kulekana kwa maulamuliro. Chotulukapo chinali chikalata chimene chimapereka mphamvu pa nthaŵi imodzi boma la dziko kuchita zinthu mokhutiritsa m'nkhani za nkhaŵa imodzi pamene likuletsa kuloŵerera pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Kulinganizika kumeneku kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu m'lamulo la Amereka.

Kupangidwa kwa Gulu la Asilikali

Federalism ku United States si lingaliro losatsimikizirika koma kakonzedwe kena kaungwe kogwirizana m'malemba a Malamulo. Dongosolo limagawa uchifumu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma, limodzi ndi aliyense wokhala ndi ulamuliro weniweni m'malo ake onse. Magawowa amatumikira zifuno zambiri: imatetezera mwa kupanga malo a ulamuliro opikisana, imalola kuyesa malamulo pamlingo wa boma, ndipo imasunga kusiyana kwa chigawo mkati mwa dziko logwirizana.

Maziko a malamulo a magaŵano ameneŵa ali pa magulu atatu a mphamvu: zoŵerengedwa, zosungidwa, ndi zochitika. Gulu lililonse lili ndi chiyambi chosiyana m'malemba a Konsichushoni ndipo lapangidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri za kumasulira kwachiweruzo.

Maulamuliro Okhala ndi Mphamvu: Boma la Federal Linalemba Zida

Malamulo amapereka boma la boma lokhala ndi mphamvu zenizeni, ndi lopereŵera mmalo mwa kupatsa mphamvu zonse. Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 chili ndi ndandanda yofunika kwambiri, ndandanda ya mphamvu za bungwe zapamwamba khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri. Izi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kulipira msonkho wa levy, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa malamulo achilengedwe ndi malonda achilendo, kukhazikitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kulephera kwa ndalama, kukhazikitsa ma maofesi a positi ndi misewu ya positi, kupatsa malo ndi malo a olembetsa, kupanga makhoti a boma, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndi kusungitsa chigawo chankhondo cha chigawo cha Columbia.

Chiphunzitso cha mphamvu zotchulidwa chimatanthauza kuti kachitidwe kalikonse ka boma kayenera kutsata ulamuliro wake ku makonzedwe ena alamulo kapena ku mphamvu imene ili "yoyenera ndi yoyenera" yopereka mphamvu yoŵerengedwa. Ichi chimasiyanitsa dongosolo la America ndi madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo kumene nyumba ya malamulo ya dziko iri ndi ulamuliro wapadera. Pamene boma lichitapo kanthu mopitirira malire ameneŵa, makhoti angakantha ntchitoyo monga malamulo alamulo.

Milandu yambiri yapadera yayesa malire a maulamuliro otchulidwa. United States v. Lopez . (1995] (195), Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti Congress inaposa mphamvu yake ya malonda mwa kuphwanya mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu, ikumazindikiritsa nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi zimene Khoti linawononga lamulo la boma pa maziko a malonda. Mofananamo, mu United States v. Morrison [[FL:3]], Bwalo linagonjetsa makonzedwe a chiwawa cha Akazi, likumasunga kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siikhomalamulo achiwawa pamalonda.

Mphamvu Zotsala ndi Kusintha kwa Khumi

Mpando wa Khumi Unagamulidwa ndi boma umapereka maziko a lamulo a ulamuliro wa boma: "Maulamuliro amene saperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kunawonjezeredwa monga mbali ya Bill of Rights ku Assuage Anti-Federalist nkhaŵa zakuti Malamulo atsopano adzawononga maboma.

Mphamvu za maboma zapanthaŵiyo nzazikulu ndipo zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro pa:

  • Lamulo la katundu, lovomerezana ndi mapangano, ndi loletsa kumanga nyumba
  • Malamulo a zaupandu ndi chitetezo cha anthu
  • Njira ya maphunziro ndi miyezo ya maphunziro
  • Woyang’anira chisankho ndi wovota
  • Kukhazikitsa malamulo a zaubongo ndi malamulo a ntchito
  • Boma lakumaloko ndi malamulo a m’boma
  • Njira zothetsera matenda a anthu onse ndiponso kupatula anthu
  • Lamulo la banja, kuphatikizapo ukwati ndi chisudzulo

Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira Chipwirikiti cha Khumi kuti chikhazikitse malamulo enieni pa ulamuliro wa boma. New York v. United States [1] [1] [1] , khoti linawononga lamulo la boma lomwe linafuna kuti lilamulire kutaya zinyalala za alheath kapena kutchula dzina laulemu, posunga kuti Congress sungathe "yaleli" malamulo a boma. Khoti linawonjezera lamulo limeneli mu Print v. United States (1997]), kutsutsa zopereka za Brady Handgun Developt Act yomwe inafuna kuti boma ndi akuluakulu a boma apereke malamulo apange kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zakumbuyo, kulamula kuti boma lilamulire boma lolamulira boma loyangiza akuluakulu a boma.

Mphamvu Zogwirizana: Zopotoka ndi Zogwirizana

Maboma ambiri amayendera limodzi ndi ulamuliro wa maboma a boma ndi a boma. Mphamvu zofunika kwambiri zimene zimagwirizana pa nthawiyi ndizo msonkho, kukongola ndalama, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo othandiza anthu onse.

Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa ziphunzitso zosamalira mikangano pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi a boma omwe amapanga mphamvu zofanana. Pansi pa Supremacy Claus mu Article VI, lamulo la boma limakhalapo pamene lamulo la boma likutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wovomerezedwa ndi boma. Chiphunzitso cha kumasulidwa cha lamulo la boma chimapereka lamulo la boma loti lichotse mwatsatanetsatane (mwa chinenero cholunjika) kapena moyenerera (pamene malamulo a boma ali omvekera bwino kwakuti amaloŵa m’munda kapena pamene lamulo la boma limawombanadi ndi zifuno za boma).

Maulamuliro amakono amapanga maunansi ocholoŵana kwambiri a boma m'manja a Amereka. Mwachitsanzo, onse aŵiri boma la boma ndi boma la levy la malipiro ndi kuyendetsa madongosolo a milandu. Lamulo la malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri limaphatikizapo miyezo ya boma yotsatizana ndi mabungwe a boma amene akugawiridwa ulamuliro kuchokera ku Environmental Protection Agency. Lamulo la zaumoyo limagwirizanitsanso malamulo a boma ndi kuyang'anira ndi kukonza zinthu mwa maprogramu monga Medicaid raivers.

Kufunika kwa Claus ndi Koyenera: Kusintha ndi Malire Ake

Chikalata cha Claus ndi Seader , chopezedwa kumapeto kwa Mfundo I, Chigawo 8, chimapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo "kupanga Malamulo onse amene adzakhala oyenerera ndi oyenerera kunyamula kuperekedwa" mphamvu zake zotchulidwa. Mawuwa anatsutsana kwambiri mkati mwa kutembenuza, ndi Anti-Federalist ikakhala chilolezo chopanda malire cha ulamuliro. Alexander Hamilton anaitetezera mu [[Federation:0] Federation No. 33 , akumati chiganizo chimenecho chinali chofunika kaamba ka boma logwira ntchito ndipo chikapereka chilolezo chokha chogwirizana ndi mfundo zomveka.

Chigamulo cha Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall mu McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) anakhazikitsa kumasulira kwamakono kwa mawuwo. Nkhaniyo inapereka mafunso aŵiri: kaya ngati Nyumba za Malamulo zinali ndi mphamvu yoperekera banki ya dziko, ndi ngati Maryland ikakhoma msonkho wa banki imeneyo. Marshall adakhulupirira kuti Komkishoni "ilo lokha kuti mapeto akhale oyenera, kuti ikhale m’chiyenere cha Malamulo, ndi kuti zonse zimene zimatanthauza moyenerera ndi momvekera bwino kumapetowo, zimene siziletsedwa, ndi lamulo lovomerezeka, ndi logwirizana ndi malamulo. Malamulo anachititsa kuti apereke malangizo odalirika ogwirizana osankha maulamuliro ake.

Komabe Chifuniro ndi Chiyeneretso cha Claus sichiri chopanda malire. Malamulo amasankha "kusintha motsatizana" kumapeto alamulo oyenerera ndipo sayenera kuletsedwa ndi Konsichushoni. Chigamulocho sichimapatsa bungwe la malamulo a boma la Congress; chimangopeputsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maulamuliro apadera. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zina lakhazikitsa lamulo limeneli, monga mu United States v. Comstock[ (2010]), kumene Khoti limachirikiza lamulo la boma la akaidi owopsa a kugonana koma limagogomezera kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kusonyeza "kugwirizanitsa maziko ake osankhidwa" kuti igwirizane ndi mphamvu yake yoŵerengedwa.

Kufufuza mozama kwambiri mmene Mtengo ndi Sent Claus wagwiritsidwira ntchito m'nyengo zosiyanasiyana za mbiri, Seminale ya kufufuza kwa kampani ya imapereka kulembedwa kokwanira kwa lamulo la mlanduwo.

Malonda a Zamalonda: Injini Yaikulu ya Mphamvu za Maboma

Palibe makonzedwe alamulo apangitsa kuvomereza kapena kuumba ulamuliro wa boma kwambiri kuposa Commerce Claus, amene amapereka ulamuliro "wolamulira Zamalonda ndi Mitundu ina, ndi pakati pa Maboma angapo, ndi Aindiya. Kumasulira kwa mawu ameneŵa kwasintha kwambiri pa mbiri ya Amereka, kumasonyeza kusintha kwa kamvedwe ka mphamvu ya boma ndi chuma cha dzikolo.

Kwa zaka zambiri za m'ma 1800, Khoti Lalikulu linamasulira "kuyendetsa malonda pakati pa mayiko angapo" kukhala ndi ntchito zongophatikizapo kuyendetsa katundu m'madera onse a boma ndi zochita zina zogwirizana. Khoti linasiyanitsa malonda ndi kupanga, ulimi, ndi migodi, zimene zinkaonedwa kuti ndi malamulo a boma. Kusiyana kumeneku kunapitirira mpaka nyengo ya New Deal, pamene Khoti linasiya magulu a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu poyanja njira yochitira zinthu.

Mu NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp . (137] , Bwalo Lamilandu linachirikiza National Labor Relations Act mwa kulingalira kuti mikangano ya antchito pa kampani yaikulu yachitsulo inali ndi "kuyandikira ndi kulimba kwa malonda a dziko. Khotilo linavomereza kuti lamulo la boma loletsa kukonza zinthu, ulimi, ndi ntchito zina zachuma pansi pa Kkomyunizimu Classia, zikumathera mu Wickard v. Filburn [[FL:3] [1942], limene linkakhulupirira kuti tirigu wokulira kaamba ka kudyetsa kwaumwini likhoza kuyendetsedwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake pa malonda a msika ya dziko linali ndi ntchito yaikulu.

Kuyambira m'ma 1930 mpaka m'ma 1990, Commerce Claus anapereka ulamuliro wa lamulo wa mbali yaikulu ya boma lamakono la malamulo, kuphatikizapo malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mawu a Atlanta Motel ndi . United States (1964]), Bwalo linachirikiza Thit II of the Civil Rights Act, imene inaletsa tsankho m'malo ogona, pa dziko limene tsankho la mafuko linayambukira kwambiri malonda a mayiko.

Rehnquist Court mu ma 1990 inayamba kukhazikitsa malamulo pa ulamuliro wa Commerce Claus. M' United States v. Lopez (1995], Bwalo lamilandu linatchula magulu atatu a ntchito Congress angalamulire pansi pa mphamvu ya malonda: njira za malonda a mayiko, zida za malonda a mayiko, ndi ntchito zimene zimayambukira kwambiri malonda a mayiko. Khoti linaona kuti kukhala ndi mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu sikunagwe m’magulu ameneŵa. Mayeso atatu ameneŵa anaikidwanso mu [FLT:] United States. "2] "2]

Nkhani yaposachedwapa ya Commerce Claus ndi yakuti National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT:] (202), kumene Khoti Lalikulu linaona lamulo la malamulo la Affordcable Care Act. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts, wolemba za Khoti, anakhulupirira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siingakakamize anthu kulowa m'malonda mwa kugula inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo monga malamulo a ntchito ya malonda yomwe ilipo. Lamuloli linachirikizidwa monga lamulo la kuyendetsa ntchito ya msonkho ya Congressmenti. Chigamu chimenechi chikuimira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya Claus yolamulira kuyambira pa Chigawo Chatsopano ndi kukhazikitsa mwamphamvu kuti mphamvu ya kuyendetsa malonda siphatikiza mphamvu ya kuyendetsa malonda.

Mphamvu Yowononga Ndalama: Zingwe Zolumikizidwa

Nyumba ya malamulo imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pansi pa kuperekedwa kwa Claus kuti apereke msonkho ndi kuwonongera "ubwino wa boma" mphamvu imeneyi yakhala chiwiya chachikulu cha boma pa malamulo a boma. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa zinthu zachiwonkhetso, Congress imapereka ndalama za boma pa mfundo yakuti zigwirizane ndi malamulo a boma, kufikitsa bwino lomwe zolinga zimene zingaposepo ulamuliro wa boma.

Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira mphamvu yowononga ndalama kukhala chiŵiya chalamulo la boma koma lakhazikitsa malire ofunika. Mu South Dakota v. Dole (1987), Khoti linakhazikitsa kuyesa kwa mbali zinayi kwa ndalama zofunikira: ndalama ziyenera kukhala za ubwino wa onse, mikhalidwe iyenera kukhala yotsimikizirika, mikhalidwe iyenera kukhala ndi chikondwerero cha boma m’programu, ndipo mikhalidweyo siiyenera kuswa malamulo ena alamulo. Ndiponso, kusonkhezera kwa zandalama sikungakhale kogwirizana kwenikweni ndi kudutsa mzera kuchokera ku chilimbikitso ku ku kukakamiza.

Kulephera kukakamiza kunatsimikizira kukhala kotsimikizirika mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (20:2) , kumene Khoti linanena kuti Affordal Care Act inali kutsala ndi chiwopsezo cha ndalama zonse zimene zinalipo pa Medicaid kuti zisamawonjezeredwe ndi kuwonjezera kuwonjezera malondawo. Maboma anayang'anizana ndi kutaikiridwa kwa ndalama zoimira ndalama zoposa khumi pa maperesenti a ndalama zawo, kuwasiya opanda chosankha chenicheni. Chigamulo chimenechi chikusonyeza kuti mphamvu yowononga ndalama, ngakhale kuti inali yotakata, ikhoza kusungidwa ndi malire a chiweruzo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Mphamvu ya Khoti Lalikulu la Kulamulira malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo siikutchulidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo koma inakhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803). Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anagamula kuti malamulo olembedwa ndi lamulo lapamwamba la dziko, kuti limachepetsa maulamuliro a boma, ndi kuti judicariary ayenera kuchititsa zigamuzo pamene akugamula milandu. Kupenda kwakhala maziko a malamulo a American, kutumikira monga kuyang'anira komaliza pa malamulo ndi mabwana.

Mafotokozedwe a Khotilo asinthasintha pa kumasulira kwa malamulo. Akatswiri a zachiyambi amanena kuti malamulo ayenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lawo loyamba la anthu panthaŵi ya kupekedwa. Akatswiri a malamulo a kukhalira moyo amatsutsa kuti tanthauzo la malamulo limasintha ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pakati pa mitengo imeneyi pali mindandanda ya njira zomasulira, kuphatikizapo kumasulira, mfundo za malembo, ndi kudalira pa chitsanzo ndi miyambo.

Chigamulo cha mikangano ya boma kaŵirikaŵiri chimadalira pa njira imene imafotokoza chiweruzo chochitidwa. Oweruza a m’Chipangano Chatsopano amagogomezera uchifumu wa boma ndi mkhalidwe wochepa wa mphamvu ya boma monga momwe wamvetsetsedwera ndi mbadwo wokhazikitsidwa. Zoweruza zoyanja kumasulira kwamphamvu kwambiri zimachirikiza ulamuliro wa boma kulongosola mavuto amakono amene oyambitsawo sakanawayembekezera.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States limapereka tsatanetsatane wa mbiri yake ndi zochita zake pa webusaiti yake [[FLT: 0] yapadera, kuphatikizapo chuma cha maphunziro a ntchito ya Khoti kusungitsa malamulo.

Nkhani Zazikulu za Magulu Olimbana Kuyambira 1990

Khoti Lalikulu lagamula milandu ingapo ya boma m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazo imene yasintha mafotokozedwe a malamulo a masiku ano:

  • New York v. United States [1] (1992 [1]: Kutseka malamulo a boma ofuna kuti maboma ayang'anire zinyalala za nyukiliya, kukhazikitsa chiphunzitso choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya.
  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez [1] (1995 ) [1] : Choyamba m'zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi kuchotsa lamulo la boma monga loposa Claus wa Zamalonda.
  • .[FLT :1] Kusindikizaz v. United States (1997): chiphunzitso chowonjezera cha kuletsa lamulo kwa akuluakulu a boma.
  • [FLT] United States v. Morrison [2000] [[FLT: 3]: Kuchotsa Chiwawa pa Akazi Kaperekedwe ka Makonzedwe a Zamalonda mu Communicale ndi Chigawo 5 cha Kusintha kwa Zamalonda.
  • Gonzales v . Raich [FLT : [2005] : Ukulu wa boma kuletsa zamankhwala pansi pa Chilamulo cha Substances, ngakhale kumene maboma anali atachiloleza.
  • [FLT] Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (20:2] [[FLT :]: Limodzi la Malonda ndi Kugwiritsa ntchito Mphamvu za Zaumoyo pokonzanso zaumoyo.
  • Murphy v. NCAA (208) : Kuchepetsa lamulo la boma loletsa malamulo kuchokera ku ku kuvomereza kutchova juga kukhala kuswa lamulo loletsa kuletsa kutchova juga.

Kutsutsana ndi Mavuto Obwerapo

Zifukwa za ulamuliro wa boma zidakalipo pa maziko a nkhani ya ndale zadziko ndi yalamulo ya ku America.

Lamulo la Zaumoyo

Affordble Care Act ikupitiriza kudzutsa mafunso a boma. Pambuyo pa lamulo la munthu ndi Medicaid nkhani zofutukula zinafotokozedwa mu NFIB v. Sebelius, mikangano yopitirizabe imaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa boma kulamula mautumiki a boma, mbali ya malamulo a inshuwalansi ya boma, ndi kugawiridwa kwa ulamuliro pakati pa boma ndi maulamuliro a Medicare ndi Medicaid. CHOVID . Mlivre inawonjezeranso kutsutsana ndi boma la boma, monga momwe boma linambitsira ulamuliro wa zaumoyo pamene likutulutsa chitsogozo ndi ziŵiya za boma.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act ikupanga malamulo ogwirizana a boma a boma amene achititsa kuganiziridwa kosalekeza pa malire a boma. Mu West Virginia v. EPA (2022), Khoti Lalikulu linachonderera chiphunzitso cha "majer a mafuno" kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa EPA kutulutsa mpweya wa gasi kuchokera ku makampani a mphamvu, kuchititsa kuti khomolo lilankhule bwino pamene likulola magulu a za ndale za za zachuma ndi zandale. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chiimira lamulo latsopano pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Kuloŵetsedwamo kwa Fédérance m'maphunziro kwafutukuka kupyolera m'maprogramu ogwiritsira ntchito pa maziko monga mutu I ndi Associal Act ya Universement for Direct. United States yatsutsa malamulo a boma monga opitirira malire a lamulo ndi kupotoza ulamuliro pa maphunziro ndi miyezo. The All Suctiveeds Act ya 2015 inaimira kusinthika kwa ulamuliro kumbuyo kwa maboma, koma makambitsirano osalekeza akupitirizabe ponena za mbali yoyenera ya boma m'maphunziro.

Kusamuka ndi Kuyesedwa

Kupatula kwakhala thayo la boma, koma maboma afuna mowonjezereka kukhala ophatikizidwa, makamaka m'mbali za kusungitsa ndi mapindu. Mu Arizona . United States [1] (2017], Bwalo lamilandu linagwetsa makonzedwe angapo a SB ya Arizona 1070 pa malo opulumutsira pamene likusiya kuthekera kwa boma kwa kugwirizana ndi lamulo. Malo ovomerezedwa akupitirizabe kuyesa maulamuliro awo m’mundawu.

Brennan Center ya Chilungamo imapereka kufufuza kogwirizana kwa nkhani za boma zamakono ndi mmene zimayambukirira kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma.

Kuŵerengera Malire Okhalitsa a Malamulo

Malamulo oletsa ulamuliro wa boma sali zinthu zakale za m’mbiri koma malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amoyo amene akupitiriza kuumba ulamuliro wa Amereka. mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kulimbana ndi funso lofunika limene oyambitsawo anafunsa: mmene angapangire boma lolimba mokwanira lothetsera mavuto onse a boma pamene likukhalabe lokwanira kusunga ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Yankho, lozikidwa pa kapangidwe ka Konsichushoni, siliri njira yeniyeni koma maziko a kugamulapo kopitirizabe. Mphamvu ya boma imafutukuka m'nthaŵi za mavuto a dziko ndi mapangano mkati mwa nyengo za kubwerera m'mbuyo. Khoti Lapamwamba limachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'malamulo a malamulo, koma zosankha zake zimasonyeza kumvetsetsa kokhudza unduna ndi ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa dziko.

Kwa nzika ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira malire ameneŵa nkofunika m’kutengamo mbali m’kutsutsana kwa demokrase. Malamulo samayankha funso lirilonse la lamulo, koma amakhazikitsa malamulo a maseŵera amene makambitsirano alamulo amabuka. awo amene amamvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa angaloŵetsemo mogwira mtima m’makambitsirano onena za za chisamaliro cha thanzi, maphunziro, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi nkhani zina zosaŵerengeka zimene ulamuliro wa boma umapikisana nazo.

Kulinganiza pakati pa mphamvu ndi udindo kumene Konsichushoni ikupanga kukuthandizabe lerolino monga momwe kunalili mu 1787. Pamene dzikolo likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano kuchokera ku kusintha kwa tekinoloji ndi kusintha kwa chuma cha dziko lonse ndi kupikisana ndi malo okhala owonongeka, dongosolo la boma liyenera kusintha pamene likukhalabe lokhulupirika ku malamulo alamulo. Zimenezi sizimafuna kuti lamulo lolamulira liziyendetsedwe komanso kuti boma likhale lokhala ndi malire, boma lolamulira, ndi lolamulira, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha umene malamulo aikapo.