Table of Contents

Chifukwa Chake Opanga Malamulo Amawamvetsa

Opanga malamulo osonyezedwa amaumba pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku kupyolera mwa malamulo amene amapanga, kulimba mtima, ndi kubwezera. Kuchokera ku misonkho imene mumakhoma ndi misewu imene mumayendetsa, kufikira ku mkhalidwe wa mpweya umene mumapuma ndi miyezo imene imalamulira ntchito yanu, malamulo amalongosola dongosolo la chitaganya chamakono. Komabe nzika zambiri zimapeza kuti malamulowo ndi ovuta kapena owopsa, kuwasiya ali okonzeka bwino kuchita ndi oimira awo kapena kupenda mmene ntchito ya anthu a m’maofesi. Kumanga chitsanzo chamaganizo cha mmene nthambi ya malamulo imagwirira ntchito kumasinthiradi malamulo opindulitsa kukhala chidziŵitso chothandiza kupanga mavoti abwino, okhoza kuyendetsa bwino ntchito, ndi kumvetsetsa kwambiri kwa mmene zosankha zawo zimachitikira pamodzi.

Nthambi ya malamulo — yotchedwanso nyumba ya malamulo — ndiyo bungwe lopanga malamulo la boma. Ntchito yake yaikulu ndiyo kutsutsana, kulemba, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amasamalira zosoŵa ndi nkhaŵa za anthu. M'madongosolo a democracy, opanga malamulo amasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu amene amaimira, kupanga nyumba ya malamulo kukhala nthambi ya boma yovomereza kwambiri pa nthaŵi yomweyo m’malingalirowo ndi, pamene ichita bwino. Nkhaniyi imapereka chithunzi cha nzika cha mmene nthambi ya malamulo imalinganizidwira, mmene opanga malamulo amasankhidwira, mmene malamulo amakhalira, ndi mmene anthu wamba angachitiremo mbali yokhutiritsa bwino m’dongosolo.

Nthambi Yotsatira Malamulo Inapangidwa Mwadongosolo

Malamulo kuzungulira dziko ali ndi mitundu iŵiri yapadera: uncameral, kutanthauza chipinda chimodzi, kapena bidameral, kutanthauza zipinda ziŵiri. Madongosolo a Bamadral ngofala kwambiri m'maiko aakulu, a boma monga United States, Canada, India, Germany, ndi Australia. Zipinda ziŵirizo zimalinganizidwira kuimira ma constituence ndi kupereka kuyang'anirana pa njira yopanga lamulo.

Malamulo a Zida Zamuna: Nyumba Ziŵiri, Magawo Osiyana

M’mabudaral, nyumba yaing’ono kaŵirikaŵiri imakula ndipo imasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu. Ziŵalo zimatumikira mwachidule — makamaka zaka ziŵiri mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi — ndipo madera awo amakopeka kutsimikizira kuti anthu ali oyenerera. Nyumba yaing’ono kaŵirikaŵiri imayambira pa mabizinesi a ndalama. Ku India, n’kumene kuli kutsutsana kwakukulu pa malamulo a anthu. ku United States, bungweli ndi Nyumba ya Oimira; ku United Kingdom, ndi Nyumba ya Commons; ku India, ndi Lok Sabba.

Nyumba yapamwamba, mosiyana, njochepera kwenikweni ndipo ingaimire madera a malo, zigawo, kapena zigawo mmalo mwa anthu mwachindunji. Oyang'anira ku United States amagwira ntchito ya zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi boma lililonse kulandira oimira aŵiri mosaganizira za anthu, amene amalinganiza anthu okhala ndi Nyumba. Nyumba zapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri zimapenda malamulo operekedwa ndi nyumba yaing'ono, amalingalira kuti akonzeke, ndi kutumikira monga bungwe lopatula malamulo limene lingachedwetse kukonza malamulo mopupuluma. Nyumba zina zapamwamba zilinso ndi mathayo apadera onga kutsimikizira kugaŵiridwa kwa akuluakulu kapena mapangano olimbitsa.

Malamulo Osayenera: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malamulo Mosavuta Ndiponso Mofulumira

Maiko aang'ono ndi maboma ena adziko lonse amagwiritsira ntchito njira imodzi yoyendetsera kachilombo. Nebraska ku United States amagwira ntchito nyumba ya malamulo ya munthu mmodzi, monga momwe amachitira maiko ambiri kuphatikizapo Denmark, New Zealand, ndi Sweden. Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti kulephera kwa ma dameral kumachepetsa kukwera kwa malamulo, kumachepetsa njira ya malamulo, ndipo kumachepetsa mtengo wa boma. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kumachotsa kupenda ndipo kungalole magulu ambiri kutsata malamulo popanda kutsutsa kwenikweni.

Utsogoleri ndi Kulinganiza

Nyumba iliyonse ya malamulo ili ndi dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka utsogoleri limene limayang'anira malonda. Nduna yoyang'anira — kaŵirikaŵiri yotchedwa Speaker m'nyumba zotsika ndi Pulezidenti kapena Mtsogoleri wa Majoya m'nyumba zapamwamba — imayang'anira makambitsirano, imagaŵira ndalama ku makomiti, ndi kusungitsa dongosolo la malamulo. Atsogoleri aakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono amagwirizanitsa njira zawo za lamulo, kukwapula ziwalo kutsimikizira mavoti, ndi kukambitsirana. Mipando ya komiti imakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa zimene zikupitilitsira ndi zimene zikulingaliridwa. Kuzindikira zimenezi kumathandiza nzika za akulu a boma kudziŵikitsa malamulo awo pa nkhani zina.

Mmene Opanga Malamulo Amadziŵikitsidwira

Makampani opanga malamulo amasiyana kwambiri m’mayiko onse, koma mfundo zambiri za m’nkhaniyi n’zofala kwambiri padziko lonse: masankho okhazikika, makampani opanga malamulo, ndi kusankha anthu ofuna kupikisana.

Njira Zogwirira Ntchito: Mmene Maute amatembenuzira Mawu a Mulungu ku Mapiko

Njira imene mavoti amaŵerengedwera ndi kusinthidwa kukhala mipando ya malamulo imakhudza kwambiri amene amasankhidwa ndi malamulo amene bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo limapereka.

  • Yoyamba-mbuyo ndi m'poti (FPP) [1] . Voters amasankha wofunsira mmodzi m’chigawo chawo, ndipo wosankha amene apambana kwambiri. Dongosololi limatulutsa mpikisano wa magawo aŵiri ndi magawo aakulu amphamvu, koma lingasiye ovotera ambiri popanda kuimira. United States, United Kingdom, ndi Canada kugwiritsira ntchito FPTP m’nyumba zawo zapansi.
  • Kuimira kwa projectal (PR) [1] — Voters amasankha zipani mmalo mwa opita kuntchito, ndipo mipando imagawiridwa mogwirizana ndi mlingo wa chivoti chilichonse chimene chimalandira. Madongosolo a PR amapanga nyumba zoyakira zosiyanasiyana ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu aang'ono amveke, koma angatsogolere ku maboma a magulu omwe sangakhale okhazikika. Germany, Sweden, ndi Israel amagwiritsira ntchito ma PR.
  • Madongosolo opangidwa ndi ziŵalo [1] , . Maiko ena amaphatikiza FPTP ndi PR , chotero ovota adaponya mapepala aŵiri: imodzi ya woimira wa kumaloko ndi imodzi ya phwando. Germany ndi New Zealand amagwiritsira ntchito kuimira (MMP), kumene kumaphatikiza kuŵerengera kwa kumalo ndi zotulukapo.

Malo Ochitira Zinthu ndi Kukonzanso Malo

Wopanga malamulo aliyense amaimira chigawo cha malo, kusiyapo ngati pali madongosolo aakulu kumene dziko lonse kapena boma limavotera monga chigawo chimodzi. Malo achigawo amabwerekedwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti asonyeze kusintha kwa anthu, njira yotchedwa redidigation. M'maiko ambiri, bungwe lapadera limayang'anira redi bullet kuletsa kupotokosoledwa. Pamene magulu andale alamulira ntchitoyo, angaloŵetsemo mchitidwewo — kukweza malire a gulu limodzi kuti liyanjane ndi gulu lina — limene lingachepetse mpikisano wa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa.

Kusankha Koyambirira ndi Kusankha

M’madongosolo ena, makamaka ku United States, zipani za ndale zadziko zimachita masankho aakulu kugamula kuti ndi uti amene adzaimira chipani m'chisankho chachisawawa. Osankha angakhale otseguka (wosankha aliyense angaloŵe nawo), kutseka (mamembala a chipani chokha angavote), kapena kamodzikaŵiri. Malamulowo amasonkhezera kaya oyembekezera kutsogolo koyenera kapena kopambanitsa, chifukwa chakuti osankhidwa aakuluwo ali ocheperapo ndi amaganizo ambiri kuposa osankhidwa. Maiko ena amadalira pa utsogoleri wa gulu kapena misonkhano ya osankhidwa kusankha, zimene zimapatsa ulamuliro wokulira pa amene amaloŵa m'gulu la anthu.

Kutenga Malipiro, Ndalama, ndi Kupanga Zopanga

Kuthamanga pa ofesi ya malamulo kumafuna zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Opanga malamulo ayenera kupanga dzina lapadera, kulankhula ndi malo awo oonera, ndi kukopa anthu — onsewo amawononga ndalama. Malamulo a zachuma amasiyana kwambiri: maiko ena amapereka ndalama kwa anthu oyembekezera kulowa, pamene ena amadalira pa zopereka zaumwini. Malamulo osonyeza zimenezi amafuna kuvumbulidwa kwa anthu opereka ndalama zambiri m'mademokrase ambiri, koma ndalama zopanda ntchito komanso magulu a anthu odzifunira angadziwitsebe amene akuchirikiza ndawala. Anthu amene amamvetsa njira za ndawala za ndawala angaone bwino ngati mavoti a wopanga malamulo agwirizana ndi zolinga zawo kapena zinthu zofunika za opereka ndalama zawo.

Mmene Analengera Malamulo: Mmene Mbiri Imakhalira Lamulo

Kuchokera ku lingaliro ku lamulo lokhazikitsidwa kuli njira yadala, yamitundumitundu yolinganizidwira kutsimikizira kulingalira kwakukulu ndi kuletsa zosankha zamwamsanga. Pamene kuli kwakuti tsatanetsatane akusiyana pa malamulo, chitsanzo cha mbali zisanu cha pansipa chimatenga ulendo wofunika wa malamulo ambiri.

Chigawo 1: Chiyambi ndi Chomera

Wopanga malamulo amalemba chikalata, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi thandizo la antchito a zaulimi, uphungu walamulo, ndi magulu achiwongola dzanja. Lamulolo limayambitsidwa m'chipinda chilichonse (ngakhale kuti ndalama za ndalama za ndalama ziyenera kuyamba m'nyumba yaing'ono m'madongosolo ambiri). Atayambidwa, mkulu wa bungwe la otsogolera amatchula chikalatacho ku komiti yoima yomwe ili ndi ulamuliro pankhaniyo — mwachitsanzo, lamulo la zaulimi limapita ku komiti ya zaulimi, chikalata cha za zaumoyo chimapita ku komiti ya zaumoyo. Chigawo chimenechi nchofunika chifukwa mipando ili ndi luntha lakulinganiza kapena kukwirira malamulo.

Chigawo 2: Ntchito ya Komiti

Makomiti ndiwo kumene ntchito yatsatanetsatane kwambiri yopanga malamulo imachitika. Komiti ingapereke umboni kwa akatswiri, akuluakulu a boma, ndi osungitsa. Ndiyeno mamembala amakumana pa pulogalamu ya kupatsa ndalama kuti akambirane za kubwezeredwa ndi kuvota kuti apereke chikalatacho movomerezeka. Mapepala ambiri amafa pa siteji ino — iwo sasankhidwa — nchifukwa chake dongosolo la komiti limatchedwa moyenerera kuti Manda a malamulo. Bills amene amatsogolera kumbuyoko kuti atsagana ndi lipoti la komiti yofotokoza chifuno chake, zotsatira zake zoyembekezeredwa, ndi malingaliro alionse otsutsa.

Nkhani 3: Kutsutsana ndi Kutulutsa Mabuku

Pamene lamulo lifika pansi pa chipindacho, limakhala lotsutsana mogwirizana ndi malamulo amene amasiyana mokhwima. M'malamulo ena, chiŵalo chilichonse chingalankhule kwa nthaŵi yaitali imene chikufuna (kutsutsana kosalekeza, monga mu U.S. Konhena pokhapokha ngati ipemphedwa). M'mayiko ena, nthaŵi yokambirana imaikidwa mokha. Kusintha zinthu kungaperekedwe kuchokera pansi, ngakhale kuti zipinda zambiri zimaletsa kuchotsedwa kwa amene ali ndi mlandu. Pambuyo pake, mavoti a chipindachoti — posankha, kuimirira, kapena kujambula chivoti. Oŵerengedwa wamba amafunikira kwenikweni kaamba ka kuloŵetsedwa, ngakhale kuti nkhani zina zonga ngati malamulo alamulo kapena mapangano a boma amafunikira mapangano aakulu.

Chigawo 4: Kugwirizana Pakati pa Nyumba

M'zipinda za bidamaral, zipinda zonse ziŵiri ziyenera kudutsa malamulo ofanana a lamulo. Ngati zipindazo zipambana matembenuzidwe osiyanasiyana, ziyenera kuthetseratu kusiyana kwawo. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitika kupyolera mwa komiti ya msonkhano ya zigawo zonse ziŵiri zimene zimakambitsirana za matembenuzidwe ololerana. Lamulo lololera liyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi zipinda zonse ziŵiri popanda kubwezedwa. Ngati kulibe kulolera molakwa, lamulolo limafa.

Mfundo 5: Atsogoleri

Malo onse aŵiri atavomereza lamulo lofanana, ndalamazo zimatumizidwa kwa bwanamkubwa, pulezidenti, kazembe, kapena nduna yaikulu ya boma kuti avomereze. Woyang'anira angasaine ndalamazo m'lamulo, aloleni kuti likhale lamulo popanda kusainidwa (chilolezo wamba chogwiritsidwa ntchito m’madongosolo ena), kapena kuitumiza. Ngati mkulu wa bungweyo abweza ndalamazo, wokhazikitsa malamulo angaike chikole chaveto, makamaka kufuna kuti matatu aŵiri apamwamba m’nyumba zonse ziŵiri.

Ntchito ya Makomiti pa Ntchito Yopereka Malamulo

Makomiti ndi amene amagwira ntchito panthambi ya malamulo ndipo amalola opanga malamulo kukhala akatswiri m’mbali zina za malamulo, kuyang’anira mabungwe akuluakulu, ndi kuyang’anira malamulo ambirimbiri amene palibe wopanga malamulo aliyense amene angawaone okha.

Makomiti Oima

Makomiti achikhalire okhala ndi malamulo oikika — monga ngati Appropriation, Judiary, Education, and Foreign Affairs — amachita ntchito yaikulu ya lamulo. Ziŵalo zimagawiridwa ku makomiti ozikidwa pa ukatswiri wawo, utsogoleri wa zipani, ndi zigawo za atsogoleri. Magawo a makomiti ali pakati pa zosankha zazikulu kwambiri zimene wopanga malamulo amapanga, monga momwe amasankhira kuti ndi mbali ziti zalamulo zimene wopanga malamulo angayambukire mwachindunji.

Sankhani Makomiti Apadera

Makomiti osakhalitsa amapangidwa kuti afufuze nkhani zinazake kapena kuti achite zinthu zimene sizikulamulidwa ndi makomiti amene alipo. Zitsanzo zake ndi zokhudza makomiti osankha nzeru, mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, kapena kulabadira kwa miliri. Makomiti ameneŵa amafa akapereka lipoti lawo kapena pambuyo pa nyengo yoikidwiratu.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kufufuza

Pambuyo pa kulemba malamulo, makomiti asunga zigamulo kuti apende mmene malamulo omwe alipo akugwiritsidwira ntchito. Zikalata zapansipansi ndi kukakamiza umboni kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a nthambi, nzika za anthu, ndi makampani. Uyang’aniro uli kupenda kosamala pa mphamvu ya maulamuliro a boma — umatsimikizira kuti malamulo aperekedwa monga cholinga ndi kuti ndalama zopereka msonkho ziwonongedwe moyenerera. Kuyang'anira nthaŵi zonse kumaperekanso chikalata cha anthu kumene mavuto angatulukire ndi kukambitsirana zisanakhale zovuta.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu: Kuŵerengera Mlandu Boma

Nthambi ya malamulo siimangopanga malamulo; imayang’aniranso mmene malamulowo amachitidwira.

Kuletsa Ndalama

Kulamulira chikwama cha anthu kuli chimodzi cha ziŵiya zakale ndi zamphamvu koposa za malumbiro a malamulo. Mabungwe ambiri a malamulo ayenera kuvomereza bajeti ya pachaka, imene imawapatsa mphamvu zambiri pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa maprogramu ena kapena mwakugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ku kugula, opanga malamulo angapange malamulo popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano. Kawirikawiri kachitidwe ka bajeti kake ndiko ntchito ya malamulo yotsutsana ndi yotsatira. Chaka chilichonse.

Kutsimikiziridwa kwa Mapangano

M'madongosolo ambiri, chipinda chapamwamba chiyenera kutsimikizira mapangano aakulu ndi oweruza. Izi zimapereka kupenda mphamvu ya mkulu wa ntchito kwa boma ndi makhoti. Kutsimikizira kulola opanga malamulo kusanthula ziyeneretso za ammine, mbiri ya makhalidwe, ndi malingaliro a kayendetsedwe ka malamulo. Kukana mminee n’kosoŵa kwambiri koma n’kofunika kwambiri pa zandale.

Kufunitsitsa ndi Kusudzulidwa

Malamulo a demokrase ambiri amapereka njira yochotsera akuluakulu a boma (ndipo nthaŵi zina oweruza) amene amachita chisembwere chachikulu. Nyumba yaing'ono imavota pa nkhani za kukana, ndipo nyumba yapamwamba imaweruza mlandu ndi kuvota pochotsedwa. Kuweruza kuli kwandale zadziko mmalo mwa njira ya upandu, ndipo miyezo yochotsera imasiyana. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito mochepera ndipo imalinganizidwira kukhala njira yomalizira yopezera masinthidwe pamene madongosolo ena a kuŵerengera kwalephera.

Mmene Nzika Zingagwirizanitsire ndi Nthambi Yololeza Malamulo

Kumvetsa mmene nthambi ya malamulo imagwirira ntchito n’kofunika kwambiri pokhapokha ngati ikuchititsa zinthu zinazake.

Kusankha Ntchito za M’makampani ndi m’Maudindo

Kutulutsa kuli chiŵiya chachindunji ndi champhamvu koposa. Chifukwa chakuti opanga malamulo amayang'anizana ndi chisankho nthaŵi zonse, chiyembekezo cha wovota chimaumba khalidwe lawo. Kusankha nkofunika kwambiri, monga momwe kutembenuka kwakukulu kuliri kotsika ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha ovota angaone kuti ndi okonzekera kusankhidwa kwa onse. Nzika zimene zikufuna zitsimikizo zamphamvu za malamulo ziyenera kufufuza osati kokha ofunsira koma magawo a komiti ndi mabukhu osankhira a opanga makampani.

Kulankhulana ndi Opanga Malamulo

Kulankhulana kwaumwini kuchokera kwa anthu — mwa foni, maimelo, kapena kalata — kuli ndi kulemera kwenikweni. Malamulo amalembera makalata ogwirizana chifukwa amasonyeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi zotsatirapo za osankhidwa. Kulankhulana kogwira mtima kuli kolunjika, kolemekezeka, ndi kosumikidwa pa kope limodzi. Kutchula manambala a zikalata, magawo, ndi mapempho a zochita kumasonyeza kuti woyang'anirayo wauzidwa ndi kuchitidwa. Kukumana ndi opanga malamulo kapena antchito awo m’nyengo za ntchito yachigawo kungakhale kopindulitsa kwambiri.

Kutsimikizira pa Kumva ndi Kukhala ndi Mbali m’Kuyankha kwa Pagulu

Malamulo ambiri okhazikitsa malamulo amalola nzika kupereka umboni wolembedwa kapena kuonekera pa milandu ya anthu pa malamulo operekedwa. Uwu ndi mwayi wogaŵana chidziŵitso cha munthu, ukatswiri wa zaluso, kapena malingaliro a anthu. Umboni umagwira ntchito kwambiri pamene upereka zitsanzo zenizeni za mmene lamulolo lidzakhudzira anthu enieni, ndi pamene limapereka njira zina zopindulitsa m’malo mwa chitsutso wamba.

Kutsatira Ntchito ya Malamulo

Nyumba zambiri za malamulo zimasunga mawebusaiti a anthu amene angalembepo mapepala a makampani, kuyang'anira milandu ya komiti ndi kuyang'ana maofesi ovota. Kutsatira ntchito ya malamulo panthaŵi yeniyeni kumatheketsa nzika kulinganiza zoyesayesa zalamulo, kuchenjeza makampani awo za mavoti ofunika, ndi kuchititsa opanga malamulo kukhala ndi mlandu wa zochita zawo. Mabungwe a boma ndi a oulutsa nkhani za kumaloko amaperekanso mafotokozedwe osavuta a zochitika za malamulo.

Kugwirizana ndi Magulu a Abusa ndi Mapwando a Zandale

Mabungwe amene amagwirizana ndi mfundo za nzika amathandiza kwambiri. Mabungwe a zauphunzitsi amakhazikitsa malamulo, amagwirizanitsa zoyesayesa, ndi kupereka kupenda kwa akatswiri. Mabungwe andale amapereka njira yoti nzika zisonkhezerere malamulo a m'dongosolo la zinthu, mwa kutenga nawo mbali m'misonkhano ya mapwando, kusankha opita ku msonkhano, ndi kukonza malo apamwamba.

Mavuto Amene Mantha a Mafumu Olamulira Lerolino Akukumana Nawo

Anthu amene akudziwa bwino mavuto amenewa amakhala okonzeka kukonza zinthu zimene zingalimbitse kwambiri maboma a anthu.

Kusintha Magetsi ndi Magetsi

M'mayiko ambiri, zipani za ndale zayamba kugwirizana kwambiri ndiponso kudana kwambiri, kuchepetsa malo ololerana. Malamulo alephera kukhazikitsa malamulo ngakhale pamene mavuto adziwika kwambiri. Kusintha zinthu monga kuvota, makomiti odziimira okha, ndi kusintha kwa a Officester kwalingaliridwa kukhala mankhwala, koma kudalirana kwa anthu kukumawononga mphamvu za kuyang'anira ntchito.

Kukwezedwa Kwaukulu

M'mademokrase ena, nthambi yaikulu yapeza mphamvu mwa kulipira nyumba ya malamulo. Izi zingachitike mwa maulamuliro akuluakulu, kugwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro angozi, kapena mwa kungolamulira madongosolo a malamulo pamene gulu limodzi likugwira nthambi zonse ziŵiri. Nyumba ya malamulo imene siimatetezera mwamphamvu kuyenera kwake kukhala chidindo cha labala. Anthu amene amaŵerengera boma moyenerera ayenera kusamala kwambiri mmene amachitira ndi akuluakulu a boma ochenjera.

Ndalama m’Ndale

Kukwera kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ndiponso mphamvu ya anthu olemera ndiponso mabungwe ena kumachititsa kuti opanga malamulo azilabadira kwambiri anthu opereka ndalama kusiyana ndi anthu wamba. Malamulo osonyeza ndalama, kupereka ndalama kwa anthu onse, ndi malire a ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ndizo kusintha kwa mademokalase amene atengerapo kukambirana ndi anthu. Nzika zingachirikize mabungwe amene amachirikiza za ndawala za ndale ndiponso anthu amene amayesetsa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya ndalama m’ndale.

Kukayikirana ndi Kusokonekera

Malamulo amadalira pa maziko a zenizeni ogaŵikana ndi pa kukhulupirira anthu m'dongosolo la demokrase. Ndawala za kuchepetsa chidaliro m'masankho, m'kukhulupirika kwa opanga malamulo, kapena kuyenera kwa zigamulo za malamulo zimapereka chiwopsezo chachindunji ku luso la nthambi ya malamulo. Kuŵerenga nyuzipepala, kuchirikiza utolankhani wodziimira pawekha, ndi kuyang'anira zinthu mwamphamvu kuli njira zofunika zimene nzika zingakulitse pamlingo wa munthu ndi chitaganya.

Nthambi Yotsatira Malamulo m’Ntchito Yotakata ya Boma

Nthambi ya malamulo siimagwira ntchito mopatulidwa. Ndi mbali ya njira ya macheke ndi malingana zolinganizidwa kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamulira. Oyang'anira malamulo, atsamu ya zamalamulo, amamasulira, ndipo a bungwe la oweruza amapanga. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi zipangizo zopitirizira kutsutsana ndi ina: Nyumba ya malamulo ikhoza kuchotsa madesiki, ma bajeti, ndi akuluakulu a boma; mkulu wa bungwe angakhoze kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kutulutsa malamulo a mkulu wa bungwe; jadiary angawononge malamulo monga ngati saalonigalamu. Kumvetsetsa nthambi ya malamulo mkati mwa dongosolo la malamuloli kumathandiza nzika kusanthula ngati dongosolo lonse likugwira ntchito monga momwe liyenera.

Kufufuza kozama kwa mmene nyumba zoyamwira zimafananira ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana a boma, njira ya malamulo UK ku mmene imagwirira ntchito. Nyumba ya malamulo imapereka kupenda kwabwino kwa dongosolo la Westminster- style. Nyumba za malamulo. Zolemba za U. [malamulo] zimapereka njira yatsatanetsatane ya njira ya ku America. Malingaliro a mitundu yonse, [[FLT:]] Inter-Parliatic Union [FLT:] zimafalitsa chidziŵitso ndi kufufuza pa makhomagenti a dziko lonse, ndi [FL:] kumvetsetsa kopeni kopanda ndalama za dziko lonse. [FLT]

Kumaliza

Opanga malamulo osonyezedwa ndi opanga malamulo ndi ogwirizana ndi oimira oimira. Iwo amatembenuza chifuno cha anthu kukhala malamulo ogwirizana akuti chitaganya, kugaŵira chuma, ndi kulongosola zoyenera ndi mathayo. Nthambi ya malamulo inapangidwa mwadala kukhala yopanda ufulu, yooneka bwino, ndi yovomereza — koma mphamvu yake imadalira pa pangano lamphamvu la nzika zodziŵa. Kuzindikira mmene opanga malamulo amasankhidwira, mmene makomiti amagwira ntchito, mmene malamulo amakhalira malamulo, mmene ngongole zimakhalira malamulo, ndi mmene uyang'aniro umapatsa nzika zimene zimafunikira kuti zikhale zoloŵetsedwa m’dongosolo landale. Nzika zikamvetsa bwino, zingakhoze kuyendetsa bwino, zimapangitsa oimira awo kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kuchirikiza malamulo ndi malamulo amene amasamalira. Nyumba ya malamulo ikufuna kukhala ndi phande, kugawanamo, ndi kufunitsitsa kuchirikiza bwino kwa mabungwe onse amene alamulira.