Chiyambi: Kumvetsetsa Njira ya Prezidenti wa U.S. Yosankha

Njira yosankha Pulezidenti wa United States ndi njira yolinganizidwa bwino imene imagwirizanitsa chisankho cha democracy ndi malamulo otetezera. Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti chisankhocho nchiŵerengero chabe cha dziko lonse, njira yeniyeni imaphatikizapo magawo ambiri: zigawo ndi makampani, misonkhano yadziko, mkupiti wa chisankho, ndipo pomalizira pake Electoral College. Nkhaniyi imaswa site limodzi lililonse la chinenero chomvekera bwino, cholunjika kotero kuti mungamvetsetse mmene mkulu wa boma wa dzikolo amasankhidwira pazaka zinayi zilizonse.

Mzera wa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa United States umakhala pafupifupi zaka ziŵiri, kuyambira ndi zilengezo za kubatizidwa ndi kutha ndi kuperekedwa kwa pulezidenti wongosankhidwa chatsopano mu January. Sitepe lililonse limasonyeza cholinga cha woyambitsa kulinganiza chifuniro cha anthu ndi zofuna za maboma a munthu mmodzi. Dongosololo lakhala likusintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi, koma maziko ake adakali monga momwe landandalitsidwa m'Bukhu la Malamulo.

Mfundo 1: Upandu ndi Kasupe – Kusankha Gulu la Anthu

Chisankho cha pulezidenti si mpikisano umodzi pakati pa aŵiri oyembekezera. Choyamba, chipani chachikulu cha ndale zadziko chimodzi ndi chimodzi (Democrats ndi Republicans) chiyenera kusankha nduna yake yalamulo kupyolera mndandanda wa mipikisano ya zapamwamba za boma yotchedwa primial ndi kaucluse. Zimenezi zimachitika pakati pa January ndi June wa chaka cha chisankho.

Kodi Ndalama N’zotani?

Maboma ndiwo amasankha anthu osankhidwa.

  • Otsekeka: Mamembala olembetsedwa okha angavote m'chinthu chachikulu cha gulu lawo.
  • Otsegulira: Wovota aliyense wovomerezeka, mosasamala kanthu za chipani, angavote m'chinthu chachikulu cha chipani chimodzi.

Nthumwi ndizo anthu amene analonjezedwa kudzachirikiza munthu wina amene adzaloŵe nawo pa msonkhano wachigawocho.

Kodi Masamba a Kaucuuse Nchiyani?

Mabungwe a Caucus ndi misonkhano ya kumaloko kumene anthu a pa chipani amasonkhana kuti akambirane ndipo kenako amavota anthu ofuna kubatizidwa. Iwo si ofala kwambiri ngati mapulaneti koma amagwiritsidwabe ntchito m’mayiko angapo, monga Iowa. Mabungwewa amaphatikizapo kukambirana kwa anthu, kukopa, ndi kuvota komaliza.

Chifukwa Chake Upandu ndi Nkhani Yogwiritsa Ntchito

Nthaŵi ya caucus imachititsa kuti anthu opita kumsonkhano wa dziko lonse asakhale ndi chidwi chokwanira ndipo amasankha amene adzapite kumsonkhanowo ndi thandizo lalikulu.

Kaamba ka kupenda mozama mmene ntchito ya poyamba imagwirira ntchito, chezerani [[FLT: 0] USA.gov tsamba pa maprime ndi ma coucus [1].

Mfundo Yachiwiri: Misonkhano Yadziko Lonse – Kutchula Mwalamulo Chipani cha Nazi

Chikondwererochi chitatha, anthu ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana amasonkhana kuti atchule munthu amene akufuna kukhala pulezidenti. Misonkhanoyi ndi yotchuka kwambiri m’manyuzipepala kumene anthu a pa chipanichi amaonetsa pulatifomu yawo, kulimbikitsa kumbuyo kwa mminee.

Ntchito ya Nthumwi

Pamsonkhano, nthumwi za boma aliyense zinasankha wobatizidwa amene anapata chiŵiya chachikulu kapena cha boma. Wopita kumsonkhano afunikira nthumwi zambiri kuti asungitse dzinalo. Ngati palibe wopita ku msonkhano ndi anthu ambiri odziŵika, msonkhanowo umakhala “wogwidwa,” ndipo nthumwi zingasunthe kuchirikiza mlingo wosiyanasiyana wa kuvota. Komabe, m’nthaŵi zamakono, nthumwizo zimagamula bwino msonkhano usanayambe.

Kusankha Mtsogoleri Wautsogoleri Wadziko

Pulezidenti wa bungweli amasankhanso munthu wotsogolera (wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti) msonkhano usanayambe kapena usanayambe. Msonkhanowo umatsimikizira onse aŵiri opita ku msonkhanowo.

Misonkhano yadziko imatenganso pulatifomu yalamulo ya chipanicho, imene imalongosola malamulo ake pankhani monga zachuma, zaumoyo, ndi nkhani zachilendo.

Mfundo 3: Mkupiti Waukulu wa Chisankho

Akangokhazikitsa makampani, chisankho chachikulu chikuyamba ndi kulimbikira. Chigawo chimenechi chimayamba chakumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka kukafika ku Tsiku la Chisankho cha Chisankho cha November. Chimasintha n’kudutsa dziko lonse, kutenga nawo mbali m’makambitsirano, kutsatsa malonda a pa TV, ndi kuchita ntchito zokopa anthu kuti apeze mavoti.

Mkupiti Waukulu

  • [[FLT: 0] Imanena kuti: Kampeni zimasumika kwambiri pa maboma amene samadziŵika bwino monga maboma a chidemokrase kapena Republican. Kupambana maboma ameneŵa kungathandize ku Electoral College.
  • Kusonkhanitsa: Mkupiti umalimbikitsa ochirikiza kulembetsa, kuvota mwamsanga, ndi kutulukira pa Tsiku la Chisankho.
  • Media ndi mikangano: Mikangano ya pa Telefoni imalola ovota kuyerekezera oyembekezera kumbali imodzi. Mayanjano a anthu ndi kusatsa malonda kwa pa wailesi ndi pa wailesi zimachitanso mbali yaikulu.

M’nyengo yonseyi, oyembekezera kubatizidwa akupereka masomphenya awo kaamba ka dzikolo ndi kuyesa kusonkhezera ovota osasamala.

Sitepe 4: Tsiku la Chisankho – Chikondwerero Chotchuka

Pa Tsiku la Chisankho, mamiliyoni a Aamereka amapita ku malo ofunsira kapena makalata awo m'mapepala awo kukavotera pulezidenti. Komabe, iwo savotera mwachindunji wosankhidwayo. Mmalomwake, iwo akuvotera chikalata cha osankha olonjezedwa kwa wofunsirayo. Kumeneku ndi kumene voti yotchuka ndi Electoral College instication.

Kodi N’chiyani Chimasangalatsa Anthu Ambiri?

Voti yotchuka ndiyo chiŵerengero chonse cha mavoti amene amaikidwa kwa wosankha aliyense m’dziko lonselo. Pamene kuli kwakuti voti yotchuka imasonyeza chosankha cha wosankhidwa wa dzikolo, siisankha wopambanayo mwachindunji. pulezidentiyo amasankhidwa ndi Electoral College chifukwa cha zotsatira za voti yotchuka m’boma lililonse.

Mwachitsanzo, munthu wofuna kubatizidwa angavotedwe m’dziko lonselo koma n’kutayabe utsogoleri ngati alephera kupambana mavoti okwanira osankhidwa.

Zotsatira za Boma mwa Kakhalidwe

Pafupifupi m'boma lililonse, wosankha amene apambana voti yotchuka m'bomalo amalandira mavoti ake onse osankhidwa. Izi zimatchedwa “winner-takes-ll system . Maboma aŵiri (Maine ndi Nebraska) amagwiritsa ntchito njira yogaŵika, kubwezera voti imodzi yosankhidwa pa chigawo chilichonse, ndipo dziko lonse lapambana kulandira aŵiri otsalawo.

Sitepe 5: Electoral College – Mmene Prezidenti Amadziŵikitsidwira Kwenikweni

Electoral College ndi gulu la 538 osankhidwa mwalamulo amene amasankha pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti. Boma lililonse limalandira osankhidwa angapo olingana ndi kuimira kwake konse m'Congress: mmodzi wa chiŵalo chilichonse cha Nyumba ya Oimira (chozikidwa pa anthu) kuphatikizapo mmodzi wa oimira ake aŵiri. Disiturikiti ya Columbia imalandiranso osankhidwa atatu, ngakhale kuti alibe woimira wosankha m'Congress.

Mmene Openda Amasankhidwira

Zipani za ndale zadziko za boma zirizonse zimasankha chikalata chawo cha osankha osankhidwa a m’chipani chokhulupirika, osankhidwa kukhala nduna, kapena ochirikiza kuikidwa kwa unduna wa prezidenti.

Kukumana ndi Openduza

Pa Lolemba loyamba pambuyo pa Lachitatu lachiŵiri mu December kutsatira Tsiku la Chisankho, osankha amakumana m’malikulu a boma lawo kukapanga mavoti aŵiri: imodzi ya pulezidenti ndi imodzi ya wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Mavoti ameneŵa amatumizidwa ku Congress kuti akaŵerengedwe.

Opeka Chikhulupiriro

M’maiko ena, osankha amavota mwalamulo kwa wosankha amene anapambana chisankho chotchuka cha boma. Komabe, chiŵerengero chochepa cha osankha chavota motsutsana ndi chikole chawo — ameneŵa amatchedwa “osankha opanda chikhulupiriro. [1] Mu 2016, osankhidwa asanu ndi aŵiri anapatuka. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza ufulu wa maboma wa kupereka chilango kapena kulowa mmalo a osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro m’nkhani 2020 Chiafalo v. Washington ..

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri ponena za mbiri ndi malo alamulo a Electoral College, onani [[FLT: 0] National Archives ya Elctoral College tsamba [[FLT: 1].

Sitepe 6: Kupambana Utsogoleri – Malo Oloŵa M’malo 270 - Vote

Wosankha ayenera kulandira mavoti ambiri pa 538 osankhidwa ndi voti — pafupifupi 270 — kukhala pulezidenti wosankhira. Ngati wosankhayo afika pachipatachi, chisankhocho chimakonzedwa bwino, ngakhale kuti masitepe alamulo osonyeza chikalata chachikalata atsala.

Kodi Chimachitika N’chiyani Ngati Palibe Mtengo Wogawana Zinthu Ufika 270?

Ngati palibe wosankha amene apambana mavoti 270 osankhidwa, chisankho chimaponyedwa ku Nyumba ya Oimira [1] m'njira yotchedwa pheact . Izi zingachitike ngati wobatizidwa wachitatu apambana mavoti okwanira osankhidwa kuletsa anthu ambiri, kapena ngati pali thayi yeniyeni.

  • Nyumba imasankha pulezidenti: Nthumwi iliyonse ya boma imalandira voti imodzi, mosasamala kanthu za anthu a m'dziko lililonse. Oimira a boma lililonse amavotera pakati pawo, ndipo boma limavotera munthu mmodzi ndi oimira ake ambiri. Wosankha amene alandira mavoti kuchokera ku maiko pafupifupi 26 apambana.
  • Sanente isankha wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti: Nyumba ya Malamulo imasankha wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti kwa oyembekezera aŵiri otchuka, ndi mkulu aliyense akuponya voti imodzi. Maboma ambiri a Konsoti yokwanira (mavoti 51) afunidwa.

Kayendetsedwe ka masankho oimira anthu a mitundu ina kangogwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵiri kokha: mu 1800 (kamene kanatsogolera ku Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa 12) ndi mu 1824. Zochitika zamakono zikungoyerekezera koma nzothekabe m’mafuko oyandikana ndi oyembekezera kukhala ndi mbali yachitatu.

Kuperekedwa ndi Kuperekedwa Kwake

Msonkhano ukumana pa chigawo chimodzi pa January 6 kuti uŵerenge mavoti osankhidwa ndi kuvomereza mwalamulo wopambana. Woweruza wa pulezidenti amatsegulidwa pa January 20 masana, kupanga lumbiro la ntchito ndi kuvomereza mwalamulo kukhala pulezidenti.

Chifukwa Chake Electoral College Ilipo

Electoral College inali ndi chigamulo pa Constitution ya Constitution mu 1787. Nthumwi zina zinafuna kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo isankhe pulezidenti; zina zinafuna chivoti chotchuka. Electoral College inapereka mawu ang'onoang'ono mwa kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale maboma osacheperapo a anthu ambiri ali ndi mavoti atatu osankhidwa (Opanga Nyumba aŵiri limodzi).

Dongosolo limeneli limaletsanso madera ochepa okhala ndi anthu ambiri kuti asalamulire masankho a dziko. Maboma ayenera kumanga mgwirizano waukulu wa mayiko m’madera osiyanasiyana kuti afike pa mavoti 270. Ochirikiza amalimbikitsa kuti boma litetezedwe ndi kulimbikitsa anthu oyembekezera kukachita kampeni m’mayiko osiyanasiyana m’malo mwa mizinda yaikulu.

Komabe, osuliza amanena kuti wopambanayo atha kupambana pa kukhala wathayo mosasamala kanthu za kulephera kwa voti ya dziko. Zimenezi zayambitsa mkangano wopitirizabe wa kaya kusintha kapena kuchotsa Electoral College. Kuti mukhale ndi malingaliro abwino, onani [[FLT: 0] Encclopædia Britannica yojambula Electoral College .

Malingaliro Olakwika Ofala pa Kusankha Mtsogoleri wa Maboma

Anthu ambiri samvetsa mbali zina za mmene mapresidenti amasankhidwira.

  • "Wosankha amene wapambana mavoti ambiri.] Zimenezo zili zoona kokha m’lingaliro lakuti mavoti otchuka a boma ndi dziko amasankha mavoti a voti. Koma chiwonkhetso cha voti yotchuka ya dzikolo sindicho chogamula.
  • “Oweruza nthaŵi zonse amavota monga cholonjeza. [1] Pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri amatero, osanthula opanda chikhulupiriro ali otheka, ngakhale kuti ndi osoŵa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amalangidwa.
  • “ Kusankha mwachindunji pulezidenti kumatanthauza kuti muwasankha. Kwenikweni, mumavotera osankha amene kenaka amavotera pulezidenti. Voti yanu imasankha chikalata cha osankhidwa kuimira boma lanu.
  • . Lachiŵiri loyamba mu November ndi tsiku limodzi lokha la kuvota. Maiko ambiri tsopano amapereka chivoti choyambirira, kuvota kwa kusapezeka, ndi mapepala a makalata, chotero masankho amatha masabata ambiri.

Ntchito ya Ndalama ndi Zoulutsira Nkhani za Mkupiti

Makomiti a zandale (PACS), ndi a zipani. Bungwe la Federal Ecommution Commission (FAC) limayang’anira ntchito ya ndawala ndi ndalama zimene anthu amapereka. Ndalama zimalipira pa ntchito yotsatsa malonda a pa TV, misonkhano, antchito, maulendo, ndi makompyuta.

Manyuzipepala, manyuzipepala, mawailesi, ndi manyuzipepala amafotokoza nkhani zosiyanasiyana komanso amalimbikitsa anthu kuti azifufuza mfundo zosiyanasiyana kuchokera m’mabuku osiyanasiyana n’kutsimikizira mfundo zoona.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za mmene ndalama zimayendetsera, pitani ku FEC kuti mukachite pulojekiti ya zachuma.

Mbiri Yakale: Zimene Zikudziwika Bwino

Chiyambire chisankho choyamba cha George Washington mu 1789, masankho aakulu a pulezidenti wa ku United States ayambanso mwapadera:

  • Lam lamasamba la 12 (1804): Revised profession presidenti ya Electoral College kusandutsa pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti pa mapepala osiyana.
  • 15, Amendment (1870): anatsutsa ufulu wosankha wozikidwa pa fuko, ngakhale kuti zopinga zinakhalapo kwa zaka makumi ambiri.
  • la 19th Amendment (20): anapatsa akazi ufulu wa kuvota.
  • Demendment ya 23rd Amendment (1961): Okhala ku Washington, D.C., kuyenera kwa kuvota m’masankho a pulezidenti ndi mavoti atatu osankhidwa.
  • Lachi24 Demendment (1964):[[FL:1] Misonkho ya kufunsira yolembedwa, imene inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchotsa ovota opanda pake.
  • Kuvomereza Ufulu Woyenerera wa 1965: [ kuletsa tsankho la fuko m’machitidwe ovota.
  • Chisankho cha 2000: Mpikisano woyandikira pakati pa George W. Bush ndi Al Gore unatha ndi chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba (Bush v. Gore) chimene chinatsimikizira bwino zotulukapo, kuyambitsa mikangano ponena za kulinganiza ndi kusimba.
  • Chisankho cha 2016: Donald Trump anapambana Electoral College pamene analephera chivoti chotchuka kwa Hillary Clinton, kukhazikitsa malamulo kumafuna kusintha.

Masinthidwe ameneŵa ndi zochitika zasonkhezera dongosolo la masankho amakono, kuwapangitsa kukhala ophatikizapo anthu koma opotokabe ndi ofuna kuwongokera.

Kumaliza: Dongosolo Lopangidwa Kuti Likhale ndi Zinthu Zoyenera

Kusankha pulezidenti wa ku United States n’kovuta, koma kuli ndi cholinga: kulinganiza malamulo ambiri ndi kuimira boma. Kuyambira pa nyengo yoyamba kudzera pa voti ya ku Electoral College, njira iliyonse imatsimikizira kuti anthu amve mawu osiyanasiyana — kuyambira pa anthu ochirikiza chipani cha Iowa mpaka pa ovota ku California. Ngakhale kuti dongosololi silili langwiro, lasintha mwamtendere ulamuliro kwa zaka zoposa 200.

Kuzindikira mmene mapresidente amasankhidwira kumapatsa mphamvu nzika kuti zikhale ndi phande logwira ntchito ya demokrase. Kaya muli wovota woyamba kapena wopenyerera wozoloŵera, kudziŵa amakanika a m'chosankha kumakuthandizani kuwona zinthu zina kupyola pa mitu yankhani ndi kuzindikira mowonadi mmene utsogoleri umagamulidwa mu United States.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chalamulo chonena za kulembetsa kuvota ndi kutengamo mbali m'masankho, chezerani USA.gov’s voti [tsamba la FLT: 1].