Mmene Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha Chimathandizira Ntchito Yopanga Malamulo

Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Dziko Sichikuimira chabe chikalata cha mbiri yakale cholengeza za kusiyana kwa maiko a ku America ndi Britain. Ndi maziko a maphunziro a boma lonse la United States. Lamulo la maziko lakuti maboma apeze mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku [[FLT: 0]] kuvomereza kulamulidwa kwa [ kulinganiza mwachindunji mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kutsutsana, ndi kutsatiridwa ndi dongosolo la malamulo la dziko lonse. Malamulo alionse operekedwa ndi Congress kapena chigamulo ndi njira yothandiza yosonyezera kuyenera kwa anthu ku kudzilamulira okha. Kumvetsa mmene njira imeneyi imathandizira kulongosola bwino chifukwa chimene malamulo ena alipo, mmene amatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, ndi zimene zimachitika pamene lamulo likulephera kutumikira bwino.

Chinsinsi cha Filosofi: Kuvomereza kwa Olamulira

Chikalatacho chimatsimikiza kuti anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wosalandirika . moyo, ufulu, ndi kulondola chimwemwe. Kuti atetezere ufulu umenewu, maboma amakhazikitsidwa pakati pa anthu, akumayambitsa mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa. Lingaliro limeneli, lochokera kwa anthu olingalira bwino monga John Locke, limasintha unansi wamwambo pakati pa wolamulira ndi mutu wake: boma lilipo kutumikira anthu, osati njira ina.

Pamene Oyambitsa Malamulo analemba malamulowo zaka khumi pambuyo pa Chikalatacho, iwo anapanga njira imene imasonkhezera nthanthi imeneyi. Nthambi ya malamulo . "Konsor" ndiyo njira yoyamba ndi yolunjika kwambiri ya ulamuliro wotchuka. Kupanga malamulo sikuli lamulo lapamwamba koma njira yotsalira yokha. Lamulo lililonse liyenera kusonyeza chifuniro cha anthu, kuteteza ufulu wawo, ndi kuchirikiza ubwino wa onse. Ngati lamulolo lilephera kuchita zimenezo, Chilengezocho chimapatsa nzika zake ufulu wakusintha kapena kuchotsa mwa njira zamtendere zonga masankho, kutsutsa, kapena zitokosozo za chiweruzo.

Malamulo: Kuchokera ku Ndalama Kukhala Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti Chikalatacho sichitchula njira yokhayo yopangira malamulo, mfundo zake zimalembedwa pa mbali iliyonse ya malamulo a boma.

Mfundo 1: Maganizo ndi Kukopana

Lamulo lililonse limayamba monga lingaliro . Nthaŵi zambiri kuchokera kwa nzika, gulu lachiwongola dzanja, bungwe la boma, kapena chiŵalo cha Congress. Limenelo lalembedwa ndi woimira kapena woimira . Lamulolo liyenera kulilungamitsa kukhala lotumikira anthu abwino ndi kutetezera ufulu wawo. Mwachitsanzo, Chikalata cha Chilolezo cha Chisungiko cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964 chinachokera ku zofuna zopitirizabe za ochirikiza ufulu wa fuko amene anatsutsa kuti chikalatacho chitsutso cha ufulu ndi kulingana ndi ufulu wa anthu. Wopereka chikalata, Senator Hubert Humphrey, anakhazikitsa chikalata choyenera kuteteza ufulu wa nzika zonse.

Sitepe 2: Kupenda ndi Kumva kwa Komiti

Chikalatacho chimaperekedwa ku komiti, kumene akatswiri a nkhani, osunga nkhani, ndi anthu angapimire. Chigawo chimenechi chimaphatikizapo chivomerezo cha olamulira mwa kutsimikizira kuti mawu osiyanasiyana amvedwa lamulo lisanayende. Makomiti kaŵirikaŵiri amasunga kumvetsera, ndipo mboni zimapereka umboni. Mwachitsanzo, popanga Affordable Care Act, makomiti anatsogolera mayeso ambiri kuti amvetsetse mmene kulowa m’zamoyo kunakhudzira “kuyambukirira chimwemwe cha Aamereka.

Sitepe 3: Kutsutsana ndi Kusintha Zinthu pa Malo

Ngati komitiyo ivomereza lamulolo, ilo limapita ku chipinda chonse (Nyumba kapena Nyumba ya Malamulo) kukakambitsirana. Opanga malamulo amakambitsirana za ubwino wake, amalinganiza, ndi kuyesa kulikonza kuti ligwirizane ndi malamulo a Chikalatacho. Kachitidwe ka mkanganowo kali kotetezera: kamasonkhezera ochirikiza poyera chifukwa chake lamulo nlofunika kaamba ka kutetezeredwa. Otsutsa anganene kuti lamulolo limaswa ufulu wa munthu, mwachitsanzo, akumati lamulo loyang’anira limaswa malo achinsinsi, limene limagwirizanitsidwa ndi “chikalata chotetezeredwa ndi Chikalatacho.

Sitepe 4: Kutulutsa ndi Kudutsa

Chivoti chilichonse. Popeza kuti boma limapeza mphamvu zake kuchokera ku chivoti cha olamulidwa, voti yochuluka (ndipo m’zochitika zina kutchuka) imafunidwa. Ichi chimasonyeza chifuniro cha oimira, ndipo kupyolera mwa iwo, chifuno cha anthu. Nyumba zonse ziŵiri zitapitirira mpangidwe wa lamulo, kusiyana kulikonse kumayanjanitsidwa m’komiti ya msonkhano. Pamenepo matembenuzidwe omalizira amapita kwa pulezidenti.

Sitepe 5: Ntchito ya Prezidenti Kapena Chikombole

Pulezidenti angasaine chikalatacho m'lamulo kapena m'malamulo. Ngati atanamizidwa, Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kuyendetsa mavoti awiri atatu m’zipinda zonse ziwiri. Kufufuza kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene ingagonjetse zofuna za anthu. Ntchito ya pulezidenti ndi kupenda ngati lamulolo limateteza ufulu wa dziko ndi kukwaniritsa lamulo la chikalatacho kuti boma liteteze ufulu umenewo.

Sitepe 6: Kukwaniritsa ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Pamene lamulo lakhazikitsidwa, mabungwe aakulu amaigwiritsa ntchito. Koma njirayo siithera pamenepo. Nzika iliyonse imene imakhulupirira lamulo imaswa ufulu wawo pansi pa Chikalatacho . Chonga ngati ufulu wa katundu kapena ufulu wa kulankhula . judiary, kupyolera mwa [[FLT: 0]] zopendera (yaikidwa mu [FLT:]] Marbury v. Madison [1] ), amatsimikizira ngati lamulo likugwirizana ndi Lamulo, limene limamangidwa pa malamulo. Ngati khoti lipeza lamulo lophwanya ufulu wosalandidwa, lingaligwedere.

Mmene Mfundo za Chikalata Zimasungirira Malamulo Oteteza Ufulu wa Anthu

Si lamulo lililonse limene limayenderana ndi Chikalatacho. Chikalata cha ufulu (kusintha kwa ufulu wa anthu khumi oyambirira ku Malamulo) chimatchula momveka bwino chitetezo chodziŵika monga ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi kusonkhana . Chikutanthauza kuti ngakhale ngati lamulo silikuphwanya mfundo zoyenerera, likhozabe kutsutsidwa ngati liswa lamulo loletsa ufulu, monga kuyenera kwa anthu ena kukana kapena kuchotsa ena.

Mwachitsanzo, M'pambuyo pake anagwedezeka, kutsutsana kuti kaya lamulo linatsegulira “m'malamulo” yotchulidwa m'Chikalata ndi malamulo omwe. Mofananamo, Surgenced Reformation Suption] Sunadenti inaphatikizapo ufulu wa mkazi wa kukhala wachinsinsi pankhani za mankhwala. Pamene kuli kwakuti chigamulocho chinaletsedwa, kutsutsana ndi lamulolo ngati linatseketsa lamulolo “kutsendereza" lotchulidwa m'zikalata ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwa.

Malamulo amene amalephera kuteteza ufulu angachepetsedwe kudzera m’njira ya demokrase. Mpando wa 18 wowonjezera, umene unakhazikitsa Prohibition, pambuyo pake unakonzedwa ndi Lamulo la 21 pamene zinaonekeratu kuti kuletsa ufulu wa anthu ndi kuyambitsa malonda achinyengo. Kukhazikitsa, kutokosa, ndi kupeputsa kumasonyeza kuti malamulo sasintha pamene anthu akumvetsa ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Boma: Malamulo ndi Zimene Anthu Akufuna

Malamulo otchulidwa pamwambapa amagwira ntchito pa chigawo cha boma, koma mphamvu ya Chikalatacho njolimba mofanana m’maboma a boma. Malamulo a boma nthaŵi zambiri ali ndi mawu omveka bwino a Chikalata kapena chinenero chofanana ndi cha ufulu wosalandidwa. Malamulo a boma amatsatira njira yofanana: lamulo limayambitsidwa, limachitidwa kudzera m’makomiti, kutsutsana, kusankhidwa, ndi kusainidwa, ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi kazembe. Maboma ambiri alinso ndi njira zoyambira ndi kuvomereza, zimene zimalola nzika zake kuvomereza ndi kuvota pa malamulo olamulidwawo.

Mwachitsanzo, California ndi Colorado amagwiritsira ntchito njira zopangira malamulo monga kukhazikitsa chamba, malamulo a msonkho, kapena kusamala zaumoyo. Njira zimenezi ndizo mbadwa za chikalata cha Chikalatacho chakuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wosintha boma lawo. Ngati lamulo la boma likutsutsana ndi lamulo la boma kapena ufulu walamulo, makhoti a boma . Kuphatikizapo Supreme Court .can amaloŵerera, kutsimikizira kuti palibe lamulo limene limalepheretsa ufulu wofunika kukhazikitsa Chikalatacho.

Macheke ndi Kulinganizika: Kuchinjiriza Boma Kuposa

Chikalatacho chimachenjeza kuti “Ngati mtundu uliwonse wa Boma ukhala wowononga za zolinga zimenezi, uli Ufulu wa Anthu kusintha kapena kuuchotsa. [1] Chenjezo limeneli limagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera m'dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana oikidwa m'Malamulo. Kachitidwe ka lamulo kawo kokha kamaphatikizapo mayeso ambiri: Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ziyenera kugwirizana, pulezidenti angagwirizane, ndipo makhoti angapende. Federali amasinthanso mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi maboma, kutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu mmodzi yemwe angaike malamulo oletsa ufulu wa dzikolo.

Zisankho ndizo kupenda kolunjika kwambiri. Zaka ziŵiri zirizonse, Nyumba yonse ya Oimira imaimira chisankho. Oweruza amagwiritsira ntchito mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma chigawo chimodzi chitatu chimaikidwa kaamba ka chisankho pazaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Opanga malamulo anthaŵi zonse ameneŵa kufunafuna chivomerezo chokonzedwanso kwa olamulidwa. Ngati bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo likapereka lamulo losavomerezeka limene likuoneka kuti likupondereza ufulu, ovota angaloŵe mmalo mamembala amene analichirikiza. Kusankha kumeneku ndiko kukwaniritsa lonjezo la chikalatacho kuti mphamvu ya boma imatuluka kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha anthu.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito: Zitsanzo Zapadziko Lonse za Kupanga Malamulo Zotsogozedwa ndi Chilengezocho

Malamulo angapo ochititsa chidwi amasonyeza mmene malamulo amachitidwira ndi malamulo:

  • Lamulo la Voting Rights la 1965: Lamulo limeneli linaperekedwa pambuyo potsutsa kuti malamulo a boma otsendereza mavoti a anthu ochepa anaswa mtundu wa boma lotsimikizidwa ndi Chilengezo. Nyumba za malamulo zinagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake pansi pa Malamulo a 14 ndi 15 kusungitsa lamulo lakuti nzika zonse ziri ndi liwu lovomereza ku boma lawo.
  • A America Okhala ndi Ulema Act (1990) : Ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe anakhazikitsa kufunika kwa kupezeka kolingana monga nkhani ya kulondola chimwemwe. Lamulo limaletsa tsankho ndi kufunikira malo ogona, kutsimikizira kuti anthu olumala angatengemo mbali mokwanira m’chitaganya.
  • Ufulu wa Chikalata cha Chidziŵitso (1966) : Lamulo limeneli limatsegula zolembera za boma ku kufufuza kwapoyera, kutheketsa nzika kuŵerengera boma lawo ndi kuŵerengera /kugwiritsira ntchito mwachindunji lamulo la kuwoneka kwa chilengezo.

Malamulo onsewa anagwirizana pa nkhani ya malamulo, kuphatikizapo nkhani za anthu onse, kutsutsana, kuvomereza makomiti, ndi kuvota m’njira zosiyanasiyana.

Pamene Malamulo Alephera Chikalatacho: Mavuto ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Si malamulo onse ogwirizana ndi zoyenera zachibadwa. M'mbiri yonse, Nyumba ya Malamulo yakhazikitsa malamulo amene pambuyo pake anaonedwa kukhala kuswa zolinga za Chikalatacho. Kusuliza boma ndi Sedition Machitidwe a 1798, otsutsana mwachindunji ndi ufulu wa kulankhula. Malamulowo anatha. Malamulo a ku Japan a Amereka pankhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, ovomerezedwa ndi bungwe la Group Order 9066, anatsutsidwa pambuyo pake kukhala kuswa njira yoyenerera. Chikalata cha Civil Liberètes Act cha 1988 chinapereka mayanjano ndi kupepesa, kuvomereza kupanda chilungamo.

Malamulo amapereka njira yothetsera kulephera koteroko. Kusintha kumafuna mavoti aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kupeputsa ndi maboma atatu mwa anayi. Kusinthako kaŵirikaŵiri kumathandizira kufutukula ufulu mogwirizana ndi Chikalata. Kusintha kwa 13 Demendment kunachotsa ukapolo, kukwaniritsa chikalata cha Chikalatacho chakuti “amuna onse alengedwa ofanana.” Mpando wa 19 unatsimikizira kuti akazi amayenera kugonjera akuluakulu onse.

Kugwirizanitsa Kwakunja Kaamba ka Kumvetsetsa Kozama

Kwa awo amene akufuna kufufuza zambiri ponena za kugwirizana kwa Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Kudziimira paokha ndi kupanga malamulo, zinthu zotsatirazi n’zothandiza kwambiri:

Chidule: Chikalata Cholembedwa Monga Cholembera Kupanga Malamulo

Ku United States, malamulo a ufulu wa kudziimira paokha si ongochitika mwamwayi, koma ndi njira yothandiza kutsatira mfundo zachikhalidwe zimene zili m’Chikalata Cholengeza za Ufulu Wadziko:

  • Kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa kumatanthauza kuti malamulo ayenera kuchokera kwa oimira osankhidwa ndi kuti anthu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kutengamo mbali m'mayeso, masankho, ndi ma astendeum.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa zoyenera zosalandirika kumafuna kuti lamulo lirilonse lilingaliridwe kaamba ka chiyambukiro chake pa moyo, ufulu, ndi kulondola chimwemwe. Malamulo amene amaswa zoyenera zimenezi angatokosedwe m’khoti kapena kubwezedwa ndi okhazikitsa malamulo amtsogolo.
  • Kumanja kusintha kapena kuchotsapo kumachitidwa mwa masankho, kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo. Dongosolo lalinganizidwira kuwongolera zophophonya zake.
  • Zabwino za onse zimatsimikizira kuti malamulo amatumikira ubwino wofanana osati zikondwerero za oŵerengeka okha.

Chikalatachi si chiyambi cha ndakatulo chabe cha mbiri ya ku America. Chikalatachi chidakali chokhudza malamulo onse amene aperekedwa, chigamulo chilichonse cha khoti, ndi mkangano uliwonse wokhudza ufulu. Kumvetsa mmene malamulo amapangidwira chifukwa cha Chikalatacho kumapatsa nzika zida zodziwitsa ngati boma lawo likukwaniritsa cholinga chake.