Kumvetsetsa Nthambi ya Otsogolera: Chitsogozo Chothandiza

Nthambi yaikulu ya nthambi ya boma la United States ili imodzi mwa mizati itatu ya boma, ikugwira ntchito pamodzi ndi nthambi za malamulo ndi zachiweruzo kusungitsa kulinganizika kowopsa kwa mphamvu kolingaliridwa ndi oyambitsa dzikolo. Monga mbali yowoneka ndi yamphamvu koposa ya boma, nthambi yaikulu imakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Amereka, kuyambira pa chisungiko cha dziko ndi maunansi achilendo ndi kutetezera malo okhala ndi malamulo a zachuma. Kaya muli wophunzira wophunzira za maboma, nzika yatsopano yofuna kumvetsetsa boma la dziko lanu lovomerezedwa, kapena munthu wina wokondweretsedwa ndi mphamvu ya democracy, kumvetsetsa mfundo zazikulu za nthambi yapamwamba ya dziko la America kuli kofunika kuzindikira mmene amagwirira ntchito.

Pamaziko ake, nthambi yaikulu iri ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito, kukhazikitsa, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Imeneyi ikutsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti wa United States, nthambiyi imagwiritsira ntchito mamiliyoni a antchito a boma kupyola mazana a mabungwe ndi madipatimenti, zonse zikumagwira ntchito kuyendetsa ntchito za boma tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuyambira nthaŵi imene mukudzuka ndi kuyang'ana kutsogolo kwa nyengo koperekedwa ndi National Weather Service ku chisungiko chimene mumamva kuti chimadziŵa kuti nkhondo imatetezera malire a dziko, mphamvu ya nthambi yaikulu imayambukira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ponse ponse m’njira zowonekera ndi zochenjera.

Maziko a Lamulo a Mphamvu Yolamulira

Nthambi yaudindo ipeza ulamuliro wake mu Mfundo II ya United States Constitution, imene imakhazikitsa ulamuliro ndi kutchula maulamuliro ndi mathayo a mkulu wamkulu. Olamulira a Malamulo, pokhala atangomenya nkhondo kuti athawe ulamuliro wankhanza wa Mfumu George III, anali odera nkhaŵa kwambiri kukhazikitsa bwana wamphamvu kwambiri amene anatha kulamulira bwino koma anaumirizidwa mokwanira kuletsa ulamuliro wankhanza. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa mphamvu ndi malire kukukhalabe pa mtima wa ulamuliro wapamwamba lerolino.

Constitution assupe "Antifection Power" mu Pulezidenti wa United States, amene amatumikira dzina la zaka zinayi ndipo angasankhidwenso kamodzi, kwa matchulidwe aŵiri. Myezo wa nthaŵi ziŵiri, wokhazikitsidwa ndi Demendment ya 22 mu 1951, unali kuyankha kwa Franklin D. Roosevelt's ya nthaŵi zinayi yosadziŵikapo. Pulezidenti ayenera kukhala nzika yachibadwa, yosachepera pa zaka 35, ndipo wakhala nzika ya United States kwa zaka pafupifupi 14.

Pamwamba pa ziyeneretso zazikulu zimenezi, Malamulo amapatsa Pulezidenti mphamvu zingapo: kutumikira monga Mtsogoleri wa Kalonga wa magulu ankhondo, kupanga mapangano ndi mitundu yachilendo (ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), kukhazikitsa oweruza a boma ndi mamembala (ndi chitsimikizo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), kukhululukira ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo akuperekedwa mokhulupirika. Maulamuliro ameneŵa otchulidwawo amapanga maziko a ulamuliro wapamwamba, ngakhale kuti ukulu ndi kumasulira kwa mphamvu za pulezidenti kwasintha mokulira pazaka mazana aŵiri za mbiri ya ku America.

Pulezidenti: Mfumu ndi Mutu wa Boma

Pulezidenti wa United States ali ndi malo apadera m'boma la America, akumagwira ntchito panthaŵi imodzi monga mkulu wa boma, mkulu wa boma, ndi mkulu wa asilikali. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumeneku kumasiyanitsa dongosolo la America ndi mademokrase a nyumba za malamulo, kumene ntchito zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimagawidwa pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana kapena maofesi.

Monga mkulu wa boma, pulezidenti amaimira dziko la m'madzoma ndipo amatumikira monga chizindikiro cha boma la America. Pulezidenti akapatsa moni akuluakulu a dziko lachilendo, kuunikira Mtengo wa Krisimasi, kapena kulankhula ndi dzikolo panthaŵi ya mavuto, amakwaniritsa ntchito yophiphiritsira imeneyi. Monga mutu wa boma, pulezidenti amatsogolera malamulo a nthambi, amakhazikitsa malamulo kwa Congress, ndipo amayang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa maprogramu a boma.

Udindo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa Pulezidenti ndi wocholoŵana. Mmaŵa uliwonse umayamba ndi Daily Brief ya Pulezidenti, chidule chanzeru chopangidwa ndi bungwe la luntha lokhudza ziwopsezo ndi zochitika kuzungulira dziko. Tsiku lonse, Pulezidenti angakumane ndi mamembala a Kabittenato kukakambitsirana ndi atsogoleri a bungwe, kufunsa atsogoleri a bungwe za malamulo otsalabe, kulankhula ndi atsogoleri a maiko ena ponena za nkhani za mayiko, kusaina malamulo a akuluakulu otsogolera mabungwe a boma, ndi kupanga zosankha zosaŵerengeka zimene zimakhudza miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri.

Mphamvu za Prezidenti ndi Zolephera

Pulezidentiyo ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, koma mphamvu imeneyo siingatheretu. Dongosolo la zofufuza ndi la malamulo limatsimikizira kuti nthambi yaikulu siingachitepo kanthu pa nkhani zofunika kwambiri. Pamene Prezidenti aika zizindikiro kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo, kachitidweko kangasokonezeke ndi mavoti aŵiri atatu m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress. Pamene Pulezidentiyo asankha oweruza kapena akuluakulu a bungwe la Kabinati, Khotiyo iyenera kupereka uphungu wake ndi chivomerezo. Pamene Pulezidenti apanga mapanganowo afuna kuti nyumba zochitiramo panganozo zikhale zovomerezeka.

Malamulo a akuluakulu amaimira chimodzi cha ziŵiya za Prezidenti zachindunji kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito lamulo popanda chivomerezo cha bungwe. Malamulo ameneŵa kwa mabungwe a boma amatsatira lamulo koma ayenera kuikidwa mu ulamuliro wa lamulo kapena nthumwi za lamulo kuchokera ku Congress. Mapresidenti agwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kuchotsa asilikali, kukhazikitsa zipilala za dziko, kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a anthu oloŵa m’dziko, ndi kukambirana nkhani zina zosaŵerengeka. Komabe, malamulo a akuluakulu a boma angatsutsidwe m’khoti, kusinthidwa ndi mapresidenti otsatira, kapena kuchotsedwa ndi malamulo a bungwe.

Ntchito ya Pulezidenti monga Mkulu wa Nkhondo imapereka ulamuliro waukulu pa ntchito zankhondo, koma ngakhale mphamvu imeneyi ili ndi malire. Pamene kuli kwakuti Pulezidenti angagwiritsire asilikali ndi njira yankhondo yolunjika, ndi Congress yokhayo imene ili ndi ulamuliro wa lamulo kulengeza nkhondo. Chigamulo cha War Powers cha 1973 chinayesa kumveketsa maulamuliro ameneŵa mwa kukakamiza Pulezidenti kudziŵitsa Congress mkati mwa maola 48 akukhazikitsa magulu ankhondo ndi kuchepetsa ntchito zongazo ku masiku 60 popanda chilolezo.

Pulezidenti Waudindo: Lamulo Lachiŵiri

Pulezidenti wa Manijala wa United States ali ndi malo amene afotokozedwa kukhala ofunika kwambiri ndi okhumudwitsa. John Adams, Pulezidenti woyamba, motchuka anatcha ntchitoyo "ntchito yosafunika kwambiri imene inapangidwa ndi munthu. Komabe Pulezidenti 9 wa gulu la boma wakwera ku unduna wapamwamba chifukwa cha imfa kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito, kupanga ofesiyo kukhala chitetezo chofunika kwambiri kuti boma lipitirizebe kukhalapo.

Malamulo, Judenti Prezidenti ali ndi ntchito ziŵiri zokha zamwambo: kutsogolera Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi kuswa mavoti pamene chipindacho chagaŵidwa, ndi kuyerekezera bwanamkubwa ngati Prezidenti afa, kusiya, kapena kuchotsedwa paudindo. Mpando wa 25 , wovomerezedwa mu 1967, inagogomezeranso mbali ya Pulezidenti wa Pulezidenti m'dongosolo la pulezidenti ndi njira zokhazikitsa zokwanitsira malo a pulezidenti.

Komabe, m’zochitika zamakono, ntchito ya Pulezidenti wa Makampani yakula kwambiri kuposa malamulo amenewa. Pulezidenti wa Contemporary amatumikira monga oimira apresidenti wamkulu kwa Pulezidenti, amaimira oyang'anira ntchito zauthenga, kuchirikiza malamulo, ndi kuchita ntchito zapadera kapena zoyendera. Pulezidenti wa Makampani a pa misonkhano ya Kabinati, amalandira nzeru zofananazo monga Pulezidenti, ndipo amasungabe udindo ku West Wing of the White Home, kutsimikizira pafupi ndi pakati pa mphamvu za ulamuliro.

Kabinati: Otsogolera ndi Atsogoleri a Dipatimenti ya Pulezidenti

Kabinati imaimira bungwe la Pulezidenti lapadera ndipo ili ndi atsogoleri a madipatimenti 15 audindo, limodzi ndi akuluakulu ena amene anapatsidwa udindo wapamwamba wa Kabinati ndi Pulezidenti. Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo satchula mwachindunji za Kabinati, imatchula kukhoza kwa Pulezidenti kufuna malingaliro olembedwa kuchokera kwa "Akuluakulu a Madipatimenti apamwamba," ndi dongosolo la Kabini linatulukira kuchiyambi kwa mbiri ya Amereka monga chofunikira chothandiza kuyang'anira nthambi ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.

George Washington anakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha misonkhano yanthaŵi zonse ya Kabinabi, poyambirira kugwirizanitsa atsogoleri anayi okha: Malo Osungira Boma, Ndalama, ndi Nkhondo, limodzi ndi Mkulu wa Athorney. Pamene dzikolo linakula ndi mathayo a boma akukula, madipatimenti atsopano adapangidwa kusamalira zosoŵa. Owonjezera aposachedwapa, Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security, inakhazikitsidwa mu 2002 pochitapo ndi zigaŵenga.

Ziŵalo za Cabitain zimatumikira pa chisangalalo cha Pulezidenti ndipo zingachotsedwe panthaŵi iriyonse. Izo zimaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndipo ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, njira imene imaloŵetsamo kufufuza kokulira kwa kumbuyo, kuvumbula ndalama, ndi umboni pamaso pa makomiti a Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pa nthaŵi imodzi yotsimikiziridwa, alembi a Kabitaibo ayang'anira mabizinesi aakulu, amayang'anira ndalama zokwanira mazana zikwi za madola, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo oyambukira Aamerekani onse.

Madipatimenti Oyang’anira

Kumvetsa bwino madipatimenti amenewa kumathandiza kudziwa mmene ntchito za nthambi zimagwirira ntchito m’mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso mmene maulamuliro a masiku ano amagwirira ntchito.

Dipatimenti ya Boma , dipatimenti yakale ya Kabitaibo, imayang'anira maunansi a maiko a America ndi malamulo achilendo. Mlembi wa Boma amatumikira monga nkhani zazikulu za Prezidenti kumaiko akunja ndi kuyang'anira bungwe lapadziko lonse la makampani ndi makampani. Ogwira ntchito m'dipatimenti ya boma amakambirana mapangano, kufalitsa mapasipoti ndi zilolezo, ndipo amathandizira nzika za ku America kupititsa patsogolo zikondwerero zawo mwa kuyendetsa ntchito za Amerekawo m’malo mwa magulu ankhondo.

Dipatimenti ya Treasurer [[FLT :1] imayang'anira ndalama za boma, imasonkhanitsa misonkho kupyolera mwa Internal Revenue Service , imatulutsa ndalama ndi ndalama, imasamalira ngongole ya boma, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zilango zachuma. Mlembi wa Treasurer amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa mavuto a zachuma, kugwira ntchito kwambiri ndi Federal Reserve ndi mabungwe a za zachuma a padziko lonse.

Dipatimenti ya Utetezero imaimira bungwe la boma lalikulu koposa mwa antchito ndi kulinganiza ndalama, kuyang'anira magulu ankhondo ndi kuyang'anira chitetezo cha dziko. Mlembi wa Defense, yemwe ayenera kukhala wankhondo, amalamulira dipatimenti imene imaphatikizapo Gulu la Nkhondo, Gulu la Nkhondo la Aam'mlengalenga, Marine Corps, ndi Space Force, limodzi ndi mabungwe ambiri otetezera. Pentagon, likulu la Department’s , ndi imodzi ya nyumba zazikulu za ofesi za dziko lonse ndi chizindikiro cha mphamvu yankhondo ya ku America.

Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo imatumikira monga bungwe la lamulo la boma ndi losungitsa lamulo. Imatsogozedwa ndi Attorney General, Department imaweruza milandu ya boma, imatetezera boma pankhani zalamulo, ndipo imayang'anira mabungwe kuphatikizapo Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drug Inforcement Administration, ndi Bureaument of Prison. Dipatimentiyi imachita mbali yaikulu kwambiri pokhazikitsa malamulo a anthu, kuletsa uchigaŵenga, ndi kusungitsa lamulo.

Dipatimenti ya Intimate imayang'anira madera a boma, chuma chachilengedwe, ndi maunansi ndi mafuko a Eni America. Imayang'anira mapaki a dziko, malo opulumukirako a nyama, ndi maiko a anthu onse, kulinganiza kutetezera ndi kupititsa patsogolo chuma. Dipatimentiyo imayang'aniranso maprogramu a anthu a ku Eni America ndi kutsegulira zipangizo zamagetsi m’mphepete mwa nyanja.

Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi imathandiza alimi ndi alimi, imatsimikizira kutetezereka kwa chakudya, imasamalira nkhalango za dziko, ndipo imayendetsa maprogramu a chithandizo cha chakudya. programu za USDA zimakhudza ponse paŵiri kumidzi ndi m'mizinda America, kuyambira pa maprogramu a ulimi ndi kutetezera zinthu kufikira ku Conftion Inforced Program (SNAP) imene imathandiza mamiliyoni a anthu a ku Amereka otsika kugula chakudya.

[[FLT : 0] Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda imalimbikitsa kutukuka kwa chuma ndi kupangidwa kwa ntchito, imachititsa kuŵerengera anthu, kukhazikitsa ndi zizindikiro, ndi kuyang'anira nyengo kudzera ku National Weather Service . Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda imagwira ntchito kuwonjezera malonda a mayiko, kuchirikiza zinthu zatsopano, ndi kupereka chidziŵitso chofunikira ndi kupenda kuti pakhale zosankha zachuma zodziŵika bwino.

Dipatimenti ya Ntchito iteteza ufulu wa antchito, imapititsa patsogolo chisungiko cha ntchito, imayang'anira inshuwalansi ya ulova, ndi kusonkhanitsa ziŵerengero za antchito. Dipatimenti imakhazikitsa malamulo olamulira malipiro ochepera, owonjezera, tsankho la kuntchito, ndi kusungidwa kwa ntchito, pamene kuli kwakuti imalimbikitsanso maphunziro a ntchito ndi mautumiki a ntchito.

Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu imayang'anira thanzi la anthu, kufufuza zamankhwala, ndi mautumiki a anthu. HHS imaphatikizapo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration , ndi Centers for Medicare ndi Medicaid Services . Mathayo a dipatimenti a dipatimentiyo amapanga kuvomereza mankhwala atsopano ndi akatemera kuti athetse matenda ndi kuyendetsa maprogramupo a inshuwalansi ya za umoyo wa achikulire ndi wolandira Aamerekani.

Dipatimenti ya Nyumba ndi Chitukuko cha Urban imasamalira zosoŵa za nyumba, kulimbikitsa kutukuka kwa chitaganya, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a nyumba abwino. Maprogramu a HUD amapereka chithandizo cha lendi, kuchirikiza nyumba, kuletsa kusowa pokhala, ndi ntchito kubwezeretsa anthu ovutika.

Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera imasunga ndi kuwongolera zinthu za m'dziko, kuphatikizapo misewu, njanji, mabwalo a ndege, ndi madoko. DOT imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo kaamba ka magalimoto ndi madongosolo a zoyendera, kuyendetsa ndege ndi njanji, ndi kugaŵira ndalama za boma kaamba ka ntchito za zoyendera.

[[FLT :0] Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu [[FLT :1] imayang'anira njira ya mphamvu ya dziko, zida za nyukliya zosungidwa, ndi kufufuza kwa sayansi. DOE amayendetsa nyumba zofufuzira za dziko kugamula zinthu za physics, zopangira zinthu, sayansi, ndi magetsi, pamene akuyesayesa kupititsa patsogolo magetsi ndi kukulitsanso magwero a mphamvu.

Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro imakhazikitsa njira ya maphunziro ya boma, kupereka chithandizo cha ndalama kwa ophunzira, ndi kugwira ntchito kutsimikizira kukhoza kwa maphunziro kofanana. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ambiri a maphunziro amakhazikitsidwa ku mlingo wa boma ndi kumaloko, Dipatimenti ya Education imakhudza sukulu kupyolera mwa maprogramu a ndalama ndi kusungitsa zoyenera za nzika.

Dipatimenti ya Nkhani za Veterans imapereka chisamaliro chaumoyo, mapindu, ndi mautumiki kwa asilikali ndi mabanja awo. Va imagwira ntchito njira yaikulu koposa ya zaumoyo wa dziko, imapatsa ndalama zopunduka ndi ndalama za penshoni, ndi kuyang'anira manda a dziko.

Dipatimenti ya Chisungiko cha Homeland [1] imateteza dziko ku ziwopsezo, malire, kuyang'anira kusamuka, ndi kuyankha ku masoka. Kulengedwa pambuyo pa 9 / 11, DHS inakhazikitsa mabungwe 22 osiyanasiyana ndipo imaimira imodzi ya madongosolo aakulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya Amereka. Dipatimentiyi imaphatikizapo Customs and Borders Protection , Immigration and Custom Enforcementment, The Secrection Security Administration, Secrection, Coart, Corvice, The Coast, ndi Federal Emetergency Megency Agency.

Mabungwe a Maboma Odziimira Okha

Kuwonjezera pa madipatimenti a bungwe la Cabitten, nthambi ya boma imaphatikizapo mabungwe ambiri odziimira paokha amene ali ndi ufulu wodzilamulira paokha, ndipo nthawi zambiri mabungwewa anapangidwa ndi bungwe la Congress kuti athetse nkhani zina zimene zimafuna kuti munthu akhale katswiri wa zandale kapena kuti apeze njira yodzilamulira.

Mabungwe oimira boma monga Federal Commissions , Secreties and Exchange Commission, ndi Environmental Protection Agency akupanga ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo a m'madera awo onse ayendetsedwe. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsogoleredwa ndi mabungwe kapena mabungwe a mamembala amene amatumikira mfundo zotsimikizirika, kuletsa Pulezidenti aliyense kuti asalowe mmalo mwa utsogoleri wa bungwe. Nyumba imeneyi ikufuna kupititsa patsogolo kusasinthana ndi kuchepetsa kuloŵerera kwa zandale pazopanga malamulo a zaumoyo.

CENTral Intelligence Agency imasonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula nzeru zachilendo kuchirikiza kupangidwa kwa chisungiko cha dziko. Mosiyana ndi FBI, imene imasumika pa kusungidwa kwa malamulo a m'banja ndi kutsutsana kwa lamulo, CIA imatumikira makamaka kumaiko akutali, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chonena za maboma achilendo, magulu a zigaŵenga, ndi ziwopsezo zina ku zikondwerero za Amereka. Mtsogoleri wa CIA amafupikitsa Pulezidenti tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku pa nkhani zanzeru ndipo amagwirizanitsa chitaganya chanzeru.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration imafufuza za m’mlengalenga, kufufuza za sayansi ya dziko lapansi, ndi maphunziro a sayansi ya Dziko Lapansi. Ntchito za NASA zayambira pa kutera kwa anthu pa mwezi mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito mipikisano ya Mars, kutsegula matelescope a m'mlengalenga amene amayang'ana kuthambo lakutali, ndi kuyang'anitsitsa nyengo ya Dziko lapansi kuchokera ku mlengalenga. Bungwelo limasonyeza mmene boma lingalondole zolinga za sayansi zimene zimapititsa patsogolo chidziŵitso cha anthu ndi kusonkhezera mibadwo yamtsogolo.

[[NT.0] Environry Protection Agency imatetezera thanzi la anthu ndi malo okhala mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo olamulira mpweya ndi madzi, zinyalala zaupandu, ndi kusungika kwa makemikolo. EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya kuipitsa, kuyang'anira mikhalidwe ya malo okhala, ndi kuchititsa ntchito yoletsa oswa lamulo. Ntchito ya bungwelo imayambukira zonse kuchokera ku chipambano cha mafuta a galimoto kufikira ku chisungiko cha madzi akumwa.

Makampani a boma monga United States Postal Service ndi Amtrak amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi mabizinesi kuposa mabungwe amwambo, kutulutsa ndalama kupyolera m’ntchito zawo pamene akukwaniritsa ntchito zapoyera. Mabungwe a zipani zimenezi amasonyeza kulolera kwa nthambi yaikulu posamalira zosoŵa za dziko mwa kulinganiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Ofesi Yoyang’anira ya Pulezidenti

Ofesi Yoyang'anira ya Pulezidenti (EOP) imapanga mabungwe ndi maofesi amene amachirikiza mwachindunji ntchito ya Pulezidenti. Inapangidwa mu 1939 kuthandiza Pulezidenti kuyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu omakula, EOP yasintha kukhala chiwiya champhamvu chimene chimapanga malamulo, kuyendetsa kulankhulana, ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito za boma.

Ofesi Yanyumba Yachiyera [[FLT: 1] imaphatikizapo Ofesi Yapanyumba ya Pulezidenti yapafupi kwambiri ndi antchito ake, kuchokera kwa Mfumu ya Staff amene amayang'anira ndandanda ndi zinthu zoyambirira za Pulezidenti kufikira olemba nkhani, malamulo otsogolera, ndi akatswiri a kulankhulana. Anthu ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ku West Wing ndi East Wing ndi Mapiko Oyera a Nyumba ya Udindo. Mfumu ya Staff imatumikira monga woyang'anira zipata, amasankha amene amafikira Pulezidenti ndi kuthandiza kukwaniritsa zolinga za pulezidenti kudutsa boma.

Office of Management and Bacrow imakonzekera ndandanda ya ndalama ya Pulezidenti, kuyang'anira ndalama zowonongedwa ndi mabungwe a boma, ndi kupenda malamulo operekedwa. OMB imagwiritsira ntchito zisonkhezero zazikulu pa kayendetsedwe ka bajeti mwa kutsimikizira machitidwe a bungwewo mogwirizana ndi zinthu zofunika za pulezidenti. Kachitidwe ka bajeti ya chaka ndi chaka, kamene kamayamba chaka chisanayambike, kamaphatikizapo kukambitsirana kwatsatanetsatane pakati pa OMB ndi mabungwe a za ndalama ndi njira zothandizira.

National Security Council [[FLT: 1] imalangiza Pulezidenti pa nkhani za chisungiko cha dziko ndi malamulo a maiko akunja, kugwirizanitsa pakati pa Dipatimenti ya Boma, Desert Defera, mabungwe a luntha, ndi mabungwe ena ogwirizana. Ogwira ntchito a NSC, otsogozedwa ndi National Security Advisor, amayang'anira njira ya malamulo ya nkhani za padziko lonse ndi mayankhidwe a mavuto. Mkati mwa nthaŵi ya tsoka, NoSC Crount Office imagwira ntchito monga likulu la malamulo a zochitika ndi mayankhidwe a boma.

Council of Economic Advisers imapereka kwa pulezidenti ndi kupenda ndi uphungu wa zachuma, kuthandiza kupanga malamulo a zachuma, kuyankha ku mavuto a zachuma, ndi kupititsa patsogolo kukula. Lipoti la CEA la chuma la Pulezidenti limapereka tsatanetsatane wa mikhalidwe ya zachuma ndi zikalata zolangiza za malamulo.

Zigawo zina za EOP ndi monga Office ya United States Trade Messagement, imene imakambirana za mapangano a malonda; Office of Science and Technology Policy, imene imalangiza pankhani za sayansi; ndi Council on Environmental Scety, imene imagwirizanitsa malamulo a malo okhala. Maofesi onsewa amatsimikizira kuti pulezidenti ali ndi luso lokwanira pa maudindo onse a boma.

Mmene Malamulo Amakakamizidwa: Kusiya Khalidwe Lotsatira Lamulo Kuyamba Kutsatira

Udindo waukulu wa nthambi yalamulo ndi "Samalani kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika". Lamulo limeneli looneka ngati losavuta limaphatikizapo njira yocholoŵana kwambiri yotembenuzira malamulo a m'zochitika zotsimikizirika zimene zimakhudza miyoyo ya anthu.

Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ipereka lamulo, imapereka lamulo lalikulu pamene ikupatsa mabungwe akuluakulu ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa malamulo akutiakuti ogwiritsira ntchito lamulo limenelo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka lamulo la Ceake Air Act, inakhazikitsa zolinga zachisawawa kaamba ka mkhalidwe wa mpweya koma inalisiyira ku EPA kukhazikitsa malire enieni a kuipitsa, kuyang’anira, ndi kusungitsa malamulo.

Gawo lotsogolera limaphatikizapo njira zambiri zopangira mfundo zotsimikizira kuti ndi zoona ndiponso zothandiza anthu. Mabungwe a boma ayenera kufalitsa malamulo operekedwa mu Federal Register, kupatsa nthaŵi ndemanga za anthu, kuyang'anira ndemangazo, ndi kufalitsa malamulo omaliza ofotokoza zosankha zawo. Malamulo aakulu amapendedwanso ndi OMB kuti aone mmene chuma chawo chikuyendera ndiponso kugwirizana ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri za pulezidenti. Zimenezi zingatenge miyezi kapena zaka zambiri, kusonyeza kucholoŵana kwa malamulo amakono ndi kufunika kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Malamulo akaikidwa, mabungwe amawakakamiza mwa njira zosiyanasiyana. OSHA amafufuza kuti atsimikizire kuti avomereze, monga pamene ofufuza aona malo a zachitetezo kapena ofufuza za chakudya. Oyang’anira a FDA amapenda mafomu ndi mapepala ovomereza, monga EPA yovomereza kuchotsedwa kwa kuipitsa kapena masiteshoni a wailesi a FCC. Pamene kuswa malamulo kuchitika, mabungwe angapereke ndalama zolipirira, kuchotsa laisensi, kapena kutumiza nkhani ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo cha milandu.

Ntchito Zogwira: Kupondereza Lamulo Pansi

Nthambi ya akuluakulu ya boma imalemba ntchito pafupifupi anthu 2.2 miliyoni, kuipanga kukhala mmodzi wa olemba ntchito aakulu koposa m’dzikolo. Olembedwa ntchito a boma ameneŵa amagwira ntchito m’boma lililonse ndi gawo, komanso m’mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse, kuchita ntchito zosaŵerengeka zofunika kuti boma lipitirizebe kugwira ntchito.

Olembedwa ntchito ambiri a boma ndi antchito apantchito kuntchito yapamwamba kupyolera m'dongosolo loyenerera lolinganizidwa kutsimikizira kukhala wokhoza ndi kutetezera andale zadziko. Dongosolo la ntchito za boma, lokhazikitsidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Pulezidenti James Garfield ndi wofunafuna wa ntchito wogwiritsidwa mwala, limatetezera antchito a boma kuchotsedwa ntchito chifukwa cha zifukwa zandale ndi kutsimikizira kuti kupitirizabe monga kusintha kwa maulamuliro.

Antchito a boma amaphatikizapo asayansi opanga kafukufuku pa National Institutes of Health, opanga mapaki otetezera chuma cha dziko, oyang’anira ndege otsimikizira chisungiko cha ndege, olonda malire otetezera malire, oimira zikondwerero za ku America kunja, ndi ena osaŵerengeka ochita ntchito zapadera. Atumiki odzipereka ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito m’mikhalidwe yovuta kaamba ka malipiro otsika kuposa amene angapeze m’chigawo chakuseri, osonkhezeredwa ndi kudzipereka ku utumiki wapoyera.

Pamwamba pa bungwe lililonse, oikidwa andale ndi Pulezidenti amapereka malangizo ndi kutsimikizira kuti ntchito za bungwe zikugwirizana ndi zimene zimafunika kwambiri pa utsogoleri wandale ndi ukatswiri wa ntchito. Kuphatikizana kumeneku kwa utsogoleri wa ndale ndi kulinganiza kuŵerengera kwa demokalase ndi kukhoza kwa akatswiri, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina mikangano pakati pa antchito zandale ndi zantchito imabuka pamene malamulo asintha ndi maulamuliro atsopano.

Mayeso ndi Kulinganizika: Kuchepetsa Mphamvu

Opanga malamulowo anaopa mphamvu zapamwamba ndipo anapanga njira imene nthambi iliyonse ya boma ingayang’ane ku nthambi ina.

Uyang'aniro wa bungwe imaimira kuyang'anira kwachindunji kwambiri pa mphamvu ya maulamuliro. Nyumba ingafufuze ntchito za nthambi ya akuluakulu, kuitana akuluakulu kuti apereke umboni, ndi kufunsira zikalata. Makomiti a bungwe nthaŵi zonse amafufuza mmene mabungwe amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyenerera. Mphamvu ya chikwamachi imapereka ulamuliro wotheratu pa ndalama za nthambi ya akuluakulu a nthambi, ndipo Congress ingakane ndalama zoyenerera za mapangano a preziden wa mapangano kapena kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe yakuwononga ndalama.

Uphungu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi mbali yovomereza imapereka kupenda kwina kofunika. Pulezidenti wamkulu wa malo a Kabinati, oweruza a boma, ndi malo ena aakulu ayenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti, limene lingakane mamenene amene angaonedwe kukhala osayenerera kapena amene malingaliro ake amatsutsana ndi zikondano za a Senator. Chivoti cha pangano chimafunikira kuvota aŵiri chitatu, kupatsa chisonkhezero chachikulu pa malamulo a maiko ena.

Kupenda kwa judicial kumalola makhoti kugamula machitidwe a akulu amene amaswa malamulo kapena kupitirira ulamuliro wa boma. Mapulani sakhoza kunyalanyaza malamulo a khoti, ndipo zigamulo za chiweruzo zatsendereza mobwerezabwereza. Kukanidwa kwa Pulezidenti Truman ndi kulanda zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea kuchepetsa malamulo osiyanasiyana a pulezidenti, jadiary amatumikira monga kufufuza kofunika pa mkulu wa bungwe.

Kufufuza [[FLT :1] kumapereka kuyang'anira komaliza pa kusamvera kwa pulezidenti. Nyumba ya Oimira ingapereke kwa Pulezidenti kaamba ka "Mfundo, Chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi Misdemears," ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ingachotse Pulezidenti woperekedwa ndi mavoti aŵiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapresidenti atatu okha ndi osachotsedwa kupyolera mwa njira imeneyi, mphamvuyo imakumbutsa mapulaniwo kuti sali pamwamba pa lamulo.

Mapepala a pepala a boma, ngakhale kuti si bungwe la boma, amatumikira monga kupenda ndi kusimba ntchito za nthambi ya akuluakulu. Atolankhani amavumbula nkhani zolakwika, nkhani zokayikitsa, ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi mlandu kwa anthu. Kuteteza ufulu wosindikiza kumatsimikizira kuti ntchito yoyang’anira imeneyi ikhoza kupitiriza ngakhale pamene kukambirana kuli kosuliza kapena kosavomerezeka.

Kusintha kwa Ulamuliro Wolamulira

Mphamvu ya pulezidenti yakula kwambiri kuyambira pamene dziko linakhazikitsidwa, chifukwa cha nkhondo, mavuto a zachuma, kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi kuvuta kwa ulamuliro wamakono. Maonga oyambirira monga Thomas Jefferson ndi James Madison anagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wochepa, ndi ntchito zambiri za boma zochitidwa ndi maboma kapena zosachitidwa konse.

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni inasintha zinthu, pamene Abraham Lincoln ananena kuti anali ndi mphamvu zadzidzidzi zotetezera Union, kuimika madoko a ku Southern, ndi kukhazikitsa Chikalata popanda chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti zochita za Lincoln zinayambitsa chitsanzo champhamvu cha ntchito ya ulamuliro pamavuto a dzikolo.

Theodore Roosevelt analandira lingaliro lautali la mphamvu ya pulezidenti, akumanena kuti Prezidentiyo angachite kanthu kalikonse kosaletsedwa ndi Konsichushoni. Nthanthi yake "udindo" imalungamitsa utsogoleri wokangalika wa prezidenti m'nkhani zapanyumba ndi zachilendo, kuyambira kudalirana kufikira kusungitsa zigwirizano za maiko. Chigamulo cha Roosevelt chinakhazikitsa chigamulo cha Pulezidenti wa 20 wa zaka zapakati omwe anaona ofesiyo kukhala "mpando wapamwamba" kaamba ka malamulo opititsa patsogolo.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal ku Great Depression inafutukula kwambiri maudindo a boma ndi mabungwe a nthambi akuluakulu. Nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse inawonjezera mphamvu yowonjezereka mu ulamuliro wa desitale, ndipo Nkhondo ya Mawu inayambitsa dziko lotetezeka kwachikhalire ndi Pulezidenti. Chipani chamakono chinatulukira ku nyengo ino monga chigwirizano cha mphamvu zazikulu ndi thayo, chikuyembekezeredwa kulamulira chuma, kutsogolera dziko laufulu, ndi kuthetsa mavuto a dziko.

Zaka makumi aposachedwapa aona mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, makamaka yokhudza nkhondo, kuyang’anira, kuonetsetsa anthu oloŵa m’dziko, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Matsogoleri a anthu aŵiriwa aletsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma, pamene Nyumba za Malamulo ndi makhoti nthaŵi zina zasintha. Kulimbana koopsa kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti malamulo asintha kwambiri polimbana ndi mavuto amakono omwe sawaganizira n’komwe.

Kuloŵa M’malo kwa Mtsogoleri wa Maboma ndi Kuumirira Kwake

Kupitirizabe kwa utsogoleri wa mabwana apamwamba kwakhala nkhaŵa chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwa dzikolo. Malamulo anapereka kuti ngati Prezidenti wamwalira kapena alephera kutumikira, Pulezidenti wa Bukhu la Masiye akakhala ndi ntchito za pulezidenti, koma sanadziŵe ngati Prezidenti wa Masiye anakhaladi pulezidenti kapena anangokhala monga Pulezidenti kwa kanthaŵi kochepa.

John Tyler anathetsa kusamvetsetsa kumeneku mu 1841 pamene anatenga unduna wa William Henry Harrison pambuyo pa imfa, akumaumirira kuti iye anali Pulezidenti wokwanira, osati wongogwira ntchito Prezidenti . Chitsanzo chimenechi chinachitidwa kufikira pa Demendment ya 25 itatha kukhazikitsa mu 1967, limodzi ndi njira zokwaniritsira malo a pulezidenti ndi kusamutsira mphamvu kwa kanthaŵi pamene Pulezidenti walephera.

Presidential Fromment Act imakhazikitsa mzera wa kutsata mzera kupyola Pulezidenti Waudindo: Wolankhula wa Nyumba, Pulezidenti Pro Tempore wa Nyumba, ndipo kenaka ziŵalo za Kabitaibon polinganiza madipatimenti awo adapangidwa, kuyambira ndi Mlembi wa Boma. Pa zochitika zazikulu zonga ngati Boma la Union, chiŵalo chimodzi cha Kabinabinati "wapatulidwa" amakhala pamalo otetezereka kutsimikizira kuti akachitika tsoka.

Kulinganiza kwa boma kumakula kuposa kutsatizana kutsimikizira kuti ntchito zofunika za boma zikupitiriza m'nthaŵi zangozi. Makonzedwe olinganizidwa amapereka kaamba ka kusamutsidwa kwa akuluakulu otsogolera, kusunga lamulo ndi kulamulira zida za nyukliya, ndi kusungitsa boma m'zochitika zoipa kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti tsatanetsataneyo akhalabe chinsinsi, kukonzekera kumeneku kumasonyeza kufunika kwakukulu kwa kupitirizabe kwa nthambi yauyang’aniro ku chisungiko ndi kukhazikika kwa dziko.

Bungwe la Nthambi Ndiponso Lamulo la Kunja

Pulezidentiyu ndi kazembe wamkulu wa dzikolo, woimira United States pochita zinthu ndi mayiko ena ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse. Ntchito imeneyi yakula kwambiri chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko, malonda a mayiko, ndi mavuto a mayiko osiyanasiyana monga kusintha kwa nyengo ndi uchigaŵenga, zomwe zachititsa kuti malamulo a mayiko ena akhale osagwirizana ndi mavuto a m’banja.

Department ya Boma imagwiritsira ntchito njira ya mapulani a Prezidenti kupyolera m'mabungwe apadziko lonse a makampani ndi mabungwe. Oimira America akambirana mapangano, kupititsa patsogolo makhalidwe ndi zikondwerero za America, kupereka ntchito zogwirizana kwa nzika za dziko lakunja, ndi kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha mikhalidwe ya ndale ndi ya zachuma m'maiko awo olamulidwa. Komiti ya kumaiko akunja ikuimira makampani a zaumoyo amene amasungitsa maunansi ndi chidziŵitso cha boma ku madera osiyanasiyana.

Mphamvu ya Pulezidenti yopanga pangano, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo, imalola United States kuloŵa m'mapangano a mitundu yonse. Mapangano aakulu aumba mbiri ya America, kuyambira Louisiana Purchase kuyang'anira mapangano ankhondo kufikira ku mapangano. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo iwoneka kukhala yosatheka, nthaŵi zina Pulezidenti amagwiritsira ntchito mapangano a akuluakulu a boma . Mapangano osafuna chilolezo cha boma, ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri sangakhale oyenera ndipo angasinthidwe mosavuta ndi mapresidenti otsatira.

Prezidenti wa ulamuliro . . ndi ulamuliro wa kuvomereza maboma achilendo mwalamulo . Chigamulo cha kuŵerengeredwa chingakhale chandale kwambiri, monga pamene United States anakana kuzindikira Soviet Union kwa zaka 16 kapena kupitirizabe kuti boma ku Taiwan linaimira China yonse kwa zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Chikomyunizimu.

Chithandizo cha mayiko ena chimathandizanso mayiko ena. United States imapereka ndalama mabiliyoni ambiri pa ntchito yausilikali ndi ya zachuma ku mayiko ena, kuthandiza mayiko, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zausilikali, ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za m’dziko la America.

Chisungiko cha Dziko Lonse ndi Nzeru

Kuteteza dziko kukutanthauza udindo wina wovuta kwambiri wa nthambi. Pulezidenti, monga Mkulu wa Atsogoleri, amatsogolera ntchito zankhondo ndi kupanga zosankha za kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Dipatimenti ya zachitetezo imasunga magulu ankhondo okhoza kukhazikitsa mphamvu padziko lonse, kuletsa adani, ndi kuyankha ziwopsezo.

Bungwe la luntha, lokhala ndi mabungwe ndi mabungwe 18, limasonkhanitsa ndi kupenda chidziŵitso chonena za ziwopsezo zachilendo. Pambuyo pa CIA ndi FBI, mudziwu umaphatikizapo National Security Agency (imene imaonetsa nzeru), Defense Intelligence Agency (imene imapatsa nzeru zankhondo), ndi mabungwe aluso kwambiri mu utumiki wankhondo uliwonse ndi madipatimenti angapo a bungwe la National Intelligence. Bungwe la National Intelligence limagwirizanitsa mabungwe ameneŵa ndipo limatumikira monga nduna yaikulu ya pulezidenti.

Kulinganiza bwino ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu kudakali kovuta. mabungwe anzeru ayenera kupeza chidziŵitso chonena za ziwopsezo pamene akulemekeza ufulu walamulo ndi malo achinsinsi. Maprogramu ofufuza ayambitsa mikangano yonena za ukulu woyenera wa zochita za luntha, zimene zachititsa kusintha kolinganizidwa kuwonjezera kuyang’anira ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu pamene akusunganso mphamvu za chisungiko.

Kulimbana ndi makompyuta ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe ku DHS, kwachititsa kuti anthu ayesetse kuteteza malo a pa Intaneti, pamene bungwe la asilikali la Cyber Commission likuchita zinthu zonyoza ndi zoteteza pa Intaneti.

Kusamalira Zachuma ndi Ulamuliro wa Anthu

Ngakhale kuti Konsichushoni imapatsa bungwe la Congress ulamuliro waukulu pa zachuma kudzera mwa mphamvu zake za msonkho, ndalama, ndi kuyendetsa malonda, nthambi yaikulu imathandiza kwambiri pa zachuma. Pulezidenti wakhazikitsa bajeti yofotokoza zinthu zofunika kwambiri pachaka ndi zopereka za ndalama, ngakhale kuti Congress iyenera kukhala ndi ndalama zenizeni. Kayendetsedwe ka bajeti kameneka kamakhudza dziko ndipo kamasonyeza kuti anthu akusiyana maganizo pa ntchito ya boma.

Bungwe la Treasury Department limayang’anira za ndalama za boma, kusonkhanitsa misonkho kudzera m’IRS ndi kubwereka ndalama mwa kupereka mapangano a boma. Mlembi wa Treasury amagwira ntchito ndi Federal Reserve (gulu lodziimira palokha, osati mbali ya nthambi yoyang’anira) kugwirizanitsa malamulo a ndalama ndi ndalama, kuyankha ku mavuto a zachuma, ndi kuchirikiza kukhazikika kwa chuma.

Mabungwe a boma amayang’anira zachuma, kuyambira kubanki ndi kusowa chitetezo, kutumiza mauthenga ndi zoyendera. Malamulo amenewa cholinga chake n’kuteteza ogula, kukhazikitsa mpikisano, kulimbikitsa chitetezo, ndiponso kulephera kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Kuthandiza anthu kuchepetsa mavuto. Kulimbana ndi ntchito ndi kuteteza anthu pantchito, kukonza zinthu ndi kuteteza chuma, kuwonjezera chuma komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.

Pulezidentiyu akukambirana za mapangano a zamalonda, akukhazikitsa malamulo (okhala ndi malire oikidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndipo angaletse kugulitsa katundu amene amawononga chitetezo cha dziko.

Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi ndi Kusamalira Mavuto

Pakachitika ngozi, mphamvu za nthambi yaikulu zimakula kwambiri. Pulezidenti angalengeze zadzidzidzi za dziko, kukhazikitsa maulamuliro a malamulo amene amalola kuti zinthu ziyende bwino. National Emerdiation Act imapereka maziko a zilengezo zimenezi, ngakhale kuti maulamuliro a Prezidenti akupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu zamwadzidzidzi kuti apeŵe malamulo achibadwa.

Federal Emergency Management Agency imagwirizanitsa kuchitika kwa tsoka, kupereka chithandizo pamene mphepo zamkuntho, moto wamoto, madzi, kapena masoka ena akugonjetsa boma ndi maluso a kumaloko. Kugwira ntchito kwa FEMA kwasinthasintha m'kupita kwa nthaŵi, ndipo kuyankha kwa mphepo ya Hurricane Katrina kwakhala kukuyamikiridwa kwambiri pamene masoka ena akuchitika. Oyang'anira zangozi amafunikira kugwirizana kwa boma, boma, ndi maboma akomweko, limodzi ndi anthu a m'chigawo chimodzi ndi anthu amene sapangana malonda.

Zochitika zamwadzidzidzi zaumoyo wa anthu onse, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi mliri wa Chovid-19, iyesani maluso a akulu a ntchito zaumoyo ndi mautumiki a anthu. Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo imachititsa anthu kuyankha zaumoyo, kugwirizanitsa ndi CDC, FDA, ndi mabungwe ena kuyang'anira matenda, kupanga katemera ndi mankhwala, ndi njira zotetezera. Kuyankha kumeneku kuyenera kulinganiza zofunika za thanzi la anthu ndi nkhaŵa zachuma, ufulu wa anthu, ndi malamulo a boma.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira M’nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Masamu

Masiku ano, makampani ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono polankhula ndi anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zolankhulirana.

Anthu a m’dzikoli amakonzanso njira zothandizira anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito Intaneti popereka msonkho, kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta komanso mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti.

Luntha ndi mathengo opanga akugwiritsiridwa ntchito mowonjezereka m'maprogramu a nthambi akuluakulu, kuyambira kuneneratu za kubuka kwa matenda kufikira kuwona chinyengo kufikira kugaŵira zinthu zoikidwiratu. Maluso amakono ameneŵa amapereka nkhaŵa yaikulu koma akudzutsanso nkhaŵa za kukondera, kubisika, ndi kuŵerengera. Kutsimikizira kuti zipangizo zamakono zimapereka mapindu a demokrase pamene zikuwongolera kupambana kwa boma kukupitirizabe kukhala vuto.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuona Bwino

Kulamulira kwa democracy kumafuna kuti nthambi yoyang’anira ikhale yoŵerengeredwa kwa anthu.

Freedom of Information Act imalola nzika kupempha zikalata za boma, kulimbikitsa kuonekera bwino ndi kutheketsa kuyang’anira. Pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe ayenera kutulutsa chidziŵitso chopemphedwa, kusalola kuteteza zinthu zoikidwa m'gulu, kufufuza malamulo, ndi zolembedwa zina zogwira mtima. FOIA yathandiza atolankhani ndi ofufuza kupeza chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri cha ntchito za boma, ngakhale kuti ofufuza amanena kuti mabungwe nthaŵi zina amaletsa anthu kuulula zinthu zochititsa manyazi.

Apolisi ofufuza akuluakulu a m’bungwe lililonse amachititsa mapendedwe a zinthu ndi kufufuza kwaumwini, akusimba za kutayidwa kwa zinthu, chinyengo, ndi nkhanza.

Malamulo apamwamba amayang’anira akuluakulu a nthambi, kufunikila kuululidwa kwa ndalama, kutsekereza mikangano ya cidwi, ndi kuchepetsa nchito pambuyo pa boma. Ofesi ya Malamulo a Boma imayang’anira ntchito ya makhalidwe, ngakhale kuti apolisi apamwamba ndi apamwamba nthaŵi zina amatsutsidwa chifukwa cha mikangano imene ingachitike pakati pa ntchito zawo za anthu onse ndi zofuna zawo.

Malamulo Ofunika ndi Nzeru

Kumvetsa bwino zimene mabungwewa amachita kumathandiza kuti nthambi ya boma iteteze dziko lonse ndiponso kuti itsatire malamulo a boma.

FBI imafufuza upandu wa boma kuyambira pa uchigaŵenga ndi kutsata ziphuphu, kuswa ufulu wa anthu, ndi upandu wolinganiza. Bungwe la Bureau limaperekanso mautumiki a malamulo ku mabungwe a boma m’dziko lonse ndi kusungitsa mabuku a milandu ndi mizere. Ntchito ya FBI imachita ntchito zazikulu monga zigaŵenga za boma kuyambira pauchigaŵenga ndi kukhazikitsa ziphuphu, kuswa ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulinganiza upandu. Bungwe la Bureau limaperekanso mautumiki a malamulo ku mabungwe osungitsa malamulo m’dziko lonse lonse ndi kusungitsa miyuliro ya upandu ndi mizere ya machenjera.

Central Intelligence Agency imasumika pa kusonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula kwa mitundu ina. Mosiyana ndi FBI, CIA, siisunga lamulo ndipo imagwira ntchito makamaka kumaiko akutali. Bungwelo limagwiritsira ntchito zopereka nzeru za anthu, njira za zopereka, ndi kufufuza kuti lipereke chidziŵitso cha maboma achilendo, magulu a zigaŵenga, ndi ziwopsezo zina. Programu zokwaniritsa, zovomerezedwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi Congresssion, limalola CIA kusonkhezera zochitika m’mayiko ena zimene zidakali zachinsinsi.

Kukhazikitsa makampani ambiri otetezera ku Homeland pambuyo pa 9 / 11 kuwongolera kugwirizana pa ziwopsezo za chisungiko. Zigawo za DHS zimaphatikizapo Customs ndi Bord Protection (kumene kumatetezera malire ndi madoko oloŵa), Immigration and Custommentmentment (kumene kumakakamiza malamulo a kusamuka m'midzi), Drestuction Security Ad Administration (kumene kumatetezera Prezidenti ya ndege), Service (kumene kumatetezera Pulezidenti ndi kupenda milandu ya zachuma), Komiti ya Coa (imapereka chitetezo ndi kusungitsa nthaŵi ya kuyendetsa ntchito zake ndi kuyendetsa malamulo), ndi FEMA (iyendetsa tsoka). Dipatimenti yaikulu imeneyi imayang'ana ndi mavuto olimbana ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana.

Drug Erthorce Administration imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma a anamgoneka, kufufuza magulu ozembetsa mankhwala ndi kugwira ntchito ndi anthu a mitundu yonse kusokoneza malonda a mankhwala. DEA imalamuliranso kupangidwa ndi kugaŵiridwa kwalamulo kwa zinthu zoletsedwa, kutsimikizira kuti mankhwala operekedwa ndi mankhwala alipo kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito kwalamulo pamene akuletsa kuletsa kugulitsa kwa lamulo la malonda.

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobac, Firemormars ndi Frossives imakakamiza malamulo a boma okhudzana ndi mfuti, mabomba, arson, ndi oledzera ndi ogulitsa fodya. Ofalitsa ATF akufufuza za kugulitsa mfuti kosakhala kwa lamulo, zochitika zophulitsa mabomba, ndi zochitika za arson, pamene kuli kwakuti akuyang'aniranso mfuti ndi makampani ophulitsa mabomba.

U.S. Marshals Service , bungwe lakale kwambiri la boma losungitsa lamulo, limatetezera makhoti a boma, akaidi, othaŵa, ndi oyendetsa programu yachitetezero. Malishali amaswanso malamulo a khoti ndi kupereka chitetezo kwa milandu yapamwamba.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira Ufulu wa Anthu

Nthambi ya akuluakulu imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Chikalata cha Justice Department chifufuza ndi kuweruza malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe a boma, kuyambira pa kusamvera malamulo a apolisi mpaka kukhazikitsa tsankho mpaka kudana ndi anthu. Bomalo limapendanso malamulo ndi zochita za m'dzikolo kutsimikizira kuti litsatira ufulu wa boma ndi chitetezo cha boma.

Bungwe la Aumential Opportunity Commission likhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa tsankho la ntchito lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, chiyambi cha dziko, msinkhu, kupunduka, kapena chidziŵitso cha majini.

Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights imakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa tsankho m’masukulu ndi kukoleji, kufufuza madandaulo onena za kusalingana kwa machitidwe ozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, kupunduka, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeka. Ntchito ya OCR imayambukira nkhani za maphunziro a kusukulu ndi kuvuta kwa kugonana mpaka kupezeka kwa ophunzira okhala ndi ulema.

Malamulo a akuluakulu achita mbali yaikulu m'kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu. Lamulo la Pulezidenti Truman loletsa asilikali, lamulo la Pulezidenti Kennedy loletsa tsankho pantchito ya boma, ndi lamulo la Pulezidenti Johnson lofuna kuti avomereze ndi omanga makampani onse a boma onse ogwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma kuchirikiza kulingana kwa anthu pamene kuchita msonkhano kunali kovuta kapena kosatheka.

Kuteteza Malo Okhala ndi Zachilengedwe

Nthambi yaikulu imayang'anira chitetezo cha malo okhala ndi ziŵiya zachilengedwe kudzera m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana okhala ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana. Environmental Protection Agency imakhazikitsa ndi kukakamiza miyezo yoipitsa mpweya, madzi, ndi nthaka, kuyendetsa zinyalala zangozi ndi mankhwala a poizoni, ndi kuyang'anira kuyeretsa malo oipitsidwa. Ntchito ya EPA imayambukira pafupifupi munthu aliyense wa ku America, kuchokera ku mpweya umene timapuma ku madzi amene timamwa ku ku kusungika kwa zinthu zogulitsidwa.

Department of the Interior imayang'anira mayiko a boma, kuphatikizapo mapaki a zachilengedwe, malo othaŵirako a nyama, ndi madera ogwiritsidwa ntchito posangulutsa, podyetsa, pokumba, ndi popangira mphamvu. Malo a mkati ayenera kuyendera limodzi kugwiritsa ntchito mayiko ameneŵa, kuyambira pa kuteteza ndi kusanguluka mpaka kupititsa patsogolo chuma. National Park Service imasunga chuma chachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha mibadwo yamtsogolo, pamene Bureau of Land Management ikuyang'anira madera osiyanasiyana amene akugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Nkhalango ya ku United States, mbali ya Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi, imayang’anira nkhalango za dziko lonse kuti zizipangidwa matabwa, zosangalatsa, chitetezo chowonongeka, ndi malo okhala nyama.

Maboma a boma asinthanso mmene nyengo imayendera pokhazikitsa malamulo a boma oteteza zachilengedwe.

Tsogolo la Nthambi Yotsogolera

Kusintha kwa zinthu monga kupangidwa kwa zinthu monga kuyendetsa zinthu, kuyendetsa zinthu zamalonda m’mlengalenga, ndiponso kukonzekera kwa miliri kungachititse kuti nthambi ya boma isinthe zinthu zina ndiponso kuti ikhale ndi zinthu zatsopano zimene gulu la Yehova limachita.

Mafunso okhudzana ndi ulamuliro wa pulezidenti wa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo, kuyendetsa zachuma, kuteteza chilengedwe, ndi kuchitapo kanthu pakagwa tsoka adzapitirizabe kuyambitsa mikangano ndi kufotokoza mfundo zina.

Mabungwewa amathandiza kuti anthu asinthe mmene amachitira zinthu, amathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito yaokha, komanso amathandiza anthu kuti azichita zinthu mwadongosolo.

Ufulu wa nthambi ya mkulu umadalira pa kusunga chidaliro cha anthu, chimene chimafuna kuwona, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kulabadira zosoŵa ndi nkhaŵa za nzika. Pamene chitaganya chikhala chosiyana ndi chogaŵanika, kutsimikizira kuti nthambi yaudindo imatumikira Aamereka onse moyenerera ndipo mokhutiritsa imakhala yofunika ndi yovuta mowonjezereka.

Kumvetsetsa Unansi Wanu ndi Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nthambi ya akuluakulu a nthambi imakuthandizani m’njira zambiri, kuyambira pa chakudya chanu ndi mankhwala anu mpaka pa kuteteza dziko lanu, kufika pa mpweya ndi madzi abwino.

Mukhoza kugwirizana ndi nthambi ya boma m’njira zambiri: kufunsira mapindu a boma, kupempha chidziŵitso kupyolera mwa SOIA, kufotokoza malamulo olingaliridwa, kusimba za kuswa lamulo la boma, kapena kungodziŵitsidwa za ntchito za boma. Mabungwe a boma amasunga mawebusaiti okhala ndi chidziŵitso chonena za maprogramu awo ndi mautumiki, ndipo ambiri amapereka mwaŵi wakukhala ndi phande poyera m’kupanga zigamulo.

Kujambula kumaimira chisonkhezero chanu chachikulu pa nthambi ya mkulu, monga momwe masankho a pulezidenti amasankhira amene adzatsogolera chipangizo chachikulu chimenechi. Kumvetsetsa malo a oyembekezera kulowa m'manja, malamulo, nkhani zachilendo, ndi nkhani zina zimakuthandizani kupanga zosankha zodziŵidwa. Kusankha kuli ndi zotsatirapo, ndipo Pulezidenti amene muthandiza kusanthula adzapanga zosankha zokhudza moyo wanu ndi tsogolo la dziko.

Kusiyapo kuvota, mungalankhule ndi bungwe la White House kapena mabungwe a boma kuti munene maganizo anu pankhani za malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kulankhulana kulikonse kungaoneke ngati kosafunika, mabungwe amakulingalirani monga momwe anthu onse akufunira.

Kwa awo amene akufuna kwambiri kulembetsa utala, ntchito za panthambi yaikulu imapereka mwaŵi wa kutumikira ntchito yapoyera ndi ya kapangidwe. Kuyambira paudindo wapamwamba kufika pa maudindo autsogoleri, ntchito ya boma imakopa anthu odzipereka kupanga kusiyana. Maprogramu onga Pulezidential Management Aant aunjikitsa omaliza maphunziro a ntchito za boma, pamene kuli kwakuti ntchito yapamwamba ya kumayiko akunja ndi maprogramu ena apadera imapereka mwaŵi wapadera kwa awo amene ali ndi zolinga ndi maluso.

Kumaliza: Nthambi Yoyang’anira Demokalase ya ku America

Nthambi yaikulu imaimira imodzi ya mabungwe a boma amphamvu kwambiri ndi ovuta kwambiri padziko lonse. Kuchokera ku ofesi ya Pulezidenti ku Oval Office kufikira antchito a boma ogwira ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko lonse ndi dziko lonse lapansi, nthambi imeneyi imakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wamakono. Imateteza dziko, imakhazikitsa malamulo, imayang'anira chuma, imateteza malo okhala, imathandizira nzika za dziko, ndipo imaimira zofuna za Amereka kumaiko akunja.

Kuzindikira nthambi ya akuluakulu kumatanthauza kuzindikira mphamvu zake ndi kulephera kwake. Pulezidenti amalamula zinthu zambiri ndi ulamuliro koma amagwirira ntchito m’dongosolo la malamulo lolinganizidwa kuletsa upo mwa kuyang’anira ndi kulinganiza. Mabungwe a boma amatsatira mphamvu zazikulu zothandizira kuwona ndi kuloŵerera kwa anthu. Nthambi yapamwamba ingachitepo kanthu mwamsanga ndipo mosazengereza koma ikalibe yodziŵerengera mlandu ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, makhoti, ndipo kwenikweni anthu.

Chisinthiko cha nthambi yaikulu chimasonyeza kukula kwa dziko la America kuchokera ku lipabuliki laling'ono la zaulimi mpaka dziko lamphamvu lapadziko lonse loyang'anizana ndi mavuto ovuta kwambiri a 21 apakati. Pamene tekinoloji ikukula, ziwopsezo, ndi kusintha kwa chitaganya, nthambi yaikulu iyenera kusinthira ku malamulo alamulo ndi makhalidwe a democracy. Kulimbana kopitirizabe kumeneku pakati pa kupitirizabe ndi kusintha, pakati pa mphamvu ndi kudziletsa, kumazindikiritsa ntchito ya nthambi ya mkulu wa boma ku America.

Kwa nzika zofunafuna kuzindikira boma lawo, nthambi yaikulu imapereka chithunzi cha mmene mphamvu imagwirira ntchito m’dongosolo la demokrase. Mwa kuphunzira ponena za kapangidwe kake, ntchito, ndi zopinga, mupeza chidziŵitso cha mmene zosankha zimachitidwira, mmene mungagwiritsirire ntchito malamulo, ndi mmene mungasonkhezerere boma limene limakutumikirani. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimakupatsani mphamvu ya kutengamo mbali mokhutiritsa kwambiri m’ulamuliro wa democracy ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala oŵerengera kaamba ka zochita zawo.

Nthambi yaikulu idzapitiriza kusintha, kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe. Kusintha kwa nyengo, kusokonezeka kwa tekinoloji, mpikisano wa dziko lonse, ndi magawo a nyumba zidzayesa mphamvu za nthambi yaikulu ndi nzeru za atsogoleri ake. Kuyankha bwino lomwe ku mavuto ameneŵa kudzaumba mtsogolo mwa America ndi miyoyo ya onse amene amatcha dziko lino.

Kaya ndinu wophunzira, nzika yatsopano, kapena munthu wongofuna kudziŵa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito, kumvetsa nthambi yaikulu nkofunika kuti mumvetse bwino America. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimakutheketsani kugawana mozama ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko, kupenda oyembekezera kulowa m'dziko ndi malamulo otsutsa kwambiri, ndi kutenga nawo mbali mogwira ntchito ya demokrase. Mu boma la, kwa, ndi kwa anthu, nzika yodziŵa za nzika imakhalabe yodalirika kwambiri pa ulamuliro ndi maziko a demokrase.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za nthambi ya oyang'anira ndi mmene imagwirira ntchito, chezerani pawebusaiti ya White House yalamulo , fufuzani mawebusaiti a bungwe lililonse, kapena funsani ziwiya za mabungwe monga USA. gov albal amene amapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira ponena za mautumiki ndi ntchito za boma. Mabungwe a maphunziro, akuganiza makampani, ndi mabungwe a boma amaperekanso chuma kwa awo ofuna kukulitsa chidziŵitso chawo cha boma la America ndi nthambi ya boma.